1、博联兄弟同声翻译提醒大家专注本帖：高级口译和专八阅读以及文化常识必读。想过专八的同学和想过高口的同学，本文当成扫盲课，每周温习一遍。坚持 3 个月，成人文专家。1、 Two major elements in European culture: the Greco-Roman/ Judeo-Christian2、 Democracy means: “exercise of power by the whole people”, but by “the whole people”, the Greeks meant only the adult male citizens, and citize
2、nship was a set of rights which a man inherited from his father, women, children, foreigners and slaves were excluded, they have no rights.3、 Homer epics: the Iliad / the Odyssey4、 Drama developed in the 5th century B.CTragedian 悲剧作家Aeschylus 希腊的悲剧诗人埃斯库罗斯 Prometheus 普罗米修斯 bound/ Persians / Agamemnon
3、 阿伽门农, 特洛伊战争中希腊军队的统帅Sophocles Oedipus希神 俄狄浦斯 the king / Electra / Antigone希神 安提歌尼(底比斯王俄狄普斯之女, 因违抗禁令而自杀身亡)Euripides 欧里庇得斯(希腊的悲剧诗人) Andromache / Medea 美狄亚(希腊神话中科尔喀斯国王之女, 以巫术著称, 曾帮助过伊阿宋取得金羊毛) / Trojan 特洛伊 womenComedist 喜剧作家Aristophanes Frogs / clouds / Birds wasps5、 PhilosophySocrates 苏格拉底 : Dialogues
4、他坚持的观点是人类的美德是一种知识，因此一切恶行都是无知的结果。Plato 柏拉图: Dialogues 对话录 / the Apology / Symposium (dealing with beauty and love) / the RepublicPlatos philosophy is called idealism 理想主义, 唯心论.Aristotle 亚里斯多德: Ethics 伦理学/ Politics / Poetics 诗论 / Rhetoric 修辞学重点 What should be mans aim in life? Aristotles answer was ha
5、ppiness, but not happiness in the vulgar sense, but something that could only be achieved by leading a life of reason, goodness and contemplation 沉思 .6、 Cynics 犬儒主义 P29Diogenes 第欧根尼：希腊哲学家，哲学犬儒学派奠基人，强调自我控制和推崇善行。说他曾提着灯在雅典大街漫步寻找诚实的人, decided to live like a dog and the word “cynic” means “dog” in Greek,
6、 he rejected all conventions whether of religion, of manners, dress, housing, food, or of decency.7、 Roman history P38The year 27 B.C divided the history of Romeinto two periods: before then, Romehad been a republic, in that year, Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus. Tw
7、o centuries later, the Roman empire reached its greatest extend, encircling the Mediterranean 地中海 , reaching Scotland in the north and spreading into Armenia and Mesopotamia in the east. The emperors relied on a strong armythe famous Roman Legions 古罗马军团(约有 3000 至 6000 步兵,辅以数百名骑兵) and an efficient bu
8、reaucracy 官僚机构 to exert their rule, which was facilitated by a well developed system of roads. Thus the Roman enjoyed a long period of peace lasting two hundred years, a remarkable phenomenon in history know as the pax Roman 罗马帝国统治下的和平.8、 Virgil 维吉尔(古罗马诗人,公元前 70-公元前 19)The greatest of Latin poets, w
9、rote the great epic, 作品 the Aeneid埃涅伊德.9、 About Bible P52The Bible is a collection of religious writings comprising two parts: the old Testament 旧约全书 and the new Testament. The former is about God and the laws of God; the latter, the doctrine 教义 of Jesus Christ, the wordTestamentmeans “agreement” na
10、mely the agreement between God and man.10、 Rise of Christianity P73At the heart of Christianity is the life of Jesus: how he lived and died to redeem 救赎 the whole human race.Why Jesus be crucified 十字架钉死?Jesus propagated 传播 the faith about Godmen should believe in God and love him and behave like God
11、s children and love another. “everyone is equal” before God.In AD 30, in Galilee, Jesus was regarded as 被认作 a dangerous man that threaten the clique 派系 in power. At the end of three years, he went with his disciples 信徒 to Jerusalem 耶路撒冷 for the Passover 逾越节, but was betrayed by Juda. Jesus was rushe
12、d to trial and crucified as a revolutionary preacher and dangerous reformer.11、 Translations of the Bible P86Aramaic dialect 亚拉姆语Hebrew 希伯莱Vulgate edition 拉丁文圣经12、 Whats means code of Chivalry 骑士制度? P94As a knight, he was pledged 誓言 to protect the weak, to fight for the church, to be loyal to his lo
13、rd and respect women of noble birth贵族出身. These rules were known as a code of Chivalry.13、 基督教是如何成为合法的唯一宗教并被尊为国教 P76Constantine 康斯坦丁大帝 , who won war between rivals for the throne 君主 and the emperor of Roman. He believed that God had helped him in winning the battle, issued the Edict of Milan in 313.
