1、1本科毕业论文外文翻译外文文献译文标题爱尔兰节庆旅游的可持续发展资料来源EBSCO作者BERNADETTEQUINN节庆活动作为一个延续性的社会活动，很重要的一点是可以为节庆旅游提供一个可延续性发展的背景。RICHARDS和HALL指出，延续性的社区活动逐渐被认为是可延续性发展旅游业的一个必不可少的元素。他们继续阐述了可延续性旅游业发展的基本依据。可延续性发展的旅游业通常依靠于可再生经济、社会和文化对社区的利益。他们说，一个全面的持续性发展的方法包括持续性的改善的良好的社会性，文化性和经济性的人类社区。推而广之，节庆的发展是以旅游为目的的一个关键的原则基础必须是巩固和推进节庆在维持社区活动中发
2、挥的作用。有一些学者开始研究这些领域，比如，KLARIC说过，在努力发展节庆成为国际化产业过程中所面临的危机是他们容易忽略了本土资源文化需求。类似地，LANDRYETAL也说过当一个节庆注重于外来的观众，会狭隘地限制节庆的艺术性，而局限于问题、竞争以及危机。如果这样子的话，节庆也失去了在当地社区的喜庆元素和参与元素。FESTIVAL一词源于古拉丁单词FESTUM，是盛宴的意思，现在，节庆的社会性与参与性正在遭到威胁。正如KLAIC说的，大多数的节庆迎合了极少数艺术家和知识分子，或者一些临时的社会小团队，比如说游客，而不是作为一个广泛的当地居民都参与的社区活动。另一个可持续发展的主题为进一步的研
3、究提供了许多范围，比如说如何把节庆变成一个地方的名片，通过协会，或者更切实地，通过一个建筑文物的改进或创建，把节庆转化成一种公共形象。在喜庆和事件之后持续的影响报道方面，研究者会绝对地集中在事件上。大规模的事件会在推进城市发展方面起到了潜在的作用，所以正在受到越来越多的重视。相反地，喜庆在这一方面的关注度却很少。WATERMAN认为除却特殊的传统的节日剧院或歌剧院，大部分只剩下他们的名字和观众以及参与者的回忆，他们的价值和认同度由节庆来赋予。类似地，BRENNETOT开始发文，提出法国的很多城市（诸如戛纳，阿维尼翁，2艾克斯普罗旺斯，洛里昂，昂古莱姆等城市）大部分与著名的节日一起印在大众的心中
4、。节庆能够为地方的认同度作出贡献，这一点是不应该被忽视的。GALLUP1988在写关于萨尔茨保和它的莫扎特音乐节的时候，把它刻画成一个这样的城市“安静地，轻轻地走过秋季，走过冬季，走过春季，渐渐地为另一个七月的苏醒而准备着。”这意味着，萨尔茨堡是真正的城市，节庆的元素在创造这个城市的名片方面已经不可抵挡地超过了城市生活的其他方面。同样是存在着，但是很少有研究的因素会对文化的生活方式和行为产生无形的贡献。这些可能包括建立和加强对特殊艺术形式的意识和欣赏，扩大基础设施和场地，创造新的服务需求和产品。但是，这种性质的发展潜力，只能透过一个持续的方法，特权长期过度短期思维，并保持在面对艺术体验质量商业
5、化的压力越来越大。艺术节及艺术在爱尔兰发展同西方国家一样，爱尔兰的艺术节在历史上蓬勃发展，激情者表现得为了满足一个艺术家需要处于自己位置的感觉。他们往往成为自下而上的团体，规模小，本土化，原始地注重地依赖于专用的志愿者。二十世纪70年代，他们开始被认为是本地艺术发展的催化剂。从历史上来看，艺术中心、艺术场所和在爱尔兰各个地区支持艺术发展的官员们所连起来的网络经常很清楚去发挥，政府在20世纪70年代或更早开始资金支持的艺术节庆所提供的决定性基础作用。节庆在爱尔兰整个艺术发展过程中已经发挥了大概35年的作用，它不仅仅是限制于基础性的发展，它在艺术或艺术相关的领域，旅游发展中，已经融合到社区活动，当
6、地资源的发展，以及经济扩展方面。最早的韦克斯福德歌剧节开始于1951年11月1日，54年后的今天，在爱尔兰艺术历程上，已经成为世界上最具有影响力和盛名的爱尔兰国际性的事件。它雇佣5名全职的顾问，为节庆歌剧出谋划策，每年在10至11月之间的3个星期里吸引大约20，000名的游客流量，并且在2005年，此项事件得到了州政府艺术委员会950,000元的资助金。而且，这个节庆也被清晰和准确地规划为具有国际标准的最高规格。这个韦克斯福德歌剧节对游客具有很强的吸引力和感召力，事实上此节庆事件并没有具体而明确的旅游目标，然而，从很早开始，此项节庆事件的成功基础是有效地运用旅游作为达到目标的一种手段和方法。实
7、现它的抱负的价值是非常多的，歌剧，不仅包含了音乐，还包括了戏剧，是产生最高雅和昂贵的艺术形式之一，从上个世纪50年代开始，韦克斯福德歌剧3节偏好吸引游客参与，而不是普通的听众或观众，因为游客的参与能带来更过的收入和利润。相比较的，成立于1978年的戈尔威艺术节，则处于爱尔兰的西部，由来自城市大学的早期学生创办，它的意图和宗旨是颂扬当地的艺术活动和艺术活力，且作为服务于国家或国际艺术团体的聚集地，其核心的功能是展览和艺术家活动。在现在阶段，它已经成长为爱尔兰国家最大型的、最具国际影响力的艺术节庆，拥有4为专职的职员，每年一百三十万的预算，每年七月的后半个月里，能够吸引本地区的观众近100000名
8、。紧紧地将注意力和焦点集中在区域和当地的情况下，意味着戈尔威艺术节在早期吸引不了游客，事实上，它是直到上个世纪90年代才开始将市场努力地扩展到本区域之外，然而，也就是从那时起，其观众的国际化开始快速增长起来，到2000年时，有22比例的观众来自海外。4外文文献原文TITLEPROBLEMATISINGFESITIVALTOURISMARTSFESITIVALANDSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTINIRELANDMATERIALSOURCEEBSCOAUTHORBERNATTEQUINTHECONCEPTUALISATIONOFFESTIVALPRACTICESASSOCIALLY
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