1、Unit 1Difficult Sentences 1. There is often a reference to William Shakespeare or Charles Dickens to encourage him even more. Who are “William Shakespeare” and “Charles Dickens”?(= Shakespeare is the worlds most popular playwright while Dickens is the greatest English novelist of the 19th century.)W
2、hy are they mentioned in the advertisements?(= The people who run the advertisements just want to use quotations to support their points.)2. If it were as easy to learn English as they say, I would have to look for another job, because very few qualified teachers would be needed.What is the authors
3、profession?(= He must be an English teacher whose job is to train qualified English teachers.)3. , and it is no use pretending that anyone has discovered a perfect way of teaching English in every possible situation.What are the meaning and the usage of the phrase “it is no use ”?(= 1) The phrase me
4、ans “it has no effect ”.2) Whenever we use this phrase we should always use the V-ing form after it. More examples:* Its no use complaining.* Its no use crying over spilt milk, hes spent all the money, and theres nothing you can do about it.)Translate this part into Chinese.(= 而且也无需装模作样地声称有什么人已经找到了一
5、个万能的适合所有学习环境的教学方法。)4. No doubt this is true to a certain extent, but it is not very helpful to students.What can we learn from the expression “This is true to a certain extent, but ”?(= We can see the author doesnt totally agree with the previous statement.Then, what, in the authors opinion, is help
6、ful to students?(= Students should have some good methods in learning English.)5. Some students go to the opposite extreme and think they can teach themselves at home with dictionaries.What can we infer from the phrase “go to the opposite extreme”?(= From this phrase, we can see that the author does
7、nt think learning English by using dictionaries only is a good method, either.)6. But it is wrong to assume that each word in English has a precise equivalent in another language and vice versa.Translate the sentence into Chinese.(= 如果你认为英语中的每一个词在另一语言中都有完全对等的词（或反之亦然），那就错了。)7. If we were parrots or c
8、himpanzees, these methods might be successful. What can we infer from the sentence?(= The author uses subjunctive mood here to show he disagrees with behaviorists.)8. Human beings, unlike parrots and chimpanzees, can relate them to their own lives.Why does the author compare human beings with parrot
9、s and chimpanzees?(= The author does so in order to tell us human beings speak English because they are interested in it.)9. It is worth remembering that language is a means of communication.Pay attention to the usage of the word “worth”.(= When we use this expression we should always use the V-ing
10、form after the word “worth”, never an infinitive. More examples:The book is worth reading/Its worth reading the book. )Paraphrase the sentence.(= It is likely to give a satisfactory or rewarding return for us to keep in mind that language is a way to communicate.)10. What they listen to and read can
11、not be a formula.Translate the sentence into Chinese.(= 人们所听所读的不应该是程式化的东西。)Words and Expressions1. personal: adj. concerning, belonging to, or for the use of a particular person; private* My personal view is that the students should be doing more work outside the classroom.* When I went to her room
12、all her personal belongings had gone.2. advertisement: n. a picture, short film, song, etc. which tries to persuade people to buy a product or service* a television/newspaper advertisement for a new car* They put an advertisement in The Morning News, offering a high salary for the right person.* The
13、 organizers of the concert had taken out a full page advertisement in The New York Times.Collocation:answer an advertisement 应广告之聘put an advertisement in/on 在做广告run an advertisement 做广告buy things from/in advertisements 购买广告上宣传的商品3. claim:1) vt. state that sth. is true, even though it has not been pr
14、oved* All parties have claimed success in yesterdays elections.* The company claims that their product “makes you thin without dieting”.战斗结束后, 双方均宣称获胜。(= After the battle both sides claimed victory.)2) n. a statement that sth. is true, even though it has not been proved* They made claims they couldn
15、t live up to.她对这块土地产权提出的要求最终得到法庭的认可。(= Her claim to the ownership of the land was finally recognized by the court.)4. on ones part: of or by someone* There has never been any jealousy on my part.(= 我从没有感到忌妒。)* It was probably just a mistake on her part. 5. fluently: adv.fluent: adj. often used with
