1、第 1 页 共 9 页视角 Point of View视角 Point of view is the position from which the story is told. It is the authors relationship to his or her fictional world, especially to the minds of the characters. There are four common points of view as follows. 记叙文写作时视角的掌握非常重要。视角的特征通常是由叙述人称决定的。传统的叙事作品中主要是采用旁观者的口吻,即第三
2、人称叙述。较晚近的叙事作品中第一人称的叙述多了起来。还有一类较为罕见的叙述视角是第二人称叙述。除了上述三种视角之外,另一类较重要的特殊情况是变换人称和视角的叙述。总起来说就是四种情形:第三人称叙述、第一人称叙述、第二人称叙述和人称或视角变换叙述。本文只讲述前三种。第一人称 In the firstperson position, the author is even more restricted: one of the characters tells the story, eliminating the author can reveal anything about one charac
3、ter, even things the character may be dimly aware of, here the narration is restricted to what one character says he or she observes. The character-narrator many be a major character that is at the center of events or a minor character that does not participate but simply observes the action. 用第一人称的
4、视角记叙,使人感到亲切,读者很容易产生身临其境之感。这种形式常用在写自传、本人经历或记叙耳闻目睹的事件。例如美国作家马克吐温的著作哈克贝里费恩历险记,英国著名的女作家 夏洛蒂 勃朗特的代表作 简爱,美国作家 弗司各特菲茨杰拉德的了不起的盖茨比 。但是并不是所有的著作都是以主人公为第一人称视角,比如英国作家阿瑟柯南 道尔的福尔摩斯探案全集 。绝大多数的故事,是以福尔摩斯的朋友及传记作家 约翰H华生医师的角度叙述的。只有两篇是由福尔摩斯亲自叙述,两篇是由第三人称角度撰写。因为如果故事主要由福尔摩斯叙述的话,读者就可以通过主人公的各种描写而猜测出案件的进展和结局,减弱了侦探小说惊心动魄的刺激性。第
5、2 页 共 9 页优点:容易拉近与读者距离,使读者进入 我这个角色。便于抒发情感,进行详细心理描写使文章更具真实性和故事性(曲折性或波折性),更生动形象,使读者能更具体得体会作者心情。通过对我的详细描写,来唤醒读者内心的感受和思考.第一人称经验视角的一个显著特点在于其局限性,读者仅能看到聚焦人物视野之内的事物,这样就容易产生悬念。读者只能随着“我”来观察周围人物的言行,对他们的内心想法和情感仅能作出种种猜测。这也要求读者积极投入阐释过程,不断作出自己的判断。叙述的作品中叙述者同时又是故事中的一个角色,叙述视角因此而移入作品内部,成为内在式焦点叙述。这种叙述角度有两个特点:首先,这个人物作为叙述
6、者兼角色,他不仅可以参与事件过程,又可以离开作品环境而向读者进行描述和评价。这双重身份使这个角色不同于作品中其他角色,比其他故事中人物更“透明” 、更易于理解。其次,他作为叙述者的视角受到角色身份的限制,不能叙述本角色所不知的内容。例如英国作家笛福的著作鲁滨孙漂流记:I was born in the year 1632, in the city of York, of a good family, through not of that country, my father being a foreigner of Bremen, who settled first at hull.He g
7、ot a good Estate by Merchandise, and leaving off his Trade, lived afterward at York, from whence he had married my Mother, Relations were named Robinson, a very good Family at Country, and from whom I was called Robinson Kreutznaer, but by the usual Corruption of Words in England, we are now called,
8、 nay we call our Selves, and writer Name Crusoe, and so my Companions always called me. 译文:一六三二年,我生在约克市一个上流社会的家庭。我们不是本地人。父亲是德国不来梅市人。他移居英国后,先住在赫尔市,经商发家后就收了生意,最后搬到约克市定居,并在那儿娶了我母亲。母亲娘家姓鲁滨孙,是当地的一家名门望族,因而给我取名叫鲁滨孙克罗伊茨内。由于英国人一读“克罗伊茨内“这个德国姓,发音就走样,结果大家就叫我们“克罗索“,以致连我们自己也这么叫,这么写了。所以,我的朋友们都叫我克罗索。 鲁滨孙漂流记 1第 3 页
9、共 9 页分析:本段是这部小说的第一章开头,作者运用第一人称视角讲述这个故事,从“I was born in the year 1632, in the city of York”开始,到“and writer Name Crusoe, and so my Companions always called me. ”结束,使读者在不知不觉中走进故事,融入到主人公鲁滨逊的叙述中。鲁滨逊作为叙述者兼主人公,轻而易举的获得了读者的关注,为接下来悲惨遭遇的叙述作好了充分的铺垫。第二人称:第二人称在言语活动中指称与 说话人相对的听话人。如“ 你“在叙事性文学作品中运用第二人称是较少见的叙述方式。一部分人
10、认为,文学作品根本不存在第二人称的形式。即便是第二人称,以“你”等来做叙述,也需要存在“我” 的第一人称叙述形式,所以从根本上讲,依然是第一人称。也有人认为是第一、二人称兼用。当然,还有另一种理解。第二人称便是以配角来作为主角,将真正的主角(隐藏主角)作为配角来叙述,这便是以第二个人的思考模式与态度来评判主角,其实意在讲述隐藏主角的故事。第三人称:第三人称叙述是从与故事无关的旁观者立场进行的叙述。由于叙述者通常是身份不确定的旁观者,因而造成这类叙述的传统特点是无视角限制。叙述者如同无所不知的上帝,可以在同一时间内出现在各个不同的地点,可以了解过去、预知未来,还可随意进入任何一个人物的心灵深处挖
