1、外文翻译ONTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENINVENTORYANDFINANCIALPERFORMANCEINMANUFACTURINGCOMPANIESMATERIALSOURCEHTTP/WWWEMERALDINSIGHTCOMAUTHORVEDRANCAPKUN,ARIPEKKAHAMERILAWRENCEAWEISSKEYWORDSFINANCIALPERFORMANCE,INVENTORY,PROCESSEFFICIENCY,MANUFACTURINGINDUSTRIESABSTRACTPURPOSETHEPURPOSEOFTHISPAPERISTOSTUDYTHERE
2、LATIONSHIPBETWEENINVENTORYPERFORMANCE,BOTHTOTALINVENTORYINVANDITSDISCRETECOMPONENTSRAWMATERIALRMI,WORKINPROCESSWIP,ANDFINISHEDGOODSFGI,ANDFINANCIALPERFORMANCEINMANUFACTURINGCOMPANIESDESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACHSTATISTICALANALYSISISAPPLIEDTOTHEFINANCIALINFORMATIONOFUSBASEDMANUFACTURINGFIRMSOVERTHE26YE
3、ARPERIODFROM1980TO2005FINDINGSTHEPAPERFINDSASIGNIFICANTPOSITIVECORRELATIONBETWEENINVENTORYPERFORMANCEANDMEASURESOFFINANCIALPERFORMANCEFORFIRMSINMANUFACTURINGINDUSTRIESTHECORRELATIONBETWEENTHEPERFORMANCEOFDISCRETETYPESOFINVENTORYANDFINANCIALPERFORMANCEVARIESSIGNIFICANTLYACROSSINVENTORYTYPESRMIPERFORM
4、ANCEHASTHEHIGHESTCORRELATIONWITHALLFINANCIALPERFORMANCEMEASURESBETWEENWIPINVENTORYANDFGIPERFORMANCE,THEFORMERISMOREHIGHLYCORRELATEDWITHGROSSPROFITMEASURESWHILETHELATTERISMOREHIGHLYCORRELATEDWITHOPERATINGPROFITMEASURESORIGINALITY/VALUETHISPAPERISTHEFIRSTTOSYSTEMATICALLYANALYZETHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENIN
5、VENTORYPERFORMANCEANDFINANCIALPERFORMANCEFORALARGESAMPLEOFFIRMSACROSSALLMANUFACTURINGINDUSTRIESTHEPAPERADDSTOPRIORLITERATUREBYDISCUSSINGANDTESTINGTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENBOTHINVPERFORMANCEANDTHEDISCRETETYPESOFINVENTORYANDPROFITABILITYOFOPERATIONS,BOTHATTHEGROSSANDATTHEOPERATINGPROFITLEVELSTHEPAPERALSO
6、ANALYZESTHERESULTSFORFIRMSACROSSASWELLASWITHINMANUFACTURINGINDUSTRIESTHERESULTSOBTAINEDSUPPORTTHEOPERATIONSMANAGEMENTLITERATURESCLAIMTHATAMANAGERIALFOCUSONINVENTORYPERFORMANCERESULTSINVALUECREATIONFORMANUFACTURINGFIRMSCONSISTENTWITHOURLEVELSSPECIFICATIONREGRESSIONS,THECHANGEINRMIPERFORMANCEHASTHEHIG
7、HESTCOEFFICIENTINDICATINGTHEHIGHESTASSOCIATIONWITHTHECHANGEINFINANCIALPERFORMANCEACROSSALLMODELSTHECHANGEINWIPINVENTORYPERFORMANCEHASASTRONGERCORRELATIONWITHTHECHANGEINGROSSFINANCIALPERFORMANCEMEASURESTHANTHECHANGEINFGIPERFORMANCETHISRELATIONSHIPREVERSESINTHEOPERATINGFINANCIALPERFORMANCEREGRESSIONMO