16、in (of a person) speaking, writing, or playing a musical instrument in an easy smooth manner* The company will give priority to an applicant who is fluent in English.* He speaks fluent Spanish.6. reference: n.1) a mention of sth.* Knowing what had happened, I avoided making any reference to weddings
17、.他最近出的书中提到了中东问题。(= His recent book makes references to the issue of the Mideast.)2) sth. that shows you where else to look for information, for example the page number of another place in a book* Make a note of the reference number shown on the form.3) the act of looking at sth. for information* Use
18、 the dictionary for easy reference. * Keep their price list for further reference.Collocation:a reference book 参考书，工具书a reference library（不外借书的）参考书阅览室for reference 作参考in/with reference to 关于7. efficiently: adv. efficient: adj. working well, quickly, and without waste* an efficient secretary(= 能干的秘书)
19、* an efficient heating system (= 高效能的供暖系统)CF: efficient separate* Each individual person is responsible for his own arrangements. of or for one person; by or from one person* food served in individual portions (= 按一人一份供给的食物)* an individual effort/contribution(= 个人的努力/贡献)10. personality: n.1) the who
20、le nature or character of a particular person* Everyone loves her for her cheerful personality.他是个个性很强的有抱负的人。(= He was an ambitious man with a strong personality.)2) a famous person* personalities from the film world (= 影界名流)费德勒是网球界最著名的人物之一。(= Roger Federer is one of the best-known personalities in
21、the world of tennis.)CF: personality, character, nature much less* We have no hospital, let alone an isolation ward.* He hasnt enough money for food, let alone amusements.21. base 1) vt. usu. pass. place or establish; provide with a base or center* Their relationship was based on/upon mutual respect
22、.这个电影是以马克 吐温的小说为题材的。(= The film is based on a novel by Mark Twain.)2) n. the lowest part of something, esp. the part on which something stands* There is a hole in the base of the tree.* There is a door at the base of the tower. a place where people in a military organization live and work* a militar
23、y base(= 军事基地)* a naval base(= 海军基地)* an air base(= 空军基地)CF: base, basis repeatedly* We are continually reassessing the situation.NB: 注意该词的词性变化，它的形容词形式与名词形式分别为：continual 和continuation。CF: continual, continuous, successive & constant 这些形容词均有“连续的” 、 “不断的”之意。continual 强调重复或持续发生，但连续之间允许有间断。continuous 语意
24、最强，强调在时间和空间上没有间断。successive 强调事物一个接一个地发生，无间断。constant 多指习惯性的重复和不变的持续。Directions: Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary.1) The refrigerator keeps food at a _ temperature. (= constant)2) The people in the city suffered a lot from the two weeks of _ rain. (= continual
25、)3) Is this a _ flight, or do we stop off anywhere? (= continuous)4) My computer makes a _ low buzzing noise. (= continuous)5) The school has won five _ games. (= successive)23. means: n. a method or way (of doing)* We need to find some other means of transportation.没有办法查明发生了什么。(= There is no means
26、of finding out what happened.)Collocation:a means to an end 达到目的的方法* For Tom, the job was simply a means to an end. (= 对汤姆来说，这个工作仅仅是他达到目的的方法。)by all means 尽一切办法；一定* By all means try the medicine if you think it will do you any good. (= 如果你认为这药对你的病有效，那务必要试试。)by no means 决不* She is by no means stupid.
27、 (= 她一点也不笨。)24. communication: n. communicate: v. share or exchange information, news, or ideas* Television is an increasingly important means of communication. * Good communication is vital in a large organization.Useful Expressions1. 个人看法 personal opinion2. 不费什么力气 with very little effort3. 提到 a re
28、ference to4. 哭笑不得 dont know whether to laugh or cry5. 另谋出路 look for another job6. 合格的教师 a qualified teacher7. 可笑的噱头 a ridiculous claim8. 在情理之中 It is natural 9. 做没用 It is no use doing 10. 这有几分道理 This is true to a certain extent 11. 比具有很大优势 have a great advantage over others12. 走向另一极端 go to the opposi
29、te extreme 13. 完全对等的东西 a precise equivalent 14. 反之亦然 and vice versa15. 建立在基础上 be based on16. 行为主义心理学 behaviorist psychology17. 热衷于 be fond of18. 我个人认为 in my personal opinion 19. 将与联系起来 relate to 20. 值得牢记的是 It is worth remembering that 21. 交际手段 a means of communication22. 与大同小异 be probably very simil
30、ar to 23. 值得一提的相关问题 a relevant point worth mentioning24. 做将可受益 It will be helpful to Proverbs and Quotations1. He alone is poor who does not possess knowledge. 没有知识，才是贫穷。2. Seeing much, suffering much, and studying much are the three pillars of learning. 见识多、遭难重、钻研深是学识的三大要素。3. The more we study, the more we discover our ignorance. 学得越多，就越发觉自己无知。4. Activity is the only road to knowledge. George Bernard Shaw, British dramatist行动是通往知识的唯一道路。英国剧作家 G. 肖伯纳5. Grammar must be learned through language, and not language through grammar. Johann G. Herdor, German philosopher必须从语言中学习语法，而不是从语法中学习语言。
