1、1本科毕业论文外文翻译外文文献译文标题在南非节庆旅游的探索笔记资料来源期刊作者GUSTAVVISSER十几年前GETZ和FRISBY198822强调节庆活动是“一个新兴巨头”。然而,自那以后，尽管每年举办的节庆有明显的增加,但仍出现了一些截然不同的主题OSULLIVAN和JACKSON,2002326。节庆旅游一般指的是在节庆活动举办期间人们参与室外节庆活动的一种现象OSULLIVAN和JACKSON,2002325。其他定义包括，比如旅游被定义为“在有限的时间内主要发展为了提高旅游地的知名度、吸引力和盈利能力的事件RITCHIE,19842；节庆旅游包括一系列的活动SHAW和WILLIAMS
2、,2002266。事实上，就像OSULLIVAN和JACHSON2002326指出,它是“最常被用做包罗万象的术语,包括任何尺寸或组织类别的特殊事件旅游和节日”，因而使节庆旅游研究变得复杂。目前,在节庆研究上至少有三个方面的研究方式。这些观点经常被引用，包括在社会学、社区发展和旅游产业上。从整体来看,这些观点都认为节庆旅游,事实上所有类型的旅游都被各地区的组织和机构所追捧，因为它能给社区发展、环境改善以及显而易见的收入产生的益处带来机遇SHAW和WILLIAMS,2002265。更确切地说,节日被理解为帮助地方销售，延长旅游季节或创建一个旅游季节，增加各级政府的收入，并且通常通过产生收益，支持
3、现有企业，鼓励新型的小型、中型、微型企业的发展对地方的经济有积极的影响CFTHOMAS,2004。很多人对城市旅游的研究很感兴趣，特别是在大型庆典活动作为一项战略，在更广泛的创业城市中，可以看到它已经成为附近的北方工业城市经济规划方面的强制性地方市场。虽然一般认为，节庆旅游产生的收入，其真正的经济、社会和文化的地方的影响是复杂的，奇怪的是，没有得到很好的理解SHAW和WILLIAMS,2002267。尽管在节庆旅游研究上有缺乏，但节庆活动对主办地的影响是肯定的。作为一个整体，现在已经知道，经济和社会的影响在城市社区中是分布不均的，2有时是非常有限的积极投入。SNOWBALL和ANTROBUS2
4、001继MITCHELL和WALL1986证明了小节日产生的最经济的效益，但在节日变得更加确立后，对经济的影响变得相对不太重要。然而依据SNOWBALL和ANTROBUS2001的研究,发现了这些复杂的现象，例如，由于当地经济走出经济泄漏，节庆活动在较小的城市中心要比在较大的城镇和小城市显着。其原因是后者的位置有一个大的，更多元化的城市经济，而由电影节的许多服务都使用当地提供。这种情况在当地经济中一直也是依赖节庆所产生的收入。与此相反，在较小的服务中心的许多服务都不得不由该地区以外的服务提供商订约。节日旅游的影响，然而，并不总是不言而喻的。游客的涌入会导致在社会基础设施的变化，以满足节日旅客的
5、需求，因此当节日成长，并开始加强本地区以外的联系，当地企业家可能变得不满，节日的经济效益也变得不显着OSULLIVAN和JACKSON,2002326327。它不只是能否从城市节庆旅游中产生经济效益，也关系到谁是受益人的问题。主要是，经济利益对产品供应商和设施的业主来说是显著的，而不是普通的市民。一些研究认为，城市中心举办节庆活动，很少人能从节庆旅游中得到稳定的就业机会JANNISKEE和DREWS,1998。其他观点涉及到旅游地的发展，从其他地方的一个城市或镇转移游客的注意力JUDD,1999。关切的问题是节日有关的经济空间集聚的机会，特别在部分城市，例如，位于远离那些最需要就业机会和居住地
6、的节庆。此外，出现了有关节庆旅游品质有关的就业问题SHAW和WILLIAMS,2002270OSULLIVAN和JACKSON2002327争辩说，在市区范围内的节庆旅游的好处并不局限于单独的经济影响。社会影响往往也岌岌可危。在他们看来，节庆旅游可以改善地方领导能力，有助于提高组织活动质量；对地方问责制的积极影响；刺激更好的公共和私营部门的合作；并导致投资的利润重新投入社会。此外，有人认为尤其是对小城市中心，一个节日的发展不仅仅是关于创收，也是社区庆祝活动的发展，更是提高地方意识，希望能产生更多的游客流量JARMISKEE和DREWS,1998FALASSI,1987。最后，除了这些社会影响，
7、在一定的经济支持下，节庆旅游也能导致节庆主办地环境的改善JANNISKEE,1996。事实上，人们早已认识到旅游业和环境保护及保育之间的联系（MATHIESON和WALL,1982）。同样，节日和城市环境方面的作用已得到公认OSULLIVAN和JACKSON,2002328。JANNISKEE31996395指出在运行的节庆活动中，有居民和企业业主来参与，使节庆的举办更为成功。此外，有人认为，在一个节日变得更加成熟的同时，城市有新的动力为社区改善工程，重建下镇地区，保存和恢复历史建筑，改造旧剧院，建设公园和社区中心，规划植树，铺设街道和设置节日举办的资金GAHR,2004JANNISKEES,
