1、pharmacy 药学empirical 经验主义multidisciplinary 多学科的toxicity 毒性immunosuppressant 免疫抑制剂pathogen 病原体inorganic 无机的macroscopic 肉眼可见的aseptic 无菌的gonorrhea 淋病hump 驼背incidence 发病率anorexia 厌食症bulimia 暴食症rigidity 强直idiopathic 黑质，赛梅林氏神经节locus 部位、地点；位点afflict 折磨，使苦恼striatum 纹状体cholesterol 胆固醇embolus 栓子plaque 斑gangre
2、ne 坏疽lipoprotein 脂蛋白acuity 敏锐；（疾病的）剧烈intervention 治疗，处理pediatric 儿科的catheterization 导管插入术puncture 穿刺dialysis 透析fomite 传染物incubation 潜伏crackle 罗音effusion 渗出aminotransferase 转氨酶swab 药签；拭子diabetes mellitus 糖尿病polygenic 多基因的allele 等位基因xenograft 异种植物glycemic 血糖的A-anthrp- human，anti- against，-a not；withou
3、t ，all- other/different，andr- male，aut- self，aden- gland，aesthesi- feelingB-bio- life，bacilli- bacillus，bacteri- bacteria，bi- lifeC-conduct- conduction，contr- against，chromo- pigment， cyt- cell，chrom- color，carcin- cancer，cephal- head，chol- bileE-enter- intestine，eti- cause，eu- good，electr- electron
4、F-fungi- fungus，fibr- fiber，fluor- fluorineG-gen- gene，gluc- glucose ，gynec- femaleH-hemo- blood，hom- same，hidr- sweating，hist- tissue，humor- liquid，hypn- sleep，hepat- liver，heter-other/ different ，hom- same，hist- tissue，I-iso- equal，immun- immuneK-kary- nucleusL-lacrim- tear，lact- milk，lamin- layer
5、M-matur- maturation，multi- many/much，men- menstruation，mit- thread，meta- along with，my- muscle，myc- fungusN-nutria- nutrition，narc- numbness，necr- dead body，nucle- nucleus ，nan- millimicroO-olig- few less/little，onc- tumor ，ovari- ovary，ov- eggP-physic- nature，potenti- potential，pharmoc- drug，py- pu
6、s，path- disease/illness，placent- placenta，port- door，poly- many/much，poli- grey，pylor- pylorus，phil- loveR-rhythm- rhythmS-ser- serum，somn- sleep，splen- spleen，sarc- flesh，sin- sinus，semin- seed/sperm，syn- with/together，steth- chestT-troph- nutrition，toxic- poison，thec- sheath，trans- across-A-algia
7、pain，-ant agent，-ase enzyme-C-cide kill，-coccus coccus，-cyte cell，-clone clone-D-duplicate double-E-emia blood condition-F-fast fast-G-gram record，-graph instrument for making record，-graphy recording，-gamy marriage，-genesis production-I-in agent-O-opsy examination-M-metry measure-P-poiesis producti
8、on，-pathy disease-R-receptor receptor，-rrhea flow-S-static inhibiting，-scope instrument for examining，-scopy viewing，-some body-T-therapy treatment，-tropic acting upon，-thelium thelium1、Pharmacology is truly multidisciplinary in scope.Research in this field is closely interwoven with the subject mat
9、ter and experimental techniques of analytical chemistry,biochemistry,cellular and molecular biology,genetics,immunology,medicinal chemistry,microbiology,pathology,and physiology. 药理学是真正的多范围的学科。在这个领域中的研究紧密地交织在一起的主题和实验技术的分析化学、生物化学、细胞和分子生物学、遗传学、免疫学、药物化学、微生物学、病理、生理原因。2、The biochemical pharmacologist use
10、s drugs as probes to discover new information about biosynthetic pathways and their kinetics,and investigates how drugs can correct the biochemical abnormalities that are responsible for human illness. 生化药理学家使用探针去发现新的药物信息及其动力学生物合成途径,并考察药物能正确的生化异常负责人类疾病。3、Research in immunopharmacology includes work
11、on immunosuppressant agents used in organ transplant operations,as well as the development of agents to enhance the immune response as required for the treatment of diseases such as AIDS. 免疫药理学的研究工作包括免疫抑制剂在器官移植手术代理以前以及发展代理来提高免疫反应要求治疗疾病,如艾滋病。4、Clinical pharmacologists study how drugs works,how they i
12、nteract with other drugs,how their effects can alter the disease process,and how disease can alter their effects. 药物临床药理学家去研究如何工作,如何与其他药物相互作用,可以改变疾病的影响过程,疾病能改变他们的影响。5、Researchers observe the effects of drugs on arterial pressure,blood flow in specific vascular beds,release of physiological mediators
13、,and on neural activity arising from central nervous system structures. 研究人员观察药物对动脉压的影响、血流在特定血管床,释放的生理介质,在神经活动引起的中枢神经系统的结构。1、Microbiololgy involves the study of those organisms too small to be seen by the unaided eye.These organisms include bacteria,fungi,viruses,protozoa and alga.As a group these o
14、rganisms are referred to as microbes,microorganisms or,if they cause disease,pathogens,germs or “bugs”.It should be noted that for the most part microbes do not cause disease.2、Even before the medical community had embraced the germ theory,two physicians had observed that the use of sloppy methods a
15、nd contaminated instruments during surgery led to increased mortality of the surgical patient.3、Smallpox was a disease that ravaged Europe for centuries.Those that contracted the disease often died and those that survived were often left with scars.The control of this scourge was the first complete
16、success that has been achieved by western medicine.4、Over the last two hundred years,the use of vaccination against smallpox has led to the eradication of naturally occurring cases of this disease.5、This work led to his proposing Kochs postulates.These po stulates state that to consider a specific b
17、acterium as the cause of a specific disease the bacterium must be isolated,introduced into a healthy host and cause the same disease as seen in the originally infected organism.1、Over the years,repeated spine fractures can cause chronic lower back pain as well as loss of height or curving of the spi
18、ne,which gives the individual a hunched-back appearance of the upper back,often called a “dowager hump.”2、If you smoke,drink more than two units of alcohol a day,are underweight,dont exercise or eat well,you could be setting yourself up for osteoporosis later in life.3、People with a more sedentary l
19、ifestyle are more likely to have a hip fracture than those who are more active.Women who sit for more than nine hours a day are 50% more likely to have a hip fracture than those who sit for less than six hours a day.4、Both genders are almost twice (1.86 times) as likely to have a second fracture com
