1、Paraphrase （改述）STEP1 Read the original passage several times until you understand it fully. Look up unfamiliar words, and find synonyms for them. If you need to take notes, write down only one or two words for each idea-not complete sentences. STEP2 Write your paraphrase from memory. Include as much
2、 of the information as you remember. Dont look at the original while you are writing.STEP3 Check your paraphrase against the original for accuracy and completeness. If necessary, add points you have missed.STEP4 Name the source of the original passage in parentheses at the end of your paraphrase.Sum
3、maries （总结）STEP1 Read the original passage several times until you understand it fully. Look up unfamiliar words, and find synonyms for them. If you need to take notes, write down only one or two words for each idea-not complete sentences. STEP2 Write your summary from memory. Include important poin
4、ts and omit unnecessary details. Dont look at the original while you are writing. Remember that your goal in writing a summary is to restate the main ideas in as few words as possible.STEP3 Check your summary against the original for accuracy. STEP4 Put out the source of the original passage in pare
5、ntheses at the end of your summary.MODELOriginal Passage:Language is the main means of communication between peoples. But so many different language have developed that language has often been a barrier rather than aid to understanding among peoples. For many years, people have dreamed of setting up
6、 an international, universal language which all people could speak and understand. The arguments in favor of a universal language are simple and obvious. If all peoples spoke the same tongue, cultural and economic ties might be much closer, and good will might increase between countries.Paraphrase:H
7、umans communicate through language. However, because there are so many languages in the world, language is an obstacle rather than aid to communication. For a long time, people have wished for an international language that speakers all over the world could understand. A universal language would cer
8、tainly build cultural and economic bonds. It would also create better feelings among countries.Summary:People communicate mainly through language; however, having so many different languages creates communication barriers. Some think that one universal language would bring countries together cultura
9、lly and economically and also increase good feelings among them.PRACTICEArtificial LanguagesSince the time of Descartes, it is estimated that no fewer than five hundred attempts have been made to create artificial languages for international use. The most successful by far has been Esperanto, a lang
10、uage constructed around the end of nineteenth century by Dr. Zamenhof of Poland. Esperanto is a language that is extremely easy to learn and speak, with its words drawn mainly from English, German, the Romance languages, Latin, and Greek.A more recent arrival on the international scene is Interlingu
11、a, scientifically constructed by a group of language experts out of Latin, the Romance languages, and English. But whereas Esperanto has a large body of people who actually speak it scattered throughout the world, Interlingua has not yet achieved much popularity.Notes:Esperanto: from 16th century-un
12、successful attempts to create artificial languages-end of 19th century-Esperanto created by Dr. Zamenhof, Poland-Esperanto easy to learn, speak-created from English, Romance languages, German.Interlingua: international scientific language-composed of Latin, Romance languages, German-Interlingua not
13、as popular as Esperanto.Paraphrase:Since the 16th century, many attempts were made to construct international artificial languages. Then in the late 19th century, Dr. Zamenhof of Poland created Esperanto, using vocabulary from English, German, and the Romance languages. Esperanto is easy to learn an
14、d speak. Interlingua, on the other hand, is an international scientific language constructed from Latin, the Romance languages, and English. It is presently not spoken as much as Esperanto around the world.Summary:In the late 19th century, Dr. Zamenhof of Poland constructed Esperanto, an artificial
15、language for international use from English and European languages. Interlingua is an international, scientific language from both English and European languages as well as Latin. Esperanto is more popular than Interlingua as a world language.Artificial Languages-ObjectionsThe main objection to cons
16、tructed languages, like Esperanto or Interlingua, is that they have not developed all the thought-carrying machinery and shades of meaning that natural languages have had a chance to work out for themselves over a period of many centuries; also, the artificial languages presented so far lean too hea
17、vily in the direction of the western European and American nations, and carry too little in the way of Slavic, Asiatic, and African words and habits of thought.Notes:Main objections: unclear expression of thoughts-lack shades of meaning found in natural languages-vocabulary from European and America
18、n nations-ignore Slavic, Asiatic, African vocabulary and thought patterns.Paraphrase: Artificial languages such as Esperanto or Interlingua are not perfect because they do not clearly express ones thoughts and shades of meaning as accurately as natural languages do. Besides, the artificial languages
19、 used today are constructed from the vocabulary of European and American nations. They ignore not only the vocabulary but also the thought patterns of Slavic, Asiatic, and African languages.Summary:Artificial languages such as Esperanto and Interlingua do not express ones thoughts clearly, nor do th
20、ey express shades of meaning accurately. Moreover, todays artificial languages totally ignore both the vocabulary and thought patterns of Slavic, Asiatic, and African languages.AmericansDespite its ethnic diversity, the United States has managed to absorb bits and pieces of many cultures and weave t