8、1996395。4外文文献原文TITLEEXPLORATORYNOTESONFESTIVALTOURISMINSOUTHAFRICAMATERIALSOURCEJOURNALSAUTHORGUSTAVVISSERMORETHANADECADEAGOFESTIVALTOURISMWASHIGHLIGHTEDBYGETZANDFRISBY198822AS“ANEMERGINGGIANT“HOWEVER,DESPITEADRAMATICINCREASEINTHENUMBEROFFESTIVALSSTAGEDANNUALLYSINCETHEN,THERESTILLAPPEARSTOBEARELATIV
9、ELYSMALLANDDISPARATELITERATUREONTHESUBJECTOSULLIVANANDJACKSON,2002326FESTIVALTOURISMINGENERALREFERSTOAPHENOMENONINWHICHPEOPLEFROMOUTSIDEAFESTIVALLOCALEVISITDURING“AFESTIVALPERIOD“OSULLIVANANDJACKSON,2002325OTHERDEFINITIONSINCLUDETHATSUCHTOURISMISLINKEDTO“EVENTSOFLIMITEDDURATIONDEVELOPEDPRIMARILYTOEN
10、HANCETHEAWARENESS,APPEALANDPROFITABILITYOFATOURISTDESTINATION“RITCHIE,19842FESTIVALTOURISMENCOMPASSESARANGEOFACTIVITIESSHAWANDWILLIAMS,2002266INDEED,ASOSULLIVANANDJACHSON2002326POINTOUT,ITIS“MOSTFREQUENTLYUSEDASACATCHALLTERMTOINCLUDESPECIALEVENTSTOURISMANDFESTIVALSOFANYSIZEORORGANISATIONALPERSUASION
11、“ANDASACONSEQUENCE,MAKESFESTIVALTOURISMACOMPLEXTOPICOFSTUDYCURRENTLY,ATLEASTTHREEPERSPECTIVESINFORMTHEMANNERINWHICHFESTIVALSARESTUDIEDTHOSEPERSPECTIVESMOSTFREQUENTLYCITEDINCLUDESOCIOLOGICALANDLEISUREPARTICIPATION,ASWELLASCOMMUNITYDEVELOPMENTANDTOURISMINDUSTRYAPPROACHESONTHEWHOLE,THESEPERSPECTIVESAGR
12、EETHATFESTIVALTOURISM,ASINFACTALLTYPESOFTOURISM,ISPURSUEDBYORGANISATIONSANDINSTITUTIONSINALLMANNEROFLOCALITIESBECAUSEOFTHEOPPORTUNITIESITPROVIDESFORCOMMUNITYDEVELOPMENTANDENVIRONMENTALENHANCEMENT,INADDITIONTOTHEMOREOBVIOUSBENEFITSOFINCOMEGENERATIONSHAWANDWILLIAMS,2002265MORESPECIFICALLY,FESTIVALSARE
13、UNDERSTOODTOAIDINPLACEMARKETINGEXTENDTOURISTSEASONSORCREATEONEGENERATEREVENUEFORDIFFERENTLEVELSOFGOVERNMENTANDGENERALLYHAVEAPOSITIVEIMPACTONTHELOCALECONOMYBYGENERATINGINCOMES,SUPPORTINGEXISTINGBUSINESSESANDENCOURAGINGNEWSMALL,MEDIUMANDMICROENTERPRISEDEVELOPMENTCFTHOMAS,2004URBANTOURISMRESEARCHHASINP
