1、A Concise History of British LiteratureA Concise History of British LiteratureChapter 1 English Literature of Anglo-Saxon PeriodI. Introduction1. The historical background(1) Before the Germanic invasion(2) During the Germanic invasiona. immigration; b. Christianity; c. heptarchy. d. social classes
2、structure: hide-hundred; eoldermen (lord) thane - middle class (freemen) - lower class (slave or bondmen: theow); e. social organization: clan or tribes. f. military Organization; g. Church function: spirit, civil service, education; h. economy: coins, trade, slavery; i. feasts and festival: Hallowe
3、en, Easter; j. legal system.2. The Overview of the culture(1) The mixture of pagan and Christian spirit.(2) Literature: a. poetry: two types; b. prose: two figures.II. Beowulf.1. A general introduction.2. The content.3. The literary features.(1) the use of alliteration(2) the use of metaphors and un
4、derstatements(3) the mixture of pagan and Christian elementsIII. The Old English Prose1. What is prose?2. figures(1) The Venerable Bede(2) Alfred the GreatChapter 2 English Literature of the Late Medieval AgesI. Introduction1. The Historical Background.(1) The year 1066: Norman Conquest.(2) The soci
5、al situations soon after the conquest.A. Norman nobles and serfs; B. restoration of the church.(3) The 11th century.A. the crusade and knights.B. dominance of French and Latin;(4) The 12th century.A. the centralized government;B. kings and the church (Henry II and Thomas);(5) The 13th century.A. The
6、 legend of Robin Hood;B. Magna Carta (1215);C. the beginning of the ParliamentD. English and Latin: official languages (the end)(6) The 14th century.a. the House of Lords and the House of Commonsconflict between the Parliament and Kings;b. the rise of towns.c. the change of Church.d. the role of wom
7、en.e. the Hundred Years Warstarting.f. the development of the trade: London.g. the Black Death.h. the Peasants Revolt1381.i. The translation of Bible by Wycliff.(7) The 15th century.a. The Peasants Revolt (1453)b. The War of Roses between Lancasters and Yorks.c. the printing-pressWilliam Caxton.d. t
8、he starting of Tudor Monarchy(1485)2. The Overview of Literature.(1) the stories from the Celtic lands of Wales and Brittanygreat myths of the Middle Ages.(2) Geoffrye of MonmouthHistoria Regum BritanniaeKing Authur.(3) WaceLe Roman de Brut.(4) The romance.(5) the second half of the 14th century: La
9、ngland, Gawin poet, Chaucer.II. Sir Gawin and Green Knight.1. a general introduction.2. the plot.III. William Langland.1. Life 2. Piers the PlowmanIV. Chaucer1. Life2. Literary Career: three periods(1) French period(2) Italian period(3) master period3. The Canterbury TalesA. The Framework; B. The Ge
10、neral Prologue;C. The Tale Proper.4. His Contribution.(1) He introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types.(2) He is the first great poet who wrote in the current English language.(3) The spoken English of the time consisted of several dialects, and Chaucer did much in making the dialect
11、 of London the standard for the modern English speech.V. Popular Ballads.VI. Thomas Malory and English ProseVII. The beginning of English Drama.1. Miracle Plays.Miracle play or mystery play is a form of medieval drama that came from dramatization of the liturgy of the Roman Catholic Church. It devel
12、oped from the 10th to the 16th century, reaching its height in the 15th century. The simple lyric character of the early texts was enlarged by the addition of dialogue and dramatic action. Eventually the performance was moved to the churchyard and the marketplace.2. Morality Plays.A morality play is
13、 a play enforcing a moral truth or lesson by means of the speech and action of characters which are personified abstractions figures representing vices and virtues, qualities of the human mind, or abstract conceptions in general.3. Interlude.The interlude, which grew out of the morality, was intende
14、d, as its name implies, to be used more as a filler than as the main part of an entertainment. As its best it was short, witty, simple in plot, suited for the diversion of guests at a banquet, or for the relaxation of the audience between the divisions of a serious play. It was essentially an indoor
15、s performance, and generally of an aristocratic nature.Chapter 3 English Literature in the RenaissanceI. A Historical BackgroundII. The Overview of the Literature (1485-1660)Printing pressreadershipgrowth of middle classtrade-education for laypeople-centralization of power-intellectual life-explorat
