1、第一部分：数词的译法一、数字增减的译法：1.句式特征：by名词比较级thanThe wire is by three inches longer than that one.这根导线比那根长 3 英寸。2.句式特征：表示增减意义的动词to+n. 译为：增加到。或减少到。Metal cutting machines have been decreased to 50.金属切割机已经减少到 50 台。二、百分数增减的表示法与译法1.句式特征：表示增减意义的动词The output value has increased 35%.产值增加了 352.句式特征：表示增减意义的动词by Retail s
2、alses should rise by 8%商品零售额应增加 3The prime cost decreased by 60%.主要成本减少 603.句式特征：表示减少意义的动词to+%表示减少后剩余的数量By using this new-process the loss of metal was reduced to 20%.采用这种新工艺，铁的损失量减少到 204.句式特征： 比较级 than 表示净增减的数量Retail sales are expected to be nine percent higher than last year.今年零售额与去年相比，有望增加 9。5.句式
3、特征： 比较级 名词表示净减数The new-type machine wasted 10 percent engergy supplied. 新型机械能耗量净减 106.句式特征：a + % + increase 表示净增数There is a 20% increase of steel as compared with last year.与去年相比，今年钢产量净增 207.句式特征：+ (of) 名词（代词）表示净减数，数字 n 照译The production cost is about 60 percent that of last year.今年产值仅为去年的 608.句式特征：%
4、 up on 或 over 表示净增数The grain output of last year in this province was 20% percent up on that of 1978.去年粮食产量比 1978 年净增 20。第二部分 倍数增加的表示法及译法一、表示法。汉语表示“增加了几倍”时，英语的倍数表示倍数需减一，译成“增加了 n-1 倍”以表示净增加数。如果译成“增加到 n 倍”或“为原来的 n 倍”，则照译不误。1.句式特点：表示增加意义的动词n times“表示成倍地增长，译成”增加到 N 倍“或”增加 n-1 倍注：1 倍 once; 2 倍 twice（或 do
5、uble）；3 倍 thrice（或 three times）2.句式特点：表示增加意义的动词 n times，该句式与上述相同3.句式特点：表示增加意义的动词to n times 表示增加到 N 倍，译成”增加了 n-1 倍“4.句式特点：表示增加意义的动词by a factor of n times5.句式特点：表示增加意义的动词比较级by a factor of n times 表示增加以后达到的倍数，译成”比。大（长、宽。）N-1 倍“6.句式特点：表示增加意义的动词 n times比较级than。7.句式特点：表示增加意义的动词 n times +adj./adv. +as.8.句式
6、特点：表示增加意义的动词a n times(或 n-fold) increase.表示增加到 N 倍，译成”增加了 N1 倍 “9.句式特点：表示增加意义的动词as + adj./adv.+ again as.译成”比。大（长、宽。倍）例子： Line A is as long again as line B. A 线比 B 线长 1 倍。This machine turns half as fast again as that one.这台机器转动比那台机器快半倍。10.句式特点：表示增加意义的动词half as + adj./adv.+ again as.译成”比。大（长、宽。半倍）“11
7、. 句式特点：用 double 表示倍数，译成”等于.的 2 倍“或”增加了 1 倍“12.句式特点：用 treble 表示倍数增加，译成 ”增加到 3 倍“或”增加了 2 倍“13.句式特点：用 quadruple 表示倍数增加，译成”增加到 4 倍“或”增加了 3 倍“二、英语倍数句型及其译法英语表示倍数增减或倍数对比的句型多种多样，其中有 一些（如下文中的句型、（12） 等， 见圈码）很容易译错 其主要原因在于：英汉两语在表述或对比倍数方面存在着语言与思维差异。现将常用的英语倍数句型及其正确译法归纳如下：倍数增加(一) A is n times as great（long，much，）a
8、s B.（ ）A is n times greater （longer， more，）than B.（）A is n times the size （length ， amount，）of B.()以上三句都应译为；A 的大小（长度，数量，）是 B 的 n 倍或 A 比 B 大（长，多，）n-1倍.Eg. This book is three times as long as （three times longer than，threetimes the length of ）that one.这本书的篇幅是那本书的 3 倍（即长两倍）。注：当相比的对象 B 很明显时，than（as，of）B
9、 常被省去。（二）increase to n times（ ）increase n timesn-fold （）increase by n times（）increase by a factor of n（）以上四式均应译为：增加到 n 倍（或：增加 n-1 倍）。g. The production of integrated circuits has been increased to three times as compared with last year.集成电路的产量比去年增加了两倍。Eg. The output of chemical fertilizer has been ra
10、ised five times as against l986化肥产量比 1986 年增加了 4 倍。Eg. That can increase metabolic rates by two or three times.那可使代谢率提高到原来的 2 倍或 3 倍（即提高 1 倍或 2 倍）。Eg. The drain voltage has been increased by a factor of four.漏电压增加了 3 借（即增加到原来的 4 倍）。注：在这类句型中 increase 常被 raise，grow ，go/step up，multiply 等词所替代。（三）There