8、DELSALLDIFFERENCESINCOEFFICIENTSARESTATISTICALLYSIGNIFICANTTHECOEFFICIENTASSOCIATEDWITHTHELAGCHANGEINFINANCIALPERFORMANCEISNEGATIVEANDSTATISTICALLYSIGNIFICANTINDICATINGAMEANREVERSIONFORGROSSPROFITSCALEDBYSALESHOWEVER,THECOEFFICIENTISPOSITIVEANDSTATISTICALLYSIGNIFICANTFOROPERATINGPROFITSCALEDBYSALEST
9、HECOEFFICIENTASSOCIATEDWITHTHESIZEVARIABLEISNEGATIVEANDSTATISTICALLYSIGNIFICANTACROSSALLREGRESSIONMODELSFINALLY,WESEPARATELYANALYZETHEMANUFACTURINGINDUSTRIESUSINGTHEREGRESSIONMODELFROMEQUATIONTABLEIVSHOWSTHESERESULTSFORTHEEBITSFINANCIALPERFORMANCEMEASURETHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENINVENTORYRMI,WIP,ANDFGIP
10、ERFORMANCEANDFINANCIALPERFORMANCEISPRESENTINMOSTINDUSTRIESTHELOWERTHEINVENTORYPERSALESDOLLAR,THEGREATERTHEOPERATINGPROFITTHISRELATIONSHIPHOLDSINUNTABULATEDRESULTSFORMOSTINDUSTRIESUSINGANYOFTHEREGRESSIONMODELSDISCUSSEDINTHISSTUDYTHEIMPACTOFDIFFERENTTYPESOFINVENTORYRMI,WIP,ORFGIONOPERATINGPROFITVARIES
11、SIGNIFICANTLYANDPREDICTABLYBETWEENINDUSTRIESINASSEMBLYINDUSTRIES,LIKEAUTOMOBILES,MACHINERY,ANDCOMPUTERS,THEREDUCTIONOFALLINVENTORIESIMPROVESOPERATINGPROFITASOURPRIORANALYSISSHOWS,THEREDUCTIONINWIPDRIVESTHEREDUCTIONINFGI,WHICHINTURNALLOWSFIRMSTOBEMOREREACTIVETHISISESPECIALLYTRUEFORINDUSTRIESPRODUCING
12、SHORTLIFECYCLEPRODUCTSLIKEELECTRONICEQUIPMENT,INWHICHCOMPONENTS,PRODUCTIONFACILITIESANDPRODUCTSTENDTOHAVEEVERSHORTERLIFESPANSTHISALSOAPPLIES,TOALESSEREXTENT,INHIGHTECHINDUSTRIESLIKEMEDICALEQUIPMENTANDINSTRUMENTSBYCONTRAST,THEABOVERESULTISNOTASEVIDENTINBASICCOMMODITIESANDPROCESSINDUSTRIESWHERERELATIV
13、ELYCHEAPRMIANDWIPWILLNOTPLAYASIMPORTANTAROLEONOPERATINGPROFITHOWEVER,APRODUCTIONPROCESSWHICHSATISFIESDEMANDEFFICIENTLYWITHALOWFGIDOESHAVEASTRONGIMPACTONOPERATINGPROFITSTHISALSOAPPLIESTOTEXTILESANDOTHERFASHIONINDUSTRIESWHEREPRODUCTS,ONCEINTHEMARKET,NEEDTOBECONSUMEDRAPIDLYBEFORETHEYLOSETHEIRATTRACTIVE
14、NESSWEANALYZETHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENINVENTORYPERFORMANCE,BOTHINVANDITSDISCRETECOMPONENTSRMI,WIP,ANDFGI,ANDFINANCIALPERFORMANCEUSINGALARGESAMPLESTUDYOFUSBASEDMANUFACTURINGFIRMSOVERTHE26YEARPERIODFROM1980TO2005OURRESULTSSHOWASTRONGCORRELATIONBETWEENINVENTORYPERFORMANCEANDFINANCIALPERFORMANCEACROSSABROA