16、ion-new impetus and direction of literature.Humanism-study of the literature of classical antiquity and reformed education.Literary style-modeled on the ancients.The effect of humanism-the disseminatiogogoible attitude of its classically educated adherents.1. poetryThe first tendency by Sidney and S
17、penser: ornate, florid, highly figured style.The second tendency by Donne: metaphysical stylecomplexity and ingenuity.The third tendency by Johgogotyle.The fourth tendency by Milton: central Christian and Biblical tradition.2. Dramaa. the gogoical examples.b. the drama stands highest in popular esti
18、mation: Marlowe Shakespeare Jonson.3. Prosea. translation of Bible; b. More; c. Bacon.II. English poetry.1. Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard (courtly makers)(1) Wyatt: introducing sonnets.(2) Howard: introducing sonnets and writing the first blank verse.2. Sir Philip Sidneypoet, critic, prose write
19、r(1) Life: a. English gentleman; b. brilliant and fascinating personality; c. courtier.(2) worksa. Arcadia: pastoral romance;b. Astrophel and Stella (108): sonnet sequence to Penelope Dvereuxplatonic devotion.Petrarchan conceits and original feelings-moving to creativenessbuilding of a narrative sto
20、ry; theme-love originality-act of writing.c. Defense of Poesy: an apology for imaginative literaturebeginning of literary criticism.3. Edmund Spenser(1) life: Cambridge - Sidneys friend - “Areopagus” Ireland - Westminster Abbey.(2) worksa. The Shepherds Calendar: the budding of English poetry in Ren
21、aissance.b. Amoretti and Epithalamion: sonnet sequencec. Faerie Queene:l The general end-A romantic and allegorical epicsteps to virtue.l 12 books and 12 virtues: Holiness, temperance, justice and courtesy.l Two-level function: part of the story and part of allegory (symbolic meaning)l Many allusion
22、s to classical writers.l Themes: puritanism, nationalism, humanism and Renaissance Neoclassicisma Christian humanist.(3) Spenserian Stanza.III. English Prose1. Thomas More(1) Life: “Renaissance man”, scholar, statesman, theorist, prose writer, diplomat, patron of artsa. learned Greek at Canterbury C
23、ollege, Oxford; b. studies law at Lincoln Inn; c. Lord Chancellor; d. beheaded.(2) Utopia: the first English science fiction.Written in Latin, two parts, the secondplace of nowhere.A philosophical mariner (Raphael Hythloday) tells his voyages in which he discovers a land-Utopia.a. The part one is or
24、ganized as dialogue with mariner depicting his philosophy.b. The part two is a description of the island kingdom where gold and silver are worn by criminal, religious freedom is total and no one owns anything.c. the nature of the book: attackigogo time.d. the book and the Republic: an attempt to des
25、cribe the Republic in a new way, but it possesses an modern character and the resemblance is in externals.e. it played a key role in the Humanist awakening of the 16th century which moved away from the Medieval otherworldliness towards Renaissance secularism.f. the Utopia(3) the significance.a. it w
26、as the first champion of national ideas and national languages; it created a national prose, equally adapted to handling scientific and artistic material.b. a elegant Latin scholar and the father of English prose: he composed works in English, translated from Latin into English biography, wrote Hist
27、ory of Richard III.2. Francis Bacon: writer, philosopher and statesman(1) life: Cambridge - humanism in Paris knighted - Lord Chancellor bribery - focusing on philosophy and literature.(2) philosophical ideas: advancement of sciencepeople:servants and interpreters of naturemethod: a child before nat
28、urefacts and observations: experimental.(3) “Essays”: 57.a. he was a master of numerous and varied styles.b. his method is to weigh and balance maters, indicating the ideal course of action and the practical one, pointing out the advantages and disadvantages of each, but leaving the reader to make t
29、he final decisions. (arguments)IV. English Drama1. A general survey.(1) Everyman marks the beginning of modern drama.(2) two influences.a. the classics: classical in form and English in content;b. native or popular drama.(3) the University Wits.2. Christopher Marlowe: greatest playwright before Shak
30、espeare and most gifted of the Wits.(1) Life: first igogoical poetrythen in drama.(2) Major worksa. Tamburlaine; b. The Jew of Malta; c. The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus.(3) The significance of his plays.V. William Shakespeare1. Life(1) 1564, Stratford-on-Avon; (2) Grammar School; (3) Queen vi