14、It granted 准予 religions freedom to all, and made Christianity legal.In392 A.D, emperor Theodosius made Christianity, the official religion of the empire and outlawed 宣布.为不合法 all other religious.14、 The crusades 十字军 名字的由来？为什么东征及东征的意义 P99To express their religious feelings, many people in the middle A
15、ges went on journeys to sacred 神圣的 places where early Christian leaders had lived. The most important of all was Jerusalem 耶路撒冷. But in 1071 Palestine fell to the armies of the Turkish Moslems who unlike the Arabs attacked the Christian pilgrims 朝圣者，killing many of them and sold many others as slave
16、s. New of this kind roused 激起 great indignation among Christians in western Europe. The result was a series of Holy wars 圣战 called crusades 十字军东侵 which went on about 200years. All the soldiers going to Palestine wore a red cross on the tunics 束腰外衣 as symbol of obedience 顺从 to God.Significance:1*alth
17、ough the crusades did not achieve their goal to regain theHoly land, they had an important effect on the future of both the east and west. They brought the east into closer contact with the west, and they greatly influent on history ofEurope.2*crusades helped to break down feudalism 封建主义.3* the crus
18、ades also resulted in renewing peoples interest in learning and invention.15、 National Epics P105The epic was the product of the Heroic Age 古希腊的“ 英雄时代”1*Beowulf (700750A.D), an Anglo-Saxon 盎格鲁-撒克逊人 epic.2* Song of Rolan 罗兰之诗about 12th A.DIt is the most well-known of a group of French epics knows asL
19、a Chansonde gestes. P11116、 Dante 但丁 Alighieri , Italy, greatest poet. The divine comedy神曲P11817、 Renaissance 文艺复兴 means? 14thmid 17th P129The word “Renaissance” means revival, specifically in this period of history, revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture.Subject: humanity 人权/ Christ
20、ianity 神权18、 文艺复兴时期的新文学Giovanni Boccaccio 卜伽丘, Decameron十日谈, 其中收集了以逃避黑死病为忧郁背景的 100 个故事，100 tales told by on their way to escape the black death of 1348, the tales are witty, licentious 放荡的, full of praise of true love and wisdom and also satire 讽刺文学 on the hypocrisy 伪善 of the priest and the aristocr
21、at 贵族. 19、 Martin Luther 路德，马丁： (1483-1546) 德国神学家、欧洲宗教改革运动的领袖。他反对教会阶层的富有和腐败，认为只要在信仰的基础上即可获得超度，而不须借助于教会的典籍，这些观点使他于 1521 年与天主教会脱离。他肯定了 1530 年的奥格斯堡忏悔会，成功的建立了堤路德教会 and his Doctrines P145German leader of the protestant reformation 欧洲宗教改革运动. He quoted the scripture 基督教经文 in support of his belief that men
22、are redeemed by faith and not by the purchase（以某种代价）换得 of indulgences 特许.20、 John Calvin 卡尔文，约翰：(1509-1564) 法裔瑞士新教神学家，他破除了罗马教会统治（1533 年），在今天为人所知的基督教学院 （1536 年）中将他自己的神学教义推向前进 and Calvinism 卡尔文主义：约翰 卡尔文的宗教教义，强调上帝是万能的，以及仁慈上帝对人的超度作用 p147French theologian, work: institutes of the Christian religionCalvin