20、pared to people who are fracture free.5、Ninety percent of hip fractures result from falls.Visual impairments,loss of balance,neuromuscular dysfunction,dementia,immobilization,and use of sleeping pills which are quite common conditions in elderly persons,significantly increase the risk of falling and
21、 the risk of fracture.1、Parkinsons results from the degeneration of dopamine-producing nerve cells in the brain,specifically in the substantia nigra and the locus coeruleus.2、Many researchers believe that several factors combined are involved:free radicals,accelerated aging,environmental toxins,and
22、genetic predisposition.3、There are three surgical procedures for treating Parkinsons diease:ablative surgery,stimulation surgery or deep brain stimulation (DBS),and transplantation or restorative surgery.4、The bodys ability to produce smooth,controlled,muscular activity is a product of many complex,
23、interrelated functions.5、Surgery is another method of controlling symptoms and improving quality of life when medication ceases to be effective or when medication side effects,such as jerking and dyskinesia,become intolerable.1、The levels of HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol in the blood are measu
24、red to evaluate the risk of atherosclerosis.That helps determine the risk of heart attack or stroke.2、Because of the damage to the endothelium,fats,cholesterol,platelets,cellular debris,calcium and other substances are deposited in the artery wall.3、Research has shown that when the amount of cholest
25、erol within cells builds up,the number of these receptors on cell surfaces is reduced and blood levels of LDL increase.This can lead to more cholesterol being available for deposit in artery walls.4、As VLDL and chylomicron particles release their triglycerides into the bodys cells,fragments containi
26、ng proteins,fats and cholesterol break away.5、Research also suggests that inflammation in the circulating blood may play an important role in triggering heart attacks and strokes.1、The ICU team typically includes a pharmacist who helps you review medication profiles and determine if your patient is
27、predisposed to side effects or drug interactions.The pharmacist will help you calculate clearance rates from measured drug levels and plan dosing schedules for many of the medications used in the ICU.2、Patients with respiratory distress,manifested either as an inability to oxygenate or an inability
28、to ventilate,are transferred to the ICU for supplemental oxygen and mechanical ventilation.3、Patients with life-threatening gastrointestinal bleeding are admitted to treat hypotension with IV fluids,blood and blood products.Diagnostic tests such as endoscopy will likely be performed to locate and tr
29、eat the source of bleeding in unstable patients in the ICU.4、The respiratory rate and the pulse oximeter reading,which indicates the patients oxygen saturation,are also displayed on the monitor.The pulse oximeter is a noninvasive monitor attached to the patients finger or earlobe to measure oxygen s
30、aturation continuously.5、Intravenous medication pumps allow the nursing staff to titrate medications;Foley catheters and urine collection bags aid in monitoring urine output;sequential compression devices squeeze the lower extremities and reduce the incidence of deep venous thrombosis;transvenous pa
31、cemakers stimulate the patients heart to beat;dialysis machines remove fluid and correct electrolyte and acid-base disturbances;intraaortic balloon pumps assist the hearts contractility;and neurologic monitoring systems measure intracranial pressure.1、In 1997,exposure to live poultry within a week b
32、efore the onset of illness was associated with disease in humans,whereas there was no significant risk related to eating or preparing poultry products or exposure to persons whith influenza A(H5N1) disease.2、Given the survival of influenza A(H5N1) in the environment, several other modes of transmiss
33、ion are theoretically possible.3、In contrast to 1997, when most deaths occurred among patients older than 13 years of age, recent avian influenza A(H5N1) infections have caused high rates of death among infants and young children.4、Most hospitalized patients with avian influenza A(H5N1) have require
34、d ventilatory support within 48 hours after admission, as well as intensive care for multiorgan failure and sometimes hypotension.5、In addition to empirical treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics, antiviral agents, alone or with corticosteroids, have been used in most patients, although their eff
35、ects have not been rigorously assessed.1、New methods to achieve tight glucose control are needed that are practical and can be administered to all persons wit type 1 diabetes, including methods of insulin delivery, better forms of insulin, and practical, affordable methods of noninvasive self monito
36、ring that can be coupled to patient-specific insulin treatment regimens.2、Efforts to understand genetic variation, gene expression profiling, and the interaction between genetic factors and environmental triggers must be intensified.3、This research coupled with the efforts to identify the diabetes g
37、enes, will provide a mechanistic understanding of the specific defects in these pathways in type 2 diabetes, which should lead to the development of more specific, and more effective, pharmaceutical agents directed against defined molecular targets.4、For patients with type 1 diabetes, the procedures
38、 of cadaveric islet cell transplants will be largely perfected so that this can be performed either without the need for immunosuppression or whith the of specific highly focused immunosuppressive agents that will produce minimal adverse effects.5 Once the predisposing diabetes genes are identified, it will be a straightforward matter to genotype individuals for diabetes susceptibility.
