1、BASIC PRINCIPLES IN OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE职业卫生基本原则,Day 4第4天,LIGHTING AND NON-IONIZING RADIATION照明和非电离辐射,LIGHTING AND NON-IONIZING RADIATION照明和非电离辐射,Electromagnetic waves are produced by the motion of electrically charged particles. 电磁波是由带电粒子的活动所产生的。 These waves are also called electromagnetic radiatio
2、n because they radiate from the electrically charged particles. 电磁波也称“电磁辐射”，因为电磁波是由带电粒子发出的。 They travel through empty space as well as through air and can penetrate some other substances. 电磁波会通过真空和空气传播，会穿透一些物质。 Radio waves, microwaves, visible light, and x rays are all examples of electromagnetic wa
3、ves.无线电波、微波、可见光、X射线都是电磁波。,LIGHTING AND NON-IONIZING RADIATION照明和非电离辐射,As with sound energy, Electromagnetic Radiation can be described in terms of its frequency (or wavelength) and its intensity. 与声能一样，电磁辐射可以采用频率（或波长）和强度来表示。 f 1 lWhere: l = wavelength 其中：L =波长 f = frequency f =频率 The frequency (Hz)
4、is inversely proportional to the wavelength (nm), so higher frequencies have shorter wavelengths:频率（Hz）与波长（纳米）成反比，频率越高，波长越短。,The Electromagnetic Spectrum电磁波谱,辐射种类，波长（米）,能否穿透地球大气层？,波长尺度大小,频率（赫兹）,建筑高度 人体身高 蝴蝶 针尖 原虫 分子 原子 原子核,此温度的物体所发出的辐射中最强烈部分的波长,无线电 微波 红外线 可见光 紫外线 X射线 伽玛射线,Non Ionizing非电离,Ionizing电离,
5、无线电 微波 红外线 可见光 紫外线 X射线 伽玛射线,建筑高度 人体身高 蝴蝶 针尖 原虫 分子 原子 原子核,能否穿透地球大气层？,辐射种类，波长（米）,波长尺度大小,频率（赫兹）,此温度的物体所发出的辐射中最强烈部分的波长,Non-ionising and Ionising radiation非电离和电离辐射,The distinction between non-ionising and ionising radiation is simply one of associated energy. 根据能量高低，辐射可以分为非电离辐射和电离辐射。 For the ionising reg
6、ion of the electromagnetic spectrum, the energy incident upon a material is large enough to remove an electron from an atom orbit to produce ionisation.电离辐射是指物质附带能量较高，能使物质的原子中分离出电子，电离辐射。,Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation紫外线（UV）辐射,UV is invisible radiation produced naturally by the sun (solar radiation) and
7、 artificially in industry via arcs (e.g. welding) operating at high temperatures.紫外线是一种不可见的辐射，太阳（太阳辐射）和高温作业条件下通过弧（例如焊接）都能产生紫外线辐射。 Eyes and skin are particularly vulnerable. 紫外线辐射最容易伤害眼睛和皮肤。 Sunburn, blistering of the skin. 晒伤，皮肤起泡。 Premature ageing and thickening (keratosis) of the skin. 皮肤过早老化和增厚（角
8、化病） Skin cancer. 皮肤癌。 Conjunctivitis. 结膜炎。,Infrared (IR) Radiation红外线（IR）辐射,IR radiation is emitted by hot bodies, e.g. furnaces and gas torches. 红外线辐射是由热源发出的，如熔炉和气炬。 Its primary effect is heating of surface tissues. 其主要作用是对表面组织进行加热。 Excessive exposure to radiant heat will produce immediate discomfo
9、rt and therefore a suitable warning of impending damage is provided, usually before burning can occur. 过度接触辐射热可能感觉不适，故通常在燃烧之前，告知可能会出现伤害的警告。,Laser Radiation激光辐射,LASER = Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. 激光器=受激辐射式光放大器 Concentrated beam of nonionising radiation 非电离辐射的集中光束 Of a si
10、ngle wavelength or a narrow wavelength band波长单一或波段短In the visible and infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum位于电磁波谱的可见光和红外光区域 Hazardous due to concentrated intensity.因其强度集中，故而会造成危险。 Damage eyes from repairable burns to permanent blindness.导致眼睛不同程度受损：从可修复型时烧伤到永久失明 Cataract formation may also
11、occur. 也可能还会形成白内障。 Lasers have widespread use, e.g. in communications, construction, medical applications, research, surveying.激光器的广泛使用，在通信、建筑、医疗应用、科研、勘测中均有应用。,Laser Classifications激光分类,Warning label for Class 2 and higher2级或2级以上的警告标签,Microwave Radiation微波辐射,Microwaves are produced by molecular vibr
12、ation in solid bodies. 微波是由固体振动产生。 The primary effect on the body is thermal - burning of the skin and eyes.微波对人体的主要影响是会导致皮肤和眼睛热灼伤。 Prolonged exposure to low level microwave radiation has been linked with headaches, sleeplessness, irritability, fatigue and memory loss.长期暴露在低强度微波辐射条件下可能会出现头痛、失眠、烦躁、疲劳
13、、记忆力减退。 Microwaves are widely used in applications like wireless computing and mobile phone networks. 微波使用广泛，如无线计算和移动电话网络。 Much public concern has been raised about the possibility of serious long-term health effects such as cancer. As yet, research has failed to demonstrate such a link conclusively
14、.公众关心微波产生的长期严重健康影响，如癌症。但是到目前为止，尚未有研究证明微波会产 生严重健康影响。,Visible 可见400 to 700 nm400至700纳米,此温度的物体所发出的辐射中最强烈部分的波长,能否穿透地球大气层？,辐射种类，波长（米）,波长尺度大小,无线电 微波 红外线 可见光 紫外线 X射线 伽玛射线,建筑高度 人体身高 蝴蝶 针尖 原虫 分子 原子 原子核,频率（赫兹）,LIGHTING照明,In terms of occupational hygiene we are concerned with the subjective feeling of visual c
15、omfort, and good illumination which is described in terms of the quantity and quality of the lighting.对照明的职业卫生方面，我们关注的视觉舒适性，良好的照明需要有量，也有质。 Quantity - this is the amount of illumination on the task. It is measured in lux and must be sufficient for the worker to undertake the task. 量是工作场所的照度。测量单位是勒克斯。
16、量必须适合工作人员的操作。 Quality - is the suitability of the illumination, for example the distribution of brightness in a visual environment, the colour of light, its direction, diffusion and the degree of glare.质是照明的舒适度，例如，亮度的分布，光照的颜色、方向、扩散和眩光的程度。,Evaluation of Illumination照明评估,Light meter (often termed a Lux meter). 照度计（也称照度表）。 Colour corrected to respond to the human eye. 颜色调整会人眼适应的颜色。,Glare眩光,Any brightness within the field of vision that causes discomfort, annoyance, interference with vision, or eye fatigue. 眩光会导致不适、烦恼、干扰视力，或眼睛疲劳。 Disability glare 失能眩光 Discomfort glare 不舒适眩光 Reflected glare 反射眩光,