14、ARTICULARBEENINTERESTEDINTHELARGE5SCALEEVENTSANDFESTIVALSTHROUGHTHELENSOFPLACEMARKETINGASASTRATEGYWITHINABROADERENTREPRENEURIALCITYFRAMEWORKWHICHHASBECOMEANEAROBLIGATORYPLANNINGASPECTFORTHEPOSTINDUSTRIALURBANECONOMIESOFTHENORTHALTHOUGHITISGENERALLYASSUMEDTHATFESTIVALTOURISMGENERATESINCOME,ITSTRUEECO
15、NOMIC,SOCIALANDCULTURALIMPACTSONLOCALITIESARECOMPLEX,ANDSURPRISINGLY,NOTWELLUNDERSTOODSHAWANDWILLIAMS,2002267NOTWITHSTANDINGAGENERALDEARTHINFESTIVALTOURISMRESEARCH,SOMEGENERALINDICATIONSOFHOWFESTIVALSIMPACTUPONHOSTLOCATIONSCANNEVERTHELESSBEIDENTIFIEDASAWHOLEITISNOWKNOWNTHATBOTHTHEECONOMICANDSOCIALIM
16、PACTISUNEVENLYDISTRIBUTEDTHROUGHURBANCOMMUNITIESANDCANSOMETIMESBEOFVERYLIMITEDPOSITIVEINPUTSNOWBALLANDANTROBUS2001,FOLLOWINGTHEPIONEERINGWORKOFMITCHELLANDWALL1986,DEMONSTRATEDTHATSMALLERFESTIVALSPRODUCEDTHEMOSTECONOMICBENEFIT,BUTTHATASFESTIVALSBECAMEMOREESTABLISHEDTHEECONOMICIMPACTBECAMERELATIVELYLE
17、SSSIGNIFICANTHOWEVER,SNOWBALLANDANTROBUS2001RESEARCHALSOCOMPLICATESPARTOFTHESECLAIMSBYFINDING,FOREXAMPLE,THATOWINGTOECONOMICLEAKAGESOUTOFLOCALECONOMIES,FESTIVALSINSMALLERURBANCENTRESAREMOREPRONOUNCEDTHANINLARGERTOWNSANDSMALLCITIESTHEREASONFORTHISISTHATTHELATTERLOCATIONSHAVEALARGE,MOREDIVERSEURBANECO
18、NOMYANDTHATMANYOFTHESERVICESUTILISEDBYTHEFESTIVALAREPROVIDEDLOCALLYTHISSITUATIONKEEPSTHEINCOMEGENERATEDBYTHEFESTIVALINTHELOCALECONOMYBYCONTRAST,INTHESMALLERCENTRESMANYOFTHESERVICESHAVETOBECONTRACTEDINFROMSERVICEPROVIDERSOUTSIDETHEREGIONTHEIMPACTSOFFESTIVALTOURISMARE,HOWEVER,NOTALWAYSTHATSELFEVIDENTT
19、HEINFLUXOFTOURISTSCANRESULTINACHANGEINTHECOMMUNITYINFRASTRUCTURETOSERVETHENEEDSOFFESTIVALVISITORS,SOTHATASFESTIVALSGROWANDBEGINTOMAKESTRONGERLINKSOUTSIDETHELOCALITY,LOCALENTREPRENEURSCANBECOMERESENTFULANDTHEECONOMICBENEFITSOFTHEFESTIVALLESSSIGNIFICANTOSULLIVANANDJACKSON,2002326327ITISALSONOTONLYAMAT
20、TEROFWHETHERORNOTECONOMICBENEFITACCRUESFROMURBANFESTIVALTOURISM,BUTWHOTHEBENEFICIARIESAREINTHEMAIN,ECONOMICBENEFITSAREMOSTSIGNIFICANTFORPRODUCTPROVIDERSANDFACILITYOWNERS,NOTTHEORDINARYCITIZENA6NUMBEROFSTUDIESARGUETHATTHEGENERALPOPULATIONOFURBANCENTRESHOSTINGFESTIVALSSELDOMDERIVEANYSUSTAINABLEEMPLOYM