11、is a n-fold increase/growth（）应译为：增加 n-倍（或增至 n 倍）。这个句型还有其它一些形式：Eg. A record high increase in value of four times was reported.据报道,价值破记录地增长了 3 倍。（四）double (增加 1 倍），treble（增加 2 倍），quadruple（增加 3 倍）。()Eg. The efficiency of the machines has been more than trebled or quadrupled这些机器的效率已提高了 2 倍或 3 倍多。（五）此外，
12、英语中还有一种用 again 而不用倍数词来比较倍数的方法，如：A is as much （large ，long，）again as B.（= A is twice as much （large，long，）asB.（）应译为：A 比 B 多（大，长，）1 倍。A is half as much （large， 1ong，)again as B.【= A is one and a half times as much （large ， 1ong，）as B.】（11 ）应译为:A 比 B 多（大，长）一半（即 A 是 B 的一倍半）。倍数减少（一）A is n times as small
13、（light，slow，）as B.（12）A is n times smaller （lighter， slower，) than B.（13）以上两句均应译为：A 的大小（重量，速度，）是 B 的 1/n或 A 比 B 小（轻，慢，）（n-1）/n。Eg. The hydrogen atom is near1y l6 times as light as the oxygen atom.氢原子的重量约为氧原子的 1/16（即比氧原子约轻 15/16）。Eg. This sort of membrane is twice thinner than ordinary paper.这薄膜比普通纸张
14、要薄一半（即是普通纸厚度的 1/2）。注：当相比的对象 B 很明显时，than/as B 常被省去。（二）decrease n times/n-fold （14 ）decrease by n times（15）decrease by a factor of n（16）以上三式均译为：减少到 1/n或：减少(n-1)/n。decrease 常被 reduce， shorten， goslow down 等词替代。Eg. Switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened 3 times.新型晶体管的开关时间缩短了 1/3（即缩短到 2/3
15、）。Eg. When the voltage is stepped up by ten times， the strength of the current is stepped down by ten times.电压升高 9 倍，电流强度便降低 9/10（即 90）。Eg. The equipment reduced the error probability by a factor of 5.该设备误差概率降低了 4/5。（三）There is a n-fold decrease/reduction应译为：减至 1/n 或：减少（n 一 1）/n。（17 ）这个句型还有其它一些形式，Eg
16、. A rapid decrease by a factor of 7 was observed 发现迅速减少到 1/7。Eg. The principal advantage of the products is a two-fold reduction in weight.这些产品的主要优点是重量减轻了 1/2。从上列倍数增减句型及其译法中不难看出：与汉语不 同的是，英语在表述或比较倍数时，无论使用什么句 型（除了不含倍数词的 again 句型外）都包括基础倍数在内，因此都不是净增或净减 n 倍，而是净增或 净减 n-1 倍。所以句型、表示的倍数增量=句型； 句型(13)表示的倍数比差句型
17、 12，且 decrease（by）3 times 应译为“减少 2/3”，而不是“减少 3/4”。第四部分 动词的使动用法动词是英语中词类中最为活跃的成分，至今对于动词的使用我一直是胆战心惊的，现介绍一些使动用法共勉。1.I slowly walked my horse up the hill.我慢慢地带马上山。2.The ran the ship aground.他们把船开到滩上去了。3.The swam their horses in the river.他们使马泅水渡河。4.I laid myself down to rest my wearied limbs.我躺下来好让疲惫的腿休息
18、一下。5.They rode out the storm.他们安然渡过风暴其实，研究动词个人认为，要把握后面有无宾语；宾语是人还是物；是什么样的宾语。欢迎网友探讨，动词学习研讨方法。第五部分 同系宾语1. I dreamed a strange dream.2. He slept the sleep that knows no waking.3. I have fought a good fight.一、在同系宾语上附有修饰形容词时，通常可换成态度副词。live a long life = live long;live a happy life = live happily;die a nat
19、ional death = die nationally;die a violent death = die by violence二、有的宾语与动词不同语源，但意义相通，也可以视为同类。run a race; run a course; run ones career;fight a battle; blow a gale; strike a blow;ring a peal; wreak ones vengeance三、以 it 构成的类型：I am determined to fight it out。我决心奋斗到底。He is starring it in the provinces.