23、ism stressed the absolute authority of the Gods will, holding that only those specially elected by God are saved. He belief was that any form of sinfulness was a likely sign.21、 Miguel de Cervantes 塞万提斯 1547-1616，renaissance in Spain.1*with the publication of don Quixote ，the European novel entered
24、a new stage.2*don Quixote was a parody 滑稽 satirizing 讽刺性描写 a very popular type of literature at the time, the romance of chivalry. Its sources are romantic as well as realistic, truthful and imaginative.3*it is recognized as the father of the modern European novel, and has had great impact on world
25、literature.22、 William Shakespeare 莎士比亚，威廉：(1564-1616) 英国戏剧家和诗人，他的作品被认为是英语文学作品中最伟大的戏剧，其中大多在伦敦的全球戏院演出过，包括历史作品，例如理查德二世 ；喜剧包括 无事生非 和 皆大欢喜 ；悲剧包括 哈姆雷特 、 奥赛罗 和 李尔王 。他还作过 154 首十四行诗。他最早的戏剧集子，第一对开本，包含了 36 个戏剧，并在他死后出版(1623 年）renaissance in England P176Shakespeare was a man of the late renaissance who gave the
26、 fullest expression to humanist ideals.He was inLondonas actor, poet and playwright, with occasional visits to his hometown.Hamlet 哈姆勒特 king Lear 李尔王 Macbeth 麦克白 Othello 奥赛罗As you like itAnthony CleopatraThe sonnets 十四行诗23、 Sir Isaal Newton 牛顿 1642-1727 P193Of all his achievement in physics, his dis
27、covery of the law of the universal gravitation 万有引力 is the most important, which states that every body attracts other with force directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of distance between them.24、 Francis Bacon 培根，弗朗西斯：(1561-1626) 英国哲学家、随笔作家、朝臣
28、、法理学家和政治家。其作品包括论科学的价值和发展 （1605 年）和新工具论 （1620 年），在这部著作里他提出了以观察和实验为基础的科学认识理论，作为归纳法理论逐渐为人所知 P196An English philosopher, essayist and statesman.Works: the advancement of learningThe new AtlantisNew method 新工具Essays 培根语录重要 Two methods in the novum organum 新工具论:1* induction means reasoning from particular
29、 facts or individual cases to a general conclusion. 归纳法：由特殊的事实或例子推理出的普遍性规律的过程2* deduction method 演绎法 emphasized reasoning from a principle so the unknown and from the general to the specific.从所述前提得出一个结论；从一般推向特殊的推论25、 John Locke 洛克 1632-1704, 英国哲学家 P204English empiricist 经验主义者 and an outstanding poli
30、tical philosopher.His materialist views 唯物主义观点 are expressed 明确的 in one of his chief works:Essay concerning human understanding 1960His basic theory is that all our ideas are ultimately 根本、最终 derived 起源 from sensation or from reflection, that these two make up experience and that all our knowledge s
31、prings from 来自 experience.26、 John Milton 米尔顿 1608-1674, 英国诗人 P 212Epic poems : paradise lost 失乐园/ paradise regained / Samson agonist 力士参孙27、 Rene Descartes 笛卡尔，莱恩：(1596-1650) 法国数学家，哲学家，因将笛卡尔坐标体系公式化而被认为是解析几何之父。他的哲学思想基于唯理性的前提“我思故我在”1596-1650 P213A philosopher, physicist and mathematiciam.His believed