21、ENTOPPORTUNITIESFROMFESTIVALTOURISMJANNISKEEANDDREWS,1998OTHERCRITICISMRELATESTOTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTOURISTENCLAVES,DIVERTINGTHEATTENTIONOFVISITORSAWAYFROMOTHERPARTSOFACITYORTOWNJUDD,1999FURTHERISSUESOFCONCERNARETHESPATIALCONCENTRATIONOFFESTIVALRELATEDECONOMICOPPORTUNITIESINPARTICULARPARTSOFCITIES,FOREX
22、AMPLE,FESTIVALSTHATARESITUATEDFARAWAYFROMWHERETHOSEWHONEEDEMPLOYMENTOPPORTUNITIESMOST,RESIDEJUDD,1999MOREOVER,QUESTIONSHAVEBEENASKEDCONCERNINGTHEQUALITYOFFESTIVALTOURISMRELATEDEMPLOYMENTSHAWANDWILLIAMS,2002270OSULLIVANANDJACKSON2002327CONTENDTHATTHEBENEFITSOFFESTIVALTOURISMINTHEURBANCONTEXTARENOTCON
23、FINEDTOTHEECONOMICIMPACTALONESOCIALIMPACTSAREOFTENALSOATSTAKEINTHEIRVIEW,FESTIVALTOURISMCANCONTRIBUTETOINCREASEDORGANISATIONALACTIVITYINALOCALITYBRINGINGIMPROVEDLEADERSHIPPOSITIVEIMPACTSONLOCALACCOUNTABILITYSTIMULATIONOFBETTERPUBLICPRIVATECOOPERATIONANDLEADINGTOTHEINVESTMENTOFPROFITSBACKINTOTHECOMMU
24、NITYINADDITION,ITHASBEENARGUEDTHATPARTICULARLYFORSMALLERURBANCENTRES,THEDEVELOPMENTOFAFESTIVALISNOTSOLELYABOUTINCOMEGENERATIONBUTALSOTHECELEBRATIONOFCOMMUNITYANDTORAISEPLACEAWARENESSTHATWILLHOPEFULLYGENERATEFUTURETOURISTFLOWSJARMISKEEANDDREWS,1998FALASSI,1987FINALLY,BEYONDTHESESOCIALIMPACTS,ALTHOUGH
25、STILLUNDERPINNEDBYACERTAINECONOMICRATIONALE,FESTIVALTOURISMCANALSOLEADTOENVIRONMENTALIMPROVEMENTSINFESTIVALLOCATIONSJANNISKEE,1996INDEED,THELINKBETWEENTOURISMGENERALLYANDENVIRONMENTALPRESERVATIONANDCONSERVATIONHASLONGBEENRECOGNISEDMATHIESONANDWALL,1982SIMILARLY,THEROLEOFFESTIVALSANDURBANENVIRONMENTH
26、ASBEENACKNOWLEDGEDOSULLIVANANDJACKSON,2002328JANNISKEE1996395,FOREXAMPLE,POINTSOUTTHATINTHERUNUPTOFESTIVALTIMERESIDENTSANDBUSINESSOWNERSBECOMEINVOLVEDINACTIVITIESTOMAKETHELOCALITYMOREPRESENTABLEFURTHERMORE,ITISARGUEDTHATASAFESTIVALBECOMESMOREESTABLISHED,THEREISINCREASEDMOTIVATIONANDMONEYFORCOMMUNITYIMPROVEMENTPROJECTSSUCHASREDEVELOPINGDOWNTOWN7AREAS,PRESERVINGANDRESTORINGHISTORICBUILDINGS,RENOVATINGOLDTHEATRES,CONSTRUCTINGPARKSANDCOMMUNITYCENTRES,PLANNINGTREES,PAVINGSTREETSANDINSTALLINGHOLIDAYDECORATIONSGAHR,2004JANNISKEES,1996395