21、hem into a unique culture that is strikingly consistent and distinct. You can pick out Americans anyplace in the world, often very quickly, because of their behavior. Among their most observable traits are openness, friendliness, informality, optimism, creativity, loudness, and vitality.Notes:Americ
22、an culture-unique-based on ethnic diversity, cultures-Americans distinguishing features worldwide-open minded, friendly, informal, optimistic, creative, loud, lively.Paraphrase:The United States is a country of ethnic diversity; therefore, American culture is a unique blend of the many cultures repr
23、esented by its multi-racial population. Americans can easily be identified anywhere in the world because of the way they behave. They are known for their openness, friendliness, informality, optimism, creativity, loudness, and vitality.Summary:The United States, a country of ethnic diversity, has a
24、unique culture, which is a blend of the many cultures represented by its multi-racial population. American are recognizable worldwide because they are not only friendly, informal, optimistic, and creative but also loud and lively.The Work Ethic of Americans and EuropeansEuropeans often observe that
25、Americans schedule everything except time for relaxation. This is particularly true of American executives, who drive themselves hard, often at the expense of their families and their health. Americans have fewer holidays and take shorter vacations than do Europeans. In the opinion of many German an
26、d French executives, American executives are obsessed with work; theyre workaholics. Most Europeans do not accept working on weekends or holidays; they reserve these times for themselves and their families.Notes:Americans-schedule all activities-dont relax-American executives: driven, families and p
27、ersonal health ignored-Americans: fewer holidays, shorter vacations-workaholics; Europeans: weekends/holidays-no work-special family timeParaphrase:Americans and Europeans have different work ethics. Americans schedule everything and leave no time to relax. For example, American executives spend so
28、much time working that they ignore not only their families but also their health. They are workaholics. In contrast, most Europeans observe holidays and weekends for leisurely activities for themselves and their families.Summary:According to Europeans, American executives are workaholics who disrega
29、rd their health and families by taking fewer holidays and shorter vacations. Most Europeans, however, observe holidays and weekends as time to relax for themselves and their families.A Less Social Society Becoming ShyGrowing numbers of those people standing silently in line at the automatic teller m
30、achine (ATM) or pumping their own self-service gas are probably victims of Americas silent, anonymous epidemic. Theyre shy-and the rapid technological and social changes rippling through America are increasing their numbers rapidly, says the worlds pioneering researcher into shyness.The increasing n
31、umbers of shy people mean Americans are lonelier, more alienated, and in worse shape, both mentally and physically. That is hardly a prescription for a healthy society.Stanford University professor Philip G. Zimbardo places the blame for the rising tide of shyness on three factors. First ,automation
32、, as exemplified by ATMs and self-service gas pumps that take credit cards, “robs many of us of one more small opportunity for social contact.“ Second, the revolution in personal computers and home electronic entertainment means couch potatoes and cyber-surfers have less reason for social interactio
33、n. “E-mail means you dont have to talk to people, even over the telephone,“ Zimbardo commented. Third, the changing nature of family life and rising fear of crime are shutting people off from each other. “You dont see kids in the streets anymore. All play is organized for them, so they dont develop
34、the give-and-take and the leadership skills of the playground,“ he warned. With some 50 percent of marriages ending in divorce and with most parents working, children are robbed of the nurturing communication they once enjoyed with their parents and extended families.Notes:Americas silent epidemic:
35、shy, lonely people-causes: high technology growth, social changes-effects: increasing numbers of shy Americans: lonely, alienated, physically/mentally burned out(fatigued)-an unhealthy society.Summary:America is facing a serious, silent epidemic-shyness. People have fewer opportunities for human int
36、eraction due to high technological growth and social changes. Americans, therefore, feel both lonely and alienated and physically and mentally burned out, which is not a formula for a healthy society.Notes:Philip G. Zimbardo, Stanford University professor: causes of shyness: automation-(1) ATMs, sel
37、f service gas pumps (2) personal computers, home electronic entertainment-E-mail (3) family life changes: children-less freedom and interaction with peers; organized play-no playing on the streets, playgrounds-one in two marriages divorce, working parentsSummary:Professor Philip Zimbardo of Stanford
38、 University blames the increase in shyness to three factors, all of which are the result of less human interaction. The first factor is automation and credit cards at ATMs and self-service gas pumps. Another factor is the use of personal computers, home electronic equipment and E-mail. The final fac
39、tor affects family life. Because of the fear of crime, children do not play in the streets and playgrounds, which prevents them from interacting with their peers. Moreover, one in two marriage ends in divorce, and most parents work. Therefore, children miss opportunities to communicate with their busy parents and extended families.
