1、考研英语二翻译模拟1 What Is a Decision?A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available. The purpose of making a decision is to establish and achieve organizational goals and objectives. The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists, goals or objectives are
2、wrong, or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them. 决策是一种选择，来自可以获得的、任择其一的行动步骤。作决策的意图是要确立和实现机构的目标和目的。作决策的原因是有问题存在、目标和目的不正确、或者有某种东西妨碍目标或目的的实现。 Thus the decision-making process is fundamental to management. Almost everything a manager does involves decisions, and indeed, some suggest that
3、 the management process is decision making. Although managers cannot predict the future, many of their decisions require that they consider possible future events. Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance, but since uncertainty
4、 is always there, risk accompanies decisions . Sometimes the consequence s of a poor decision are slight; at other times they are serious. 因此，作决策的过程对管理人员来说至关重要。管理者所做的每件事几乎都与决策有关，事实上，有些人认为管理过程就是作决策。尽管管理者不能预测未来，但他们所作的许多决策都要求他们考虑将来可能发生的事情。通常情况下，管理者必须对未来情况作出最佳估测，并且 努力要使偶然事件尽可能少地发生，但是，由于不确定的因素一直存在，所以，决策总
5、是与风险为伴。有时候，拙劣决策的后果并不严重，但在另外一些时候则是非常严重了。Choice is the opportunity to select among alternatives. If there is no choice, there is no decision to be made. Decision making is the process of choosing, and many decisions have a broad range of choice. For example, a student may be able to choose among a num
6、ber of different courses in order to implement the decision to obtain a college degree. For managers, every decision has constraints based on policies, procedures, laws, precedents, and the like. These constraints exist at all levels of the organization. 选择是指从多个可能性中挑选的机会。如果没有选择，就毋须作决策。作决策就是挑选的过程， 许多
7、决策的选择范围很广。例如，一个学生为了获得学位，他可能会从许多不同的课程中选择从而作出决策。对管理者来说，每项决策都受到基于政策、程序、法律、惯例等等因素的制约， 这些制约存在于各个层次的机构中。 2 Black Holes What is a black hole? Well, its difficult to answer this question, since the terms we would normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon are inadequate here. Astronomers and scientist
8、s think that a black hole is a region of space (not a thing) into which matter has fallen and from which nothing can escape not even light. So we cant see a black hole. A black hole exerts a strong gravitational pull and yet it has no matter. It is only space or so we think. How can this happen? 黑洞是
9、什么？这个问题很难回答，因为我们通常用来描述某一科学现象的术语不足以回答这个问题。天文学家和科学家都认为黑洞是一个太空区域（不是一种事物） ，落人其中的任何物质都无法逃逸甚至包括光。所以我们看不见黑洞。一个黑洞能产生强大的吸力，但它却没有物质。它只是空间或许是我们这么想的。这种现象是怎样发生的呢？ The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point; they collapse and sometimes a supernova（超新星）occurs. From ear
10、th, a supernova looks like a very bright light in the sky which shines even in the daytime. Supernova were reported by astronomers in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Some people think that the Star of Bethlehem could have been a supernova. The collapse of a star may produce a White Dwarf o
11、r a neutron star a star, whose matter is so dense that it continually shrinks by the force of its own gravity. But if the star is very large (much bigger than our sun) this process of shrinking may be so intense that a black hole results. Imagine the earth reduced to the size of a marble, but still
12、having the same mass and a stronger gravitational pull, and you have some idea of the force of a black hole . Any matter near the black hole is sucked in. It is impossible to say what happens inside a black hole. Scientists have called the boundary area around the hole the “event horizon.“ We know n
13、othing about events which happen once object s pass this boundary. But in theory, matter must behave very differently inside the hole. 从理论论来说，当某些恒星的密度增大到某种程度时就会发生爆炸，爆炸使它们崩溃，有时会产生超新星。从地球上看，一颗超新星看上去像是天空中的一盏明灯，甚至在白天也闪闪发光。超新星是由十七、十八世纪的天文学家发现的。有人认为圣诞星可能是一颗超新星。一颗超新星的崩溃可能会产生白矮星或中子星，其物资的密度非常大以至于在其自身重力的作用下持续
14、收缩。但是，假如这颗恒星非常大（比我们的太阳大得多） ，那么，这种收缩的过程可能会非常强烈，其结果导致了黑洞的产生。想像一下地球收缩小到有弹球那么大，但仍具有同样的质量和更强的吸力，你就会对黑洞的力量有某种概念。靠近黑洞的任何物质都会被吸入，根本说不出黑洞里究竟发生了什么、科学家把黑洞的边缘区域称为“事界”。对物质通过这个界线时发生的情况我们一无所知。从理论上来说，黑洞里面物质的表现一定是不大相同的。 3 Euthanasia: For and AgainstThe Netherlands is the only country in Europe which permits euthanas