20、他到各地巡回演出。We had to walk it in the rain.我们不得不冒雨而行。Cant you swim it?你游不过去吗？四、在某些熟语中可将同系宾语省略，如 look thanks = look a look of thanksHe looked the thanks he could not express.他眼中现出言语无法表达的感谢。She left the room, looking daggers at me.她以短剑相刺的目光望着我，走出了房间。五、最高级形容词后，可以省略同系宾语。The lady was looking her best(look).S
21、he sang her sweest(song) to please him.第六部分 一组词组1.all抽象名词/抽象名词itself very + adj.He was all gentleness to her.他对她非常温存。To his superiors, he is humility itself。对于长辈，他极为谦逊。分析：该结构原来是表示某种性质达到极点的一种说法，有“非常”、“尽管”、“一味”、“尽”的含义，有时甚至可以译为“。的化身”、“。的具体化”。普通复数名词用于“all”之后，也是表达这种概念。He is all smiles.他一味地笑。She is all ey
22、es.她盯着看。I am all anxiety.我真担心。He is all attention.他全神贯注地听着。2. Something (much) of / nothing (little) ofMr.Li is something of a philosopher.李先生略具哲学家风范。Mr. Wu is nothing of a musician.吴先生全无音乐家的风味。Mr. Lu is very much of a poet.陆先生大有诗人气派。Mr.Liu is little of a scholar.刘先生几无学者风度。分析：此为表示“程度”的形容词短语，有时可以当作副词
23、翻译。Something of to some extent（某程度），在问句和条件句中则用 anything of（略有、多少）。nothing of 译作 “全无、毫无”。相类似的情况：to be something of = to have something of + 名词in 代名词He is nothing in ability of an orator = He has nothing of an orator in his ability.他毫无演说家的才能。这类名词的用法，可以处理为副词。He has seen something of life.他略具阅历。他稍阅世。Som
24、ething of 与 something like 区别：程度上有差异。something like something approximateing in character or amount 指数量或性质略同的事物，又作somewhat(似乎、略微 )解释。This is something like a pudding.此物略似布丁。It shaped something like a cigar.其形状略似雪茄。3.as.as 的三种用法;（1）He is as kind as his sister.他象他妹妹一样和蔼。（2）He is as kind as honest.他既诚实
25、又和蔼。（3）He ia as kind as his sister is honest.他妹妹诚实，而他和蔼。句式 1 表示两个不同的人相同的性质；句式 2 表示同一个人不同的性质；句式 3 表示两个人的不同性质。该句式中第一个 as 为之时副词，第二个 as 为连词。所以，第一个 as后面为 adj./adv.，而第二个 as 后面为从句。4.as.as any / as .as everHe is as great a statesman as any = He is as great a statesman as ever lived.他是一位稀有的政治家。5.as.as.can be
26、It is as plain as plain can be （may be）.那是再明白不过了。A lot of these boys were green as green can be.这些男孩许多都是精力充沛无以复加的。6.as., so.As rust eats iron, so care eats the heart.忧能伤人，犹如锈之蚀铁。SO 相当于 in the same proportion; in like manner; in the same way(亦复如此)。为加强语气，也可以在 as前面加上 just 一词。As fire tries gold, so does
27、 adversity try courage.正如火能试金，逆境可以试人的勇气。As the human body is nourished by the food, so is a nation nourished by its industries.正像身体要靠食物营养一样，国家要靠工业营养。7.It is in (or with).as in (or with).It is in life as in a journey.人生好比旅途。It is in studying as in eating; he who does it gets the benefits, and not he
28、who sees it done.读书和吃饭一样，得到利益的是那些实际在吃的人，而不是旁观的人。It is in mind as in body which must be nourished by good food.精神和身体都必须有好的食物来营养。8.as good as / as well asIt is as goos as done.这就和做好了一样。It is broad as well as long.那既长且宽。as good as 有两个含义：（1）amounting to ; not falling short of;等于；同样； 几如； 不欠缺He was as goo
29、d as his word.他不爽约。（2）virtually; essentially; in every essential respect 实际上；其实；实在；在各要点上He is as good as dead already.宛如死人；行尸走肉；名存实亡as well as 有四个含义：（1）no less than; equally with 等于；不下于；亦；一样好I have understanding as well as you.（2）both.and.;one equally with the other“与”、“两者皆”Work in moderation is hea
30、lthy as well as agreeable to the human constitution.适度劳动对身体给予快感，又有益卫生。（3）与 not only.but also 有连带关系He has experience as well as knowledge.= He has not only knowledge but also experience.（4）可以代替 better thanAs well (= better) be hanged for a sheep as ( = than) for a lamb.窃钩如窃国，与其盗小羊。9.As it is其含义为：as i
31、t stands; to state the matter as it really stands; as a matter of fact; in reality.相当于：实际上；就实际情况而言；根据（现在）情况看；就现在这个样子等等。它用来指事物的单数；即指前面的单数名词。如果指事物的复数，则用“As they are”。如果用来指人时，则为 as I am / you are / she/ he is/ we are / they are.as it is 的过去式为 as it was。其位置可以放在句首，句末或句子中间。（1）用于句首，注意前后时态与该结构保持一致As it is, we can not help him.
