1、1本科毕业论文外文翻译外文文献译文标题电子商务的制度环境和国际竞争力资料来源丹佛大学网作者JUDYSTRAUSS尽管电子商务被广泛引用可能改变全球商业模式，但到目前为止，电子商务的应用主要是北美现象。虽然统计一直在变化，但是一般来说，所有网上交易的75都是在北美区域内发生的。我们都说，电子商务的产生意味着距离的死亡，但是电子商务的缓慢扩散是在令人费解。尽管，这个难题一直受到不断地揣测，但缺少系统地分析。据我们目前所知，对于不断变化的的网上市场的发展必要条件，没有跨国界的系统分析。这篇文章的目地就是提供一个系统性的分析。任何对电子商务发展障碍的分析都包括必要基础设施的缺乏尤其是家庭中个人电脑的应
2、用和低成本高效的通信系统。但是NIE建议，如果我们要加深对诸如电子商务的新市场的发展更基本的了解，我们必须超越这些接近指标，研究如何在一个国家的体制环境为市场增加信心，和支持对媒体的私人投资。在检查了网上市场的交易风险的基础上，我们有实验证据地认为体制环境的完整性，特别是法治，对发展电子商务是非常重要的。要使电子商务蓬勃发展，我们必须使得潜在消费者对于他们在网上购买的商品有信心，认为他们会及时收到实现承诺的物品并且质量一致。另一方面，卖家也必须有信心相信他们可以卖出的商品可以使得他们顺利得到支付款。但是非常不幸运的是，通常网上交易都使得人们缺乏这些信心。例如，1997年，欧洲委员会发起了一项研
3、究发现，600亿资金因为网上交易损失，虽然网上交易已被承认是合法交易，但还是存在着很多犯罪行为。虽然网上市场减少了信息收集的成本，但是网上交易相对于传统交易减少了交易的完整性。这是因为评估网上收集到的信息相对困难。这些困难是网上交易的固有的，来自于原信息的不对称和进出的低门槛性。信息问题阻碍了许多网上交易，因为信息通常在买家和卖家之间分配不对称。信息不对称在电子商务市场中进一步恶化，因为它不仅包括产品属性的隐私信息的使用问题，还包括贸易伙伴身份的不确定性。这种情况在电子商务市场是最极端的，因为交易商基本EMAIL确定，许多交易商基本上难以去跟踪，也很容易改变。这样的问题也许你在在电子商务零售。
4、欧美国家普遍实行信用卡消费制度，建立了一整套完善的信用保障体系，这为电子商务的网上支付问题解决了出路。细致说来，欧美国家的信用保证业务已开展有80年的时间。在欧美国家，人们可自由2流动，不用像中国一样受户口的限制，为方便生活起居，每个人都有一个独一无二的，不能伪造并伴随终生的信用代码，持此信用卡进行消费，发卡银行允许持卡人大额度透支，但持卡人需在规定时间内将所借款项归还，如果某企业或个人恶意透支后不还款，那也就意识着以后他无论走到何地，他的信用记录上都会有此污点，不论他想贷款买房，购车或办公司，银行都不会贷款给他，这在贷款成风的西方世界是极其可怕的因此，西方人普遍将信用看作自己的第二生命，谁也
5、不愿意贪小利失大义，当在网上购物时，他们会在点击物品直接输入密码，将信用卡中的电子货币划拨到网站上，商务网站在确认款到后，立即组织送货上门。从根本上，所有人需要进入电子商务的条件就是网络。这种低进入门槛被人认为是电子商务最大的承诺。一方面，低进入成本降低了市场支配力，带来了更低的价格。另一方面，但企业能够瞬间改变身份，传统意义上的欺诈变得简单，并且使得欺诈打开了一个新的层面。一类涉及“PAGEJACKING”的新型的网络诈骗误导网络浏览者浏览伪造的的合法企业页面和欺骗泄露密码和PIN号码，从看似良性的网站转移到他们的色情网站上。在传统的欺诈中，美国在线公司会员接收到一封邮件，通知到他们一项超过
6、300美元的不明商品消费，并声称其信用卡已被扣款。由于电子邮件没有回复，美国在线公司成千上万的会员都打电话至“国在线公司的客服中心”，结果发现该电话是连接到录音的加尼米加的号码，没次收费3美元。即使是”准合法“的公司，网络技术使得其很容易改变公司名字，并以一个新的名称出现以摆脱坏名声。因此，“进入”和“退出”与传统意义有着极大的差别，因为公司可以迅速地退出，并以新的名称以很低的成本以不易察觉的间隔重新进入。这就恶化了上文提到的信息不对称。信息是很容易被手收集的，但信息的质量与可信任度就值得怀疑了。电子商务的全球影响力对消费者也是双重的。电子商务的巨大吸引力在于它使得地理上的距离和政治上的界限变
7、得没有意义，将遥远的和高质量的供应商带到买家的面前。然后，但争议产生，个吸引力可能很快地消失追查不出不诚实或拖欠货款的贸易伙伴，在不同国家追查诉讼引起不可避免的高费用，使得利润相对较低。缓解网上交易的风险私人组织和制度环境。以上阐述了网络如何恶化了电子商务交易。然而在美国，与其抑制电子商务的增长，这些交易风险得到了私人部门强有力的回应，新的组织的出现缓解了网上交易不断增加的风险。EC在美国也才刚刚开始，之所以把EC列为一个划时代的东西,笔者认为,是因为INTERNET的最终主要商业用途,就是电子商务。同时反过来也可以很肯定地说,若干年后的商业信息,主要是通过INTERNET传递。INTERNE
8、T即将成为我们这个商业信息社会的神经系统。到目前为止，电子商务3已经得到了中国相当部分企业的认可，尤其是占中国企业总数99的中小企业，由于中小企业生存发展的需要，他们急需通过网络这种效率高、成本低的手段，因此他们对网络营销具有较大的依赖性，存在网络营销人才的需求缺口，已形成明确的网络营销岗位职责企业，主要是电子商务企业，影响着网上交易的可信任度，促进着网上交易的良好表现。人们普遍认为，政府干预应该是电子商务中的“最后一招”，电子商务公司和其他企业可以有效缓解网上交易产生的风险。然而，这并不意味着我们可以忽视公共机构在电子商务中的角色。根据新制度经济学的研究人员强调，政府在创造环境，使私人投资能
9、够蓬勃发展发挥关键作用。例如，威廉森建议政府应更多地投资一些风险项目而不是有保障的项目。在电子商务中，消费者对交易完整性的信心不会因为没有法律支持的环境而大幅度降低。4外文文献原文TITLEECOMMERCEREADINESSINSTITUTIONALENVIROMENTANDINTERNATIONALCOMPETITIVENESSMATERIALSOURCEUNIVERSITYOFDENVERAUTHORJUDYSTRAUSSINTRODUCTIONDESPITEITSWIDELYCITEDPOTENTIALTOCHANGETHEFACEOFGLOBALBUSINESSASWEKNOWIT,
10、ECOMMERCEIS,ASYET,PREDOMINANTLYANORTHAMERICANPHENOMENONESTIMATESVARY,BUTITISGENERALLYACCEPTEDTHATUPWARDSOF75OFBUSINESSCONDUCTEDONLINEISCONFINEDWITHINUSBORDERSTHESLOWDIFFUSIONOFECOMMERCEISPUZZLING,GIVENTHEINTUITIVEAPPEALOFTHENOTIONTHATTHEDAWNOFTHEDIGITALAGEIMPLIESTHE“DEATHOFDISTANCE“CAIRNCROSS,1997HO
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