11、掘隐私。由于叙述视点可以游移,这种叙述也可称作无焦点叙述。总之,这种叙述方式由于没有视角限制而使作者获得了充分的自由。而第三人称其实又分三种,分别是全知视角、受限视角和客观视角。1 鲁滨孙漂流记 :摘自人民文学出版社,徐霞村译第 4 页 共 9 页示例: 小明在教室门口发现了 100 元钱,他弯腰捡起来,攥着它在走廊里徘徊了很久,最终走向了办公室。这段只描写了人物所看到的,没有分析,没有评价,属于客观视角叙述。 小明在教室门口捡了 100 元钱,他想:“ 我早就该给自己换一双新的轮滑鞋了,可是语文老师讲过好孩子应该拾金不昧。我到底该怎么办呢?” 他攥着钱在走廊里徘徊了很久,最终还是决定做一个拾
12、金不昧的好孩子,慢慢的走向了办公室。这段对小明进行了心理描写,介绍了他的内心想法,属于有限视角叙述。 小明在教室门口捡到了 100 元钱,他不知道那是粗心的小红丢的。他攥着钱在走廊里徘徊了很久,最终还是走向了办公室。然而,此时的办公室里空无一人 这段描写了小明所不知道的事,叙述者无所不知,说出了小明不知道的秘密,属于全知视角叙述。优点: 运用第三人称即以第三者的身份来叙述,能比较直接客观地展现丰富多彩的生活,不 受时间和空间限制,反映现实比较灵活自由。 用第三人称的视角记叙,使人感到客观,有比较广阔的活动范围,作者可以在这当中选择最典型的事例来展开情节,而没有第一人称写法所受的限制。 全知视角
13、 Omniscient Point Of ViewIn the omniscient position, the author, not one of the characters, tells the story, and the author assumes complete knowledge of the characters actions and thoughts. The author can thus move at will from one place to another, one time to another, one character to another, an
14、d can even speak his or her own views directly to the reader as the work goes along.第 5 页 共 9 页简而言之,全知视角是指叙述者无所不在,无所不知,有权利说出书中任何一个人都不知道的秘密。例如美国浪漫主义作家纳撒尼尔霍桑的著作 红字,英国作家托马斯哈代的著作德伯家的苔丝,英国作家亨利菲尔丁的著作约瑟夫 安德鲁斯都运用了全知视角描写。例如美国作家海明威的著作老人与海中的两段:The boy went out. They had eaten with no light on the table and the
15、 old an took off his trousers and went to bed in the dark. He rolled his trousers up to make a pillow, putting the newspaper inside them. He rolled himself in the blanket and slept on the other old newspapers that covered the springs of the bed. He was asleep in a short time and he dreamed of Africa
16、 when he was a boy and the long golden beaches and the white beaches, so white they hurt your eyes, and the high capes and the great brown mountains.译文:男孩走了。他们在没有灯光的桌子上吃完了晚餐之后,老人便脱下了长裤,在黑暗中上了床。他把裤子卷起来,再塞些报纸进去便成了枕头。然后,他把自己也卷进毛毯里,睡在另一张由旧报纸覆盖着的弹簧床上。他很快地就睡着了,他梦见了非洲,梦中他还是个小孩,他梦见那绵延的金色海滩和那白得刺眼的海岸,也梦见那高耸的海
17、岬和棕色的山脉。老人与海 1These were relics of his wife. Once there had been a tinted photograph of his wife on the wall but he had taken it down because it made him too lonely to see it and it was on the shelf in the corner under his clean shirt. 译文:1 老人与海:以下皆摘自人民文学出版社,李育超译第 6 页 共 9 页这些都是他亡妻的遗物。墙上也曾经挂着一张他妻子的彩色
18、照片,但每每触目,总使他感到无限凄凉,于是他便将它取下放在墙角的架子上,覆盖在一件干净的衬衫下。分析:这两部分作者站在一个类似于上帝的角度向我们讲述老人的生活,“ He was asleep in a short time and he dreamed of Africa when he was a boy and the long golden beaches and the white beaches”他很快地就睡着了,他梦见了非洲,梦中他还是个小孩,他梦见那绵延的金色海滩和那白得刺眼的海岸These were relics of his wife.这些都是他亡妻的遗物。通过这些叙述我们可
19、以看出,叙述者知道老人的一切,包括连老人也不记得的梦境。有限视角 Limited Point Of View When the limited position is used , the author still narrates the story but restricts his or her revelation-and therefore our knowledge -of the thoughts of all but one character. This character may be either a main or peripheral character. 有限视角即
20、叙述者知道的和人物一样多,人物不知道的事,叙述者也无权叙说,叙述者站在与人物同一角度。例如美国作家纳撒尼尔霍桑的短篇小说好青年古德曼布朗,美国著名的现实主义文学家斯蒂芬克莱恩的海上扁舟 ,英国作家 简 奥斯汀的代表作傲慢与偏见都运用了有限视角叙述。 例如美国作家海明威的著作老人与海中的两段:All my life the early sun has hurt my eyes, he thought. Yet they are still good. In the evening I can look straight into it without getting the blackness.
