1、電磁波 Ch34,電磁波的認識 (34-134-2) 行進電磁波的定量分析 (34-334-5) 偏極化(polarization)(34-6、34-9) 電磁波對人體的影響,Fig 34-1,電磁波的認識 (34-134-2),Maxwells Rainbow:電磁頻譜 電磁波的特性 電磁波的種類 電磁波的發現與傳遞的方式、速度電磁波對人體的影響,34-1 Maxwells Rainbow,Fig 34-1 electromagnetic spectrum無線電波微波紅外線可見光Fig 34-2 relative sensitivity of the human eye (人眼對可見光的相對
2、敏感度)紫外線X射線射線,電磁波對人體的影響,人體內有原子、分子,會受到電場與磁場的影響。影響的程度視電磁波的頻率(或波長)與振幅(強度)而定。,電磁波的預測與證實,1864年Maxwell (18311879)預測電磁波的存在及提出光是電磁波1887年Hertz (18571894) 作電磁波的實驗,證實電磁波(無線電波)的存在。同年,Hertz 發現光電效應。1887年,麥克森莫立實驗:測量以太對光傳播的影響(一個失敗的實驗?)1905年,Einstein發表特殊相對論,特別提到根本沒有以太,光速是一個定值。,電磁波的數學表示 34-334-5,行進電磁波的產生:LC振盪電磁波的數學特性,
3、行進電磁波的產生:LC震盪,電磁波(無線電波)是怎麼產生的?Fig 34-3:LC震盪器振盪角頻率:Couple耦合天線,transmission,transformer,Home Work: E&P.7E(Ch34),電磁波的特性,橫波電場與磁場互相垂直函數形式 traveling wave(一維)電場磁場相位相同傳遞的方向為 的方向,即傳遞速度為光速波速 (34-3)電場磁場振幅的比值 (34-4)電場磁場每一瞬間強度的比值 (34-5)在真空中可以傳遞,不需介質(以太),34-4 Energy transport & Poynting Vector,波源: J/sec (W) Power
4、接受面: W/m2 Intensity (eq. 34-23),能量輸送,波因亭(18221914),能量密度 (J/m3) 單位體積內儲存之能量,例題34-1 光源Ps250W,離光源1.8m處,Erms?Brms?,Home Work E&p.17P(Ch34),電磁波的數學特性,traveling wave(一維)滿足的微分方程式Wave equation(34-11)(34-17),Wave eq.,由Faradays law of inductioneq. 34-6, 32-26,由Maxwells law of inductioneq. 34-11, 32-27,例題Ch34-10
5、2(a)(b),102. A plane electromagnetic wave with a wavelength of 200 nm is traveling in a vacuum in the positive x direction. Its magnetic field, whose maximum magnitude is 50 T, is polarized parallel to the z axis. (a) Write the wave velocity as a vector. (b) Determine the following characteristics o
6、f the wave: its frequency f, its angular frequency , and its angular wave number k. What part of the electromagnetic spectrum is involved? =200 um 屬於紫外光(可見光是400700 um),例題Ch34-102(c)(d),(c) Write a mathematical expression for the magnetic field of this wave. Take the phase constant to be zero, and re
7、member that the magnetic field is a vector. (d) Similarly, write an expression for the electric field vector of this wave.,例題Ch34-102(e),(e) Faradays law applied to the electric and magnetic fields of a plane electromagnetic wave leads to the relation(Eq. 34-11, written in component notation). Verif
8、y that this equation is satisfied by the magnetic and electric fields derived parts (c) and (d).,例題Ch34-102(f),(f) From his four electromagnetic equations, Maxwell derived the wave equations for electromagnetic waves as andVerify that the electric field in this problem satisfies the wave equation fo
9、r .,電磁波偏極化,什麼是電磁波?Fig 34-1; Fig 34-5有哪些有關的問題和現象?偏極化polarization(34-6)Fig 34-10 Fig 34-15Sample example 34-3,Plane electromagnetic wavetraveling electromagnetic wave,Fig 34-5,34-6 Polarization,偏極化(polarization)(34-6、34-9),什麼是偏極化(偏振) ?反射產生之偏振 (34-9) 布魯斯特角(Brewster angle B) 太陽眼鏡 散射產生之偏振 天空為什麼是藍的? 浪花為什麼
10、是白的? 蜜蜂及鳥利用天空的偏振光來導航 液晶螢幕(LCD, liquid crystal display)的原理 立體電影,34-6 Polarization,類似Fig 34-12See Fig 34-10 Fig 34-16,行進電磁波的定量分析 (34-334-5),例題,無線電波,電報(摩斯1835)電話(貝爾1875)無線電波的發展史:,無線電波的發展史:,赫茲實驗成功發射接收無線電波馬可尼(Marconi)1901年無線電波橫越大西洋。在英國和紐芬蘭2000哩遠的二地建立無線電碼通信系統(大西洋的寬度?)20000伏特,發射天線60公尺高,用風箏接收(電離層)(莫斯電報碼)電離層
11、100400公里:哪些波可以通過?哪些波會被反射?白天和晚上不一樣長波3000m以上、中波3000200m、中短波20050m、短波5010m、超短波10m以下(圖:電磁波是什麼),收音機的原理:,天線、諧調器、檢波器、發音器1/4長天線LC振盪,發射與接收,可變電容、電感,共振AM(Amplitude Modulation,5451605Hz)FM(Frequency Modulation,88108Hz)聲波與電磁波:人耳能聽到的頻率2020000Hz檢波:把載頻去掉,取出低頻參考:物理教學示範實驗室(收音機的原理:電磁波),雷達radar,(radio detecting and ran
12、ging) 無線電定位探測與測距聲音的都卜勒效應測超速的都卜勒效應天文的都卜勒效應(紅位移)看到過去,一光年,Pro18天郎星。聲納sonar (sound navigation range),微波,微波爐的原理:磁控管(magnetron) 2.45GHz, 12.2cm如何將食物加熱?水分子的極性金屬物體為何不能放入微波爐中?,紅外線,發光二極體、感光二極體遙控紅外線照相機遠紅外線,可見光,波長範圍,ex1幾何光學Ch25,26波動光學Ch27紫外線,X射線,1896年白克瑞爾發現鈾的放射性,使照相用的感光板感光。居里夫人發現鐳。X射線管(30.7)X光繞射(27.9)蓋革管射線釹玻璃雷射(Nd60)鑭系元素,YAG(釔鋁木石榴石:氧化釔和氧化鋁的化合物,用在雷射時需添加釹元素)雷射Ch30.8,