32、 that modern philosophy begins with Bacon 培根 in England and with Rene Descartes in France.Major works: rules for direction of the mindDiscourse on 详论 methodMeditations concerning first philosophy and objections and replies28、 French classicism 古典运动 and what is classicism? P127Classicism implies the
33、revival of the forms and traditions of the ancient word, a return to works of old Greek literature from Homer 荷马 to Plato 柏拉图 and Aristotle.亚里士多德But French classicism of the 17th century was not conscious of being a classical revival. It intended to produce a literature, French to the core, which wa
34、s worthy of Greek and classical idealsnew classicism. This new classicism reached its climax 顶点 in France in the 17th.29、 Moliere 莫里哀 p223The best representative dramatist of French classical comedies.Tartuffe 伪君子 答尔丢夫Le misanthrope 愤世嫉俗L Auare 吝啬人30、 Whats enlightenment?启蒙运动启蒙运动事 18 世纪欧洲的哲学运动。起源于 1
35、7 世纪的科学革命及洛克与牛顿的思想，其基本信念是高尚理智，认为理智是一切知识和人类事务的指针。由此产生进步思想和对传统基督教的挑战。The enlightenment was an intellectual movement originating in France, which attracted with widespread support among the ruling and intellectual classes of Europe and north Americain the second half of the 18th century. It characteriz
36、es the efforts by certain European writers to use critical reason to free minds from prejudice, unexamined authority and oppression by church or state. Therefore the enlightenment is sometimes called the age of reason. The most important forerunners of the enlightenment were two 17th century English
37、 men John Locke and Isaac Newton. Their theories fostered the belief in natural law and universal order and established confidence in human reason.31、 French philosophy 3 巨头 代表作及观点 p235Montesquieu 孟德斯鸠：法国哲学家和法学家。他是早期法国启蒙运动的杰出人物。著有隐含攻击君主制和古代政体的有影响力的作品如波斯人信札 (1721 年）和谴责政府的 论法的精神 (1748 年）Persian letter
38、/the spirit of the laws he believed that the legislative, executive and judicial power must be confided to different individual or bodies, acting independently.Voltaire letters anglaise/ candied if god did not exist, it would be necessary to invent him.Rousseau the social contract view: a social con
39、tract was established when each individual gave his rights to a general will-as an equal participant in the political life.32、 Wolfgang von Goethe 歌德，约翰沃尔夫贡 (1749-1832) 德国作者和科学家。精通诗歌、歌剧和小说。他花了 50 年时间写了二部戏剧长诗浮士德 （出版于 1808 年和 1832 年）。他也致力于各个领域的科学研究，在植物学方面享有盛誉，并在几次政府担任职务1749-1832Greatest of all German
40、poets, outstanding figure of world literature, since the renaissance.The sorrows of young weather 少年维特的烦恼Wilhelm Meisters apprenticeshipWilhelm Meisters travelsFaust 浮士德：德国传说中的一个魔术师和炼金术士，他将灵魂卖给魔鬼，以换取力量和知识Poetry and truth33、 Johann Christoph friedrich vo Schiller 席勒，约翰克里斯托夫 弗雷德里希冯：(1759-1805) 德国作家，主要
41、的浪漫主义者，以他的历史剧如唐卡洛斯 (1787 年）和 华伦斯坦 (1798-1799 年）及说教长诗著名 p264The German dramatist, poet, historian and esthetician 美学家, ranks as one of greatest of German literary figures.The robber 强盗Cabal and love 阴谋与爱情Wallenstein 华伦斯坦Wilhelm tell 威廉泰尔34、 What is romanticism? P2841*romanticism was movement in liter