21、 It has more force in the evening too. But in the morning it is painful.第 7 页 共 9 页译文:他心想,在我一生中,清早的阳光总是刺痛我的双眼,然而它们依然还很好。我可以在黄昏时定眼望着太阳而不致眼前发黑。其实黄昏的阳光更强,但是早晨的阳光就是那么伤人。But, he thought, I keep them with precision. Only I have no luck any more. But who knows? Maybe today. Every day is a new day. It is be
22、tter to be lucky. But I would rather be exact. Then when luck comes you are ready.”译文:“他想,我总是把它们精确地放在适当的地方的。这问题只在于我的运气就此不好了。可是谁说得准呢?说不定今天就转运。每一天都是一个新的日子。走运当然是好。不过我情愿做到分毫不差。这样,运气来的时候,你就有所准备了。”分析:这两部分都描写了老人的内心想法 All my life the early sun has hurt my eyes, he thought. Yet they are still good.他心想,在我一生中,
23、清早的阳光总是刺痛我的双眼,然而它们依然还很好。he thought, I keep them with precision. Only I have no luck any more 虽然老人知道自己运气不好,但他没有放弃希望,依旧乐观自信地准备运气来。此处的人物有限视角将读者拉入到故事中,读者的心弦和老人自然地连在了一起,一起等待运气的到来。客观视角 Objective Point Of ViewIn the objective position, the author is more restricted then in any other. Though the author is t
24、he narrator, he or she refuses to enter the minds of any of the characters. The writer sees them as we would in real life. This point of view is sometimes called “dramatic” because we see the characters as we would the characters in a play. We learn about them from what they say and do. How they loo
25、k, and what other characters say about them. But we dont learn what they think unless they tell us. This point of view is the least common of all. 第 8 页 共 9 页客观视角即叙述者只描写人物所看到的和听到的,不作主观评价,也不分析人物心理,是纯然不动感情的客观描写。例如美国作家雪莉杰克逊的短篇小说经典摸彩,美国著名的现实主义文学家斯蒂芬 克莱恩的蓝色旅店,美国作家海明威的著作杀手,都运用了客观视角叙述。例如美国作家海明威的著作老人与海中的两段:
26、Just then he saw a man-of-war bird with his long black wings circling in the sky ahead of him. He made a quick drop, slanting down on his back-swept wings, and then circled again.译文:就在这个时候,他看见一只军舰鸟,展开那长长的黑色翅膀,在他前方的天空中盘旋,突然之间,它将翅膀向后一收,倾身直往下伏冲,然后又开始盘旋。The clouds over the land now rose like mountains a
27、nd the coast was only a long green line with the gray blue hills behind it. The water was a dark blue now, so dark that it was almost purple. As he looked down into it he saw the red sifting of the plankton in the dark water and the strange light the sun made now.译文:陆地上的云像山峦一样地升起了,海岸变成了一条长长的绿线,后面衬着灰蓝色的小山丘。此刻海水是深蓝色的,深得几乎发紫。他往水中望去,看见红色的浮游生物在深色水中飘浮着,以及此刻阳光照在水中所呈现的奇异色彩。他注视着鱼线,看着它们笔直地垂在水中,直到消失在视线中。分析:这两部分都客观描写了老人所看到的景象,军舰鸟、山峦、海岸,红色的浮游生物在第 9 页 共 9 页深色水中飘浮着,以及此刻阳光照在水中所呈现的奇异色彩这些没有掺杂个人情感,没有透露主人公的内心想法,简单的描述,蕴藏着深远的含义。