15、ia, although it is not technically legal there. However, doctors who carry out euthanasia under strict guidelines introduced by the Dutch Parliament two years ago are usually not prosecuted. The guideline s demand that the patient is experiencing extreme suffering , that there is no chance of a cure
16、, and that the patient has made repeated requests for euthanasia . In addition to this, a second doctor must confirm that these criteria have been met and the death must be reported to the police department. 尽管安乐死在荷兰并未合法化，但荷兰仍然是欧洲惟一允许安乐死的国家。两年前在荷兰议会制定的严格标准下实施安乐死的医生通常不会被起诉。这此指导原则要求：病人正在经受极度的痛苦；没有治愈的机
17、会；病人一再提出安乐死的请求。除此之外，还需有另外一位医生确认是否已达到安乐死的标准，而且，必须向警方提出死亡报告。 Should doctors be allowed to take the lives of others? Dr, Wilfred van Oijen, Cees van Wendels doctor, explains how he looks at the question: “Well, its not as if Im planning to murder a crowd of people with a machine gun. In that case, kill
18、ing is the worst thing 1 can imagine. But thats entirely different from my work as a doctor. I care for people and I try to ensure that they dont suffer too much. Thats a very different thing.“ 是不是应该允许医生结束病人的生命呢？齐思范万尔德的医生威尔费雷德范奥仁博上解释了对这个问题的看法： “情况并不像我计划用机关枪屠杀一大群人似的，倘若那样，屠杀是我所能想像到的最坏的事情，这与我的医生职业风马牛不相
19、及。我关怀病人并努力使他们不至于遭受太多的痛苦。这完全是两码事。 ” Many people, though, are totally against the practice of euthanasia, Dr. Andrew Ferguson, Chairman of the organization Healthcare Opposed to Euthanasia, says that “in the vast majority of euthanasia cases, what the patient is actually asking for is something else.
20、They may want a health professional to open up communication for them with their loved ones or family theres nearly always another question behind the question.“ 然而，许多人完全反对安乐死。反对安乐死保健组织主席安德鲁福格森博士说：“在大量安乐死的病例中，病人实际所要求的是别的东西。他们或许是想要保健专业人员为他们打开与亲人或家人开展思想交流的渠道可能请求之后另有他求”。 4 Slavery on Our Doorstep There
21、 are estimate d to be more than 20,000 overseas domestic servants working in Britain (the exact figure is not known because the Home Office, the Government department that deals with this, does not keep statistics). Usually, they have been brought over by foreign businessmen, diplomats or Britons re
22、turning from abroad. Of these 20,000, just under 2,000 are being exploited and abused by their employers, according to a London-based campaigning group which helps overseas servants working in Britain. 据统计，在美国工作的外籍家庭佣人有两万多人（由于处理该项事务的政府部门内政部没有做过统计，精确数字不得而知） 。通常，他们是由外国商人、外交官员和归国英侨带来的。根据设在伦敦的帮助在伦敦工作的外籍
23、家庭佣人的政治组织说，在两万多外籍家庭佣人中几乎有 2000 人正遭受雇主的剥削和虐待。 The abuse can take several forms. Often the domestics are not allowed to go out, and they do not receive any payment . They can be physically , sexually and psychologically abused. And they can have their passports removed, making leaving or “escaping“ vi
24、rtually impossible. 虐待有几种形式家庭佣人常常不允许外出，又得不到任何报酬。他们在身体上、性和心理上遭受凌辱。他们还会被收去护照，使得出走或“逃跑”根本不可能。 The sad condition of women working as domestics around the world received much media attention earlier this year in several highly publicise d cases. In one of them, a Filipino maid was executed in Singapore a
25、fter being convicted of murder, despite protests from various quarter s that her guilt had not been adequately established. Groups like Anti-Slavery International say other, less dramatic, cases are equally deserving of attention, such as that of Lydia Garcia, a Filipino maid working in London: 今年年初
26、，几个透明度颇高的案例中有关世界各地的家庭女佣的悲惨状况受到新闻媒体的关注。其中一个案例是讲一位菲律宾女佣因被指控犯有谋杀罪在新加坡被处死，尽管有来自各地的抗议认为她的罪名不足以成立。诸如“反对奴隶制国际组织”之类的团体说，一些不那么戏剧化的其他案例也应同样受到人们的关注，比如莉迪亚加西亚，一位在伦敦工作的菲律宾女佣的案例。 5 MusicThe new music was built out of materials already in existence: blues, rocknroll, folk music. But although the forms remained, som
27、ething completely new and original was made out of these older element s more original, perhaps, than even the new musicians themselves yet realize. The transformation took place in 1966- 1967. Up to that time, the blues had been an essentially black medium . Rocknroll, a blues derivative, was rhyth