42、ature, philosophy, music and art which developed in Europein the late 18th and early 19th centuries.2*starting from the ideas of Rousseau 卢梭 in France and from the storm and stress movement in Germany, it held that classicism, dominant since the 16th century, failed to express mans emotional nature
43、and overlooked his profound inner forces.3*romanticism emphasized individual values and aspirations above those of society.4*as a reaction to the industrial revolution, it tooked to the middle ages and to direct contact with nature for inspiration.5*it gave impetus to the national liberation movemen
44、t in 19th centuryEurope.与浪漫主义有关的作家 ;英国：Wordsworth 华兹华斯，威廉： (1770-1850) 英国诗人，其最重要的全集抒情歌谣 （1798 年）同塞缪尔泰勒柯尔斯基合作出版，为建立英格兰诗歌的浪漫主义风格做出了贡献。他于 1843 年被授予桂冠诗人Coleridge 柯尔雷基，塞缪尔泰勒：(1772-1834) 英国诗人批评家浪漫主义流派的倡导者，同威廉 华兹华斯一起出版了抒情歌谣 （1978 年），里面包括了他最为著名的诗歌老水手的故事Blake 布莱克(姓氏 William, 1757-1827, 英国漫 画家, 诗人 Robert, 159
45、9-1657, 英国海军上将)积极浪漫主义 Keats 济慈，济慈，约翰： (1795-1821) 英国最伟大的诗人之一，他的作品音调优美，古典意象丰富，包括“圣爱格妮斯之前夜”、希腊古瓮 ”和“秋颂”（均写于 1819 年）: ode to a nightingale积极浪漫主义 Shelley 雪莱(1797-1851) 英国作家，以其哥特式小说弗朗肯斯坦，又名现代的普罗米修斯 (1818 年）最为著名: ode to the west wind积极浪漫主义 Byron 拜伦 (1788-1824) 英国诗人，被公认为是浪漫主义运动的先驱。那象征着孤独、反抗和沉思的“拜伦式英雄”的形象最早
46、出现在曼弗雷德 （1817 年）里。他的其它著作有 查尔德 哈洛尔德游记 （1812 至 1818 年）、 希永的囚徒 （1816 年）以及讽刺长诗 唐璜 （1819 至 1824 年）。由于他的恋爱经历和反传统的生活方式，拜伦在当时是名誉扫地的。他死于为希腊脱离土耳其而独立所做的工作中：don Juan 唐璜德国：歌德 、席勒法国：Rousseau 卢梭(1712-1778), 法国启蒙思想家, 哲学家, 教育家和文学家 、Hugo 雨果，维克托玛丽：(1802-1885) 法国作家，1851 年拿破仑掌权后被驱逐，1870 年返回法国。他的小说包括巴黎圣母院 (1831 年）和 悲惨世界
47、(1862 年）,积极浪漫主义35、 Aleksander pushkin 普希金 (1799-1837) 俄国作家，他创作了小说叶甫盖尼 奥涅金 (1831 年），剧本 鲍里斯戈都诺夫 (1831年），以及许多叙事性和散文性诗和短篇小说 p311Stood in the van of the romantic movement inRussia.Ruslan and liudmila 鲁斯兰和柳德米拉first important poemBoris godunoubest play, historic tragedy 历史悲剧Eugene Onegin 尤金。奥涅金took his 8 y
48、ears, be recognized as his masterpiece. It is a verse-novel based on Byrons 唐璜。Onegin sets up the type of the super-famous man for the numerous Russian novels to come.36、 Honore de Balzac 巴尔扎克，奥诺德：(1799-1850) 法国作家和现实主义小说奠基人，他在作品集人间喜剧 中描述了法国社会生活的全景 p380Has been called “ The French dickens 狄更斯.” , as
49、dickens has been called “the English Balzac ”The human comedy inspired by that of datotes divine comedy. It is the title given by Balzac to the whole collection of his novels, a series of books, a comprehensive picture of contemporary French socieby.他决定在人间喜剧的框架内呈现一幅现代文明的完整图画，此套书包括了多部杰作如高老头。37、 Realism 现实主义 ? P391The modern philosophical doctrine, opposed to idealism, that physical objects exist independently of their being perceived.与理想主义相对的一种现代哲学信条，认为外部事物独立于它们的表象而存在的38、 现实主义作家。 Realism in northernEurope P 407Ib