15、DARRAYOFMANUFACTURINGINDUSTRIESPERFORMANCEOFTOTALASWELLASALLTHREEDISCRETECOMPONENTSOFINVENTORYISPOSITIVELYASSOCIATEDWITHFINANCIALPERFORMANCEHOWEVER,THESTRENGTHOFTHECORRELATIONDIFFERSBETWEENINVENTORYTYPESFGIPERFORMANCEHASTHESTRONGESTCORRELATIONWITHFINANCIALPERFORMANCEBETWEENWIPANDFGIPERFORMANCE,WIPIN
16、VENTORYPERFORMANCEHASASTRONGERCORRELATIONWITHTHEGPMEASURESOFFINANCIALPERFORMANCE,WHILEFINISHEDGOODINVENTORYPERFORMANCEHASASTRONGERCORRELATIONWITHOPERATINGPROFITMEASURESOFFINANCIALPERFORMANCEOURRESULTSSUPPORTTHEOPERATIONSMANAGEMENTLITERATURESCLAIMTHATAMANAGERIALFOCUSONOPERATIONSPERFORMANCEINPARTICULA
17、RINCREASESININVENTORYPERFORMANCECORRELATESWITHSIGNIFICANTVALUECREATIONOURRESULTSAREBASEDONCORRELATIONSANDDONOTPROVECAUSALITYBETWEENOURVARIABLESFURTHERMORE,THISPAPERISLIMITEDTODATAAVAILABLEINPUBLICDATABASESANDINCLUDESONLYPUBLICLYLISTEDMANUFACTURINGUSFIRMSOVERTHE19802005SAMPLEPERIODWHILEOURSAMPLECONSI
18、STSOFALARGENUMBEROFFIRMSTHATAREREPRESENTATIVEOFTHEUSECONOMY,THECONCLUSIONSOFTHISPAPERSHOULDNOTBEGENERALIZEDBEYONDITSSCOPETHECOLLECTEDDATAAREFORTHEFIRMASASINGLEENTITY,ANDDONOTACCOUNTFORTHECOMPLEXITYOFFIRMSTHATOPERATEINMORETHANONEMANUFACTURINGFACILITYTHEDATAUSEDINTHISPAPERAREREPORTEDBYFIRMSANDASSUCHAR
19、EARESULTOFREPORTINGINCENTIVESANDACCOUNTINGCHOICESMADE,WHICHMAKETHEMNOISYCOMPAREDTOCASESTUDIESANDSURVEYSFINANCIALPERFORMANCEANDINVENTORYPERFORMANCEMEASURESANDRESULTINGFINDINGSUSEDINTHISPAPERSHOULDBEINTERPRETEDACCORDINGLYHOWEVER,PRIORLITERATUREHASDOCUMENTEDMANYPOSITIVETURNAROUNDSINMANUFACTURINGCOMPANI
20、ESTHROUGHTHEREDUCTIONOFINVENTORIESANDFASTEROPERATIONSOURSTATISTICALANALYSISFURTHERSUPPORTSTHEHYPOTHESISOFACAUSALRELATIONSHIPBETWEENINVENTORYPERFORMANCEANDFINANCIALPERFORMANCEFOREVERYDAYMANAGERSOFMANUFACTURINGCOMPANIES,THEUNDERLYINGMESSAGEOFTHISPAPERISDIRECTLYLINKEDWITHBOTHTHESHORTANDLONGTERMPERFORMA
21、NCEOFTHEIRENTERPRISETHESTATISTICALANALYSISINDICATESTHATINMOSTINDUSTRIESINVENTORYPERFORMANCEMAYBEADECISIVESTRATEGICFACTORWHEREFIRMSWHICHDONOTFOCUSONINVENTORYPERFORMANCEUNDERPERFORMSTHEIRCOMPETITORSWHILEOURRESULTSSHOWAPOSITIVECORRELATIONBETWEENALLTHEINVENTORYCOMPONENTSANDIMPROVEDFINANCIALPERFORMANCE,M
22、ANAGERSSHOULDPROBABLYFOCUSTHEIREFFORTSONREDUCINGRMIWHERETHERELATIONSHIPISTHESTRONGESTWHENSETTINGUPDEVELOPMENTPROJECTSINMANUFACTURINGFIRMS,SUPPLIERRELATIONSHIPSANDPARTNERINGAPPEARTOBEIMPORTANTISSUESALONGWITHTHEORGANIZATIONOFTHEVALUEADDINGOPERATIONSINSIDETHECOMPANYTHIS,NATURALLY,DOESNOTPLAYDOWNTHEIMPO
