1、China Landfill Gas Best Practices Workshop中国填埋气最佳实践研讨会,GMI Workshop全球甲烷行动工作坊Wuhan, China中国武汉7 September 2013年9月7日,Landfill Gas Basics填埋场气体之基本知识,GMI Workshop全球甲烷行动工作坊Wuhan, China中国武汉7 September 2013年9月7日Tom Frankiewicz, US EPA樊求纬，美国环保局,Landfill Gas 填埋场气体,Produced with solid waste decomposition 由固体废物分
2、解程序所产生Amount & composition dependent on solid waste characteristics 其量及成份取决于固体废物的独特性Increase in organics equals an increase in gas generation 增加有机废物，相等增加气体的产生Can be used to create energy 可再利用为能源 Gas production ends with end of decomposition 分解程序完结时，气体产生也结束,Landfill Gas: Typical Composition填埋场气之一般成份,
3、Methane (CH4) 甲烷(CH4)50% to 60%Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 二氧化碳 (CO2) 40% to 50%Non Methane Organic Compounds (NMOCs) - Trace非甲烷有机混合物(NMOCs): 微量Heating Value 加热值18.6 MJ/Nm3 or 4,450 kCal/Nm3Moisture Content 湿度Saturated 饱和,Methane (CH4) 甲烷,Colorless 无色Odorless and tasteless 无味也无味道Lighter than air 较空气为轻Relat
4、ively insoluble in water 相对性非溶于水 Highly explosive 高爆发性： Lower Explosive Limit = 5% in Air 爆发下限度：5%存于空气中 Upper Explosive Limit = 15% in Air 高爆发上限度：15%存于空气中,Landfill Gas: Public health, Safety, and Environmental Concerns填埋气：公众健康、安全和环保顾虑,Subsurface migration: underground movement of LFG 地下填埋气排放Can caus
5、e fires and explosions能产生生火和爆炸Surface emissions: biggest health and environmental concerns地面排放：是健康和环保最大的顾虑 Odors: LFG is associated with strong, pungent odors 臭味：填埋气拥有很强的尖锐臭味,Landfill Gas 填埋场气体,Why is methane a greenhouse gas? 为何甲烷是温室气体？ Methane absorbs terrestrial infrared radiation (heat) that wou
6、ld otherwise escape to space (GHG characteristic)陆地上红外线的辐射(热力)会被甲烷吸收，否则会排放到大气（这是温室气体(GHG)的独特性） Methane as GHG is over 20x more potent by weight than CO2 甲烷化为GHG, 是二氧化碳 (CO2) 的20倍, 根据重量计算,Landfill Gas 填埋场气体,Methane is more abundant in the atmosphere now than anytime in the past 400,000 years and 150%
7、 higher than in the year 1750 相比过去40万年前，现时甲烷大量充斥于大气层中；比较 1750年的含量，高出1.5倍,Global Landfill Methane Emissions Trends全球填埋气甲烷排放趋势,Global landfill methane projected to rise by 18.7% in the next decade在未来十年全球填埋气甲烷排放全球填埋气甲烷排放全球填埋气甲烷排放估计全球填埋气甲烷排放会增加18.7%Industrialized Nations Declining工业国家衰退Increased LFG reg
8、ulation增加填埋气有关规范Increased recycling of organics/paper增加在利用有机物/纸物,Global Landfill Methane Emissions Trends全球填埋气甲烷排放趋势,Developing Nations Sharply Increasing发展中国家迅速增加Shift from open dumps to sanitary landfills从开放式堆放变为卫生填埋场Increased MSW generation and disposal增加生活垃圾产生量和处理Lack of LFG regulation and recyc
9、ling缺乏填埋气和在利用规范Increased consumerism and per capita waste generation rates增加消费和过人垃圾产生量,Factors Influencing LFG Generation影响填埋气产生的因素,Waste disposal rates 废物弃置的速度 Waste composition 废物的成份Organic waste content 有机废物之成份 Moisture content of the waste 废物的湿度Degradation rate 分解的速度Temperature of the waste mass
10、 废物堆的温度Site Precipitation 场地的降雨量,Factors Influencing LFG Generation影响填埋气产生的因素,Site Operations and Maintenance 场地的操作及保养 Compaction 压缩 Daily Cover 每天覆盖Leachate Control 渗滤液控制Final Cover 封场覆盖,Landfill Gas Models 填埋场气体模型,US EPA 美国环境保护局 LandGEM (v.3.02) GMI International LFG Models 全球甲烷行动国际模型Intergovernme
11、ntal Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Model (2006) 政府际气候变更会模型 (2006) Scholl Canyon Model 模型 GasSim (UK),Objectives of an LFG Collection and Utilization System填埋气收集和再利用系统的目的,Recover and utilize landfill biogas收集和再利用填埋气Minimize potential environmental impacts最小化潜能环保影响Control off-site migration控制场外排放Cont
12、rol odors控制臭味Comply with regulatory requirements满足规范要求,Landfill Gas Beneficial Use填埋气的有益用处,Methane is a valuable energy source甲烷是一种宝贵的能源Primarily used to generate electricity in an internal combustion engine or turbine or as a fuel in boilers, thermal kilns or dryers首选用于发电、锅炉，烧窑，烘干系统的燃料，Used in hund
13、reds of other applications还用于在数以百计其他用途,Role of Landfill Gas in ISWM填埋气在国际固体废弃物管理的角色,Environmental环保Reduce methane from MSW sector by destroying methane and other organic compounds in LFG把甲烷和其他的有机物复合物毁灭来降低生活固体废弃物领域的甲烷Offset use of nonrenewable resources抵消其他非再生能源,Each megawatt of generation capacity f
14、rom LFG is equivalent to the annual emissions from 17.8 million liters of gasoline填埋气发电1兆瓦生产量，每年排放是相等于用17.8百万升汽油,Role of Landfill Gas in ISWM填埋气在国际固体废弃物管理的角色,Economic经济Generate revenue for landfills所收入能给予填埋场Reduce fuel costs for end user减低使用者的能源成本Create jobs and local economic development产生就业和发展本地经济
15、Social社会Improve landfill operations, human health, and safety改善填埋场操作、卫生和安全,Each megawatt of generation capacity from LFG is equivalent to the annual emissions from 17.8 million liters of gasoline填埋气发电1兆瓦生产量，每年排放是相等于用17.8百万升汽油,Thank You 谢谢！Tom Frankiewicz, US EPA樊求纬，美国环保局Email电邮 : Frankiewicz.Thomasepa.gov,