28、mic dance music. Folk music, old and modern, was popular among college students. The three forms remained musically and culturally distinct, and even as late as 1965, none of them were expressing any radically new states of consciousness. Blues expressed black soul; rock was the beat of youthful ene
29、rgy; and folk music expressed anti-war sentiments as well as love and hope. 新音乐是从已有的音乐：布鲁斯，摇滚乐，民间音乐中产生的。虽然新音乐保留了原有的形式，但某些全新的、独创性的东西从旧的成分中脱颖而出的它们也许比新音乐家意识到的还要更富有独创性。这个变革发生在 1966-1967 年间。那个时候以前，布鲁斯基本上一直是黑人的音乐表达方式。由它衍生出的摇滚乐是节奏性很强的舞蹈音乐。而民间音乐，既有古老又有现代的，在大学生中颇为流行。这三种音乐形式在音乐和文化方而都各不相同，甚至直到 1965 年，它们中任何一个都没
30、有表达任何全新的意识境界。布鲁斯表现黑人的心灵，摇滚是年轻活力的节拍，民乐除表现爱情与希望外，还表现反战情绪。 In 1966-1967 there was spontaneous transformation. In the United States, it originated with youthful rock groups playing in San Francisco. In England, it was led by the Beatles, who were already established as an extremely fine and highly indiv
31、idual rock group What happened, as well as it can be put into words, was this. First the separate musical traditions were brought together. Bob Dylan and the Jefferson Airplane played folk rock, folk ideas with a rock beat White rock groups began experimenting with the blues. Of course, white musici
32、ans had always played the blues, but essentially as imitators of the Negro style; now it began to be the white band s own music. And all of the groups moved towards a broader eclecticism and synthesis. They freely took over elements from jazz, from America country music, and as time went on from eve
33、n more diverse sources What developed was a music readily taking on various forms and capable of an almost limitless range of expression. 自发的变革出现在 1966 年到 1967 年间。在美国，旧金山的年轻摇滚乐队发起了这场变革；在英国，被公认是极其完美和非常独特的披头士摇滚乐队领导了这股新潮流。所发生的情况，如用言词尽可能地表达出来是这样的：首先，分离的音乐传统被结合起来了。鲍伯狄伦和杰弗逊飞机队演奏民歌摇滚乐，将民歌思想与摇滚节奏结合在一起。白人摇滚乐
34、队开始尝试演奏布鲁斯。当然，白人音乐家虽然已经一直在演奏布鲁斯，但基本上只是模仿黑人音乐的风格。而现在，它开始变成白人乐队自己的音乐了。所有的乐队都朝着更广泛的折衷主义和结合主义的方向前进。他们自由地吸收爵士音乐、美国乡土音乐的成分，而随着时间的推移，他们甚至对各种各样的音乐兼收并蓄，最后发展成一种能轻松采取多种形式的、几乎有无穷表现力的新音乐。 6 Improving Industrial Efficiency through RoboticsRobots, becoming increasingly prevalent in factories and industrial plants
35、throughout the developed world, are programmed and engineered to perform industrial tasks without human intervention. 机器人在所有发达国家的工厂和其他工业生产部门日益普遍得到应用；机器人通过编制程序和策划在无人干预的条件下完成工业生产任务。 Most of todays robots are employed in the automotive industry, where they are programmed to take over such jobs as weldi
36、ng and spray painting automobile and truck bodies. They also load and unload hot, heavy metal forms used in machines casting automobile and truck frames. 目前多数机器人用于汽车工业，它们按编制的程序承担轿车和卡车车身的焊接和喷漆这一类的工作。机器人还可以用来装卸用于铸造轿车和卡车框架的机械中的炽热、笨重的金属铸模。 Robots, already taking over human tasks in the automotive field,
37、 are beginning to be seen, although to a lesser degree, in other industries as well. There they build electric motors, small appliances, pocket calculators, and even watches. The robots used in nuclear power plants handle the radioactive materials, preventing human personnel from being exposed to ra
38、diation. These are the robots responsible for the reduction in job-related injuries in this net industry. 除了已在汽车生产领域替代人工劳动外，机器人也开始出现在别的工业部门，虽然应用的程度低一些。在那里机器人制造电机、小型器具、袖珍计算机甚至手表等。在核电站使用的机器人处理放射性材料，避免人员接触放射性物质。这样的机器人在这一新工业中用来减少职业性伤害。 What makes a Robot a Robot and not just another kind of automatic ma
39、chine? Robots differ from automatic machines in that after completion of one specific task, they can be reprogrammed by a computer to do another one. As an example, a robot doing spot welding one month can be reprogrammed and switched to spray painting the next. Automatic machines, on the other hand
40、, are not capable of many different uses; they are built to perform only one task. 是什么东西决定一个自控装置是机器人而不是一个自动化机器呢？机器人与自动化机器不同之处在于机器人完成某一特定任务后，可由计算机重新编制程序去完成另一项任务。例如，做电焊工作 1 个月后，可以重新编制程序而转成下个月做喷漆工作。反之，自动化机器不能有多种不同的用途，它只是被制造成执行一项任务。 7 Leisure and LeadershipObservations and research findings indicate tha
41、t people in advanced industrial societies are increasingly concerned with opportunities for leisure and what they can do in their leisure time. The importance people attach to paid holidays and the rapid development of service for mass entertainment and recreation are signs of this increase concern.