23、RTANCEOFACCESSINGRELIABLEANDREALTIMEMARKETINFORMATION译文论库存和财务绩效在制造业公司的关系资料来源HTTP/WWWEMERALDINSIGHTCOM作者VEDRANCAPKUN,ARIPEKKAHAMERI,LAWRENCEAWEISS关键字财务绩效,库存,加工效率,制造业摘要目的本文的目的是研究企业库存与财务绩效之间的关系,包括总库存(INV),及其分立元件(原料(RMI),在制品(WIP)和成品(FGI),以及制造公司的财务绩效表现。设计/方法/方式统计分析,适用于美国制造业上市公司从1980年至2005年26年期间的财务报告资料。结果
24、本文发现库存的表现和制造行业公司财务绩效指标之间呈现正相关的关系。各种库存存货和财务绩效两者之间的离散相关性的差异很大。原料库存的表现与所有财务绩效指标的相关性最高。在制品库存和成品库存,两者的表现不同,前者与毛利相关性更高,而后者与经营利润相关性更高。创作/价值本文首次系统地分析了在所有制造业公司的大样本中,库存的表现和财务绩效之间的关系。本文事前增加了前面的文献讨论和测试,发现库存的盈利表现与经营能力之间呈现离散关系。本文还分析其对整个制造业企业的结果所取得的成果支持绩效管理文献的说法,得到的结果显示库存的管理是制造业企业创造价值的重点。符合规范的水平回归,原料库存的绩效变化在所有的财务绩
25、效变化模型中具有最高的相关系数,显示最高相关性。在制品库存的绩效变化与成品库存的绩效变化相比,财务业绩指标的变化更为显著。这种关系逆转了回归模型的经营财务的表现,这两种库存的系数均存在显著性差异。随着企业财务表现的滞后,变量的相关系数为负,表明毛利的销售规模均值回归。然而,系数为正,表明销售规模与经营利润呈现显著关系。在所有的回归模型中,变量的相关系数大小为负,具有显著性。最后,从回归方程的模型中,我们分别分析了制造业企业使用各种库存的情况。图表显示了用息税前利润的财务表现来衡量这些的结果。在大多数行业中,各种库存(原料,在制品和成品)与财务绩效之间关系的各种表现。较低的库存推动销售额,带来更
26、大的经营利润。这种关系可以利用本研究的回归模型来进行讨论各行业未载列的大多数项目结果。在可预见的各产业之间,各种不同类型的存货(原料,在制品或成品)对营业利润的影响的差别很大。在组装型的产业,如汽车,机械,计算机,所有存货的减少提高了企业的经营利润。正如我们事先的分析结果,在制品库存的减少推动产成品库存的减少从而使企业更加被动。这对于生产生命周期短的产品的行业也是如此,如电子设备的组装元件,生产设备和产品,往往有越来越短的生命周期。这也适用于在高新技术行业上,如医疗设备和仪器的高新技术产业。相比之下,研究结果表明基本商品和加工工业原料并不如相对于使用便宜原料和在制品的经营利润的作用明显。然而,
27、生产过程中满足需求的同时,低级成品确实对经营利润有强烈的冲击。这也适用于纺织品和其他时尚产业,即市场上的产品,需要在其失去吸引力之前卖出。我们分析库存及其分立元件(原料(RMI),在制品(WIP)和成品(FGI)与财务绩效之间的关系,使用从1980年至2005年26年间美国制造业公司财务绩效的大样本进行研究。我们的研究结果显示,无数的制造业公司的库存与财务绩效之间关系密切相关。总的来说,库存的所有三个分立元件与财务绩效是呈现正相关关系的。然而,不同类型的库存之间的相关性也不同。成品库存表现与财务绩效相关性最强。在制品库存和成品库存之间的表现,在制品库存的表现与财务绩效的通用措施加强相关,而产成
28、品库存表现与财务表现的经营溢利措施加强相关。我们的结果支持了绩效管理文献的说法,关于企业绩效管理的重点,尤其表现在,存货增加与创造价值有重大的关联。我们的研究结果是根据相关性研究的,并不能证明我们的变量之间的因果关系。此外,本文局限于只有公共数据库中的数据可用,仅仅包括在19802005年期间的美国上市制造业公司。虽然我们的样本公司代表了美国经济的许多的组成,但本文的结论,不能一概而论超出样本的覆盖范围。所收集的数据是作为一个单一的实体公司,并不包括一些存在一个或一个以上的生产设施复杂操作的公司。本文使用的数据是由公司报告的,因此是一种激励措施和会计报告作出的选择,这使得他们对案例的研究和调查
29、的结果存在异议。财务绩效及库存表现的措施和本文所讨论产生的结果应做出相对应地解释。然而,前面的参考文献记载着在制造企业通过降低各种库存和更快的运作许多积极的周转来提高企业经济效益的措施。我们的统计分析进一步支持库存与财务绩效之间的因果关系及财务表现的假设。对于制造企业的日常管理,本文的基本信息直接关系到他们企业的短期和长期财务绩效。统计分析表明,在大多数的企业,库存水平可能是其发展的决定性战略因素。不论在什么行业,都应注意企业的库存水平不比竞争对手的差。虽然我们的结果显示,库存及其所有分立元件(原料(RMI),在制品(WIP)和成品(FGI)和改善财务绩效之间呈正相关,但管理者也应该把他们努力的重点放在减少原料浪费损坏,原料浪费损坏对企业财务绩效的影响也是很强的。当制造业公司建立发展项目时,供应商和发展伙伴的关系伴随着其公司内部价值的增加而显得越发重要。这当然不会贬低获取可靠的和实时的市场信息对企业的重要性