42、 观察与研究成果表明，生活在先进的工业化社会的人们越来越关心休闲的机会和休闲中他们能干些什么。人们赋予带薪休假的重要性和大众娱乐服务的快速发展是日益关注这一问题的标志。 The term “quality of life“ is difficult to define. It covers a very wide scope such as living environment, health, employment, food family life, friends, education, material possessions, leisure and recreation, and
43、so on. Generally speaking, the quality of life, especial as seen by the individual, is meaningful in terms of the degree I which these various areas of life are available or provide satisfaction. to the individual. 生活质量这一术语不易定义，它包括范围很广，如生活环境、健康、就业、饮食、家庭生活、朋友、教育、物质的占有、休闲与娱乐等等。一般来说，生活质量，特别在个人看来，其意义是由这
44、些不同的生活领域可以供个人享受或者可以使个人满意的程度来衡量的。 As activity carried out as one thinks fit during ones spare time leisure has the following functions: relaxation, recreation and entertainment, and personal development. The importance of these varies according to the nature of ones job and ones life-style. Thus, peo
45、ple who need to exert much energy in their work will find relaxation most desirable in leisure. Those with a better education and in professional occupations may tend more to seek recreation and personal development (e.g., cultivation of skills and hobbies) in leisure. 休闲作为空闲时进行的自己认为适当的活动，具有下列功能：放松、
46、娱乐、个人发展。这些功能的重要性随着个人工作性质与生活方式的不同而变化，所以在工作中需要付出很多精力的人，更渴望休闲时放松，而受过良好教育、从事专业工作的人可能更趋向于休闲时寻求娱乐和个人发展，如掌握技巧，培养爱好。 8 Jet Lag: Prevention and Cure The problem of Jet Lag is one every international traveler comes across at some time . But do you have to suffer? Understand what it is. and how a careful diet
47、can minimize its worst effects, and your flights will be less stressful. 喷气飞机时差综合症是每个乘坐国际航班旅行的人在某个时候会碰到的问题。但你是否就这样忍受着？如果你能了解喷气飞机时差综合症是怎么回事以及注意饮食怎样把它的不良作用减少到最小，你坐飞机的紧张程度就会轻些。 The effects of rapid travel on the body are actually far more disturbing than we realize. Jet Lag is not a psychological conse
48、quence of having to readjust to a different time zone. It is due lo changes in the bodys physiological regulatory mechanisms, specifically the hormonal systems, in a different environment. 乘飞机旅行对身体的影响实际上远比我们意识到的更令人焦灼不安。时差综合症不是对不同时区进行调整的心理后果。它是身体的生理调节机制，特别是激素系统，在不同环境中发生变化所引起的。 Confused? So was John F
49、oster Dulles, the American Secretary of Stale, when he flew to Egypt to conduct negotiations on the Aswan Dam. He later blamed his poor judgement on Jet Lag. 是不是被弄糊涂啦？美国国务卿约翰福斯特杜勒斯从美国飞往埃及谈判阿斯旺水坝问题时就被弄糊涂了。他后来把自己在谈判中判断失误归咎于时差综合症。 The effects can be used to advantage, too. President Johnson once conducted an important meeting in Guam and kept the entire proceedings at Washington DC time. The White House working personnel were as fresh as paint, while the locals, in this case, were jet-lagged. Essentially, they h