31、sit to Castle; (4) marriage to Anne Hathaway; (5) London, the Globe Theatre: small part and proprietor; (6) the 1st Folio, Quarto;(7) Retired, sonHamnet; H. 1616.2. Dramatic career3. Major plays-men-centered.(1) Romeo and Juliet-tragic love and fate(2) The Merchant of Venice.Good over evil.Anti-Semi
32、tism.(3) Henry IV.National unity.Falstaff.(4) Julius CaesarRepublicanism vs. dictatorship.(5) HamletRevengeGood/evil.(6) OthelloDiabolic characterjealousygap between appearance and reality.(7) King LearFilial ingratitude(8) MacbethAmbition vs. fate.(9) Antony and Cleopatra.Passion vs. reason(10) The
33、 TempestReconciliation; reality and illusion.3. Non-dramatic poetry(1) Venus and Adonis; The Rape of Lucrece.(2) Sonnets:a. theme: fair, true, kind.b. two major parts: a handsome young man of noble birth; a lady in dark complexion.c. the form: three quatrains and a couplet.d. the rhyme scheme: abab,
34、 cdcd, efef, gg.VI. Ben Jonson1. life: poet, dramatist, a Latin and Greek scholar, the “literary king” (Sons of Ben)2.contribution: (1) the idea of “humour”.(2) an advocate of classical drama and a forerunner of classicism in English literature.3. Major plays(1) Everyone in His Humour”humour”; three
35、 unities.(2) Volpone the FoxChapter 4 English Literature of the 17th CenturyI. A Historical BackgroundII. The Overview of the Literature (1640-1688)1. The revolution period(1) The metaphysical poets;(2) The Cavalier poets.(3) Milton: the literary and philosophical heritage of the Renaissance merged
36、with Protestant political and moral conviction2. The restoration period.(1) The restoration of Charles II ushered in a literature characterized by reason, moderation, good taste, deft management, and simplicity. (school of Ben Jonson)(2) The ideals of impartial investigation and scientific experimen
37、tation promoted by the newly founded Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge (1662) were influential igogoe as an instrument of rational communication. (3) The great philosophical and political treatises of the time emphasize rationalism. (4) The restoration drama.(5) The Age of Dryd
38、en.III. John Milton1. Life: educated at Cambridgevisiting the continentinvolved into the revolutionpersecutedwriting epics.2. Literary career.(1) The 1st period was up to 1641, during which time he is to be seen chiefly as a son of the humanists and Elizabethans, although his Puritanism is not absen
39、t. LAllegre and IL Pens eroso (1632) are his early masterpieces, in which we find Milton a true offspring of the Renaissance, a scholar of exquisite taste and rare culture. Next came Comus, a masque. The greatest of early creations was Lycidas, a pastoral elegy on the death of a college mate, Edward
40、 King.(2) The second period is from 1641 to 1654, when the Puritan was in such complete ascendancy that he wrote almost no poetry. In 1641, he began a long period of pamphleteering for the puritan cause. For some 15 years, the Puritan in him alone ruled his writing. He sacrificed his poetic ambition
41、 to the call of the liberty for which Puritans were fighting. (3) The third period is from 1655 to 1671, when humanist and Puritan have been fused into an exalted entity. This period is the greatest in his literary life, epics and some famous sonnets. The three long poems are the fruit of the long c
42、ontest within Milton of Renaissance tradition and his Puritan faith. They form the greatest accomplishments of any English poet except Shakespeare. In Milton alone, it would seem, Puritanism could not extinguish the lover of beauty. In these works we find humanism and Puritanism merged in magnificen
43、ce.3. Major Works(1) Paradise Losta. the plot.b. characters.c. theme: justify the ways of God to man.(2) Paradise Regained.(3) Samson Agonistes.4. Features of Miltons works. (1) Milton is one of the very few truly great English writers who is also a prominent figure in politics, and who is both a gr
44、eat poet and an important prose writer. The two most essential things to be remembered about him are his Puritanism and his republicanism.(2) Milton wrote many different types of poetry. He is especially a great master of blank verse. He learned much from Shakespeare and first used blank verse in no
45、n-dramatic works.(3) Milton is a great stylist. He is famous for his grand style noted for its dignity and polish, which is the result of his life-long classical and biblical study.(4) Milton has always been admired for his sublimity of thought and majesty of expression.IV. John Bunyan1. life: (1) p
46、uritan age; (2) poor family; (3) parliamentary army; (4) Baptist society, preacher; (5) prison, writing the book. 2. The Pilgrim Progress(1) The allegory in dream form.(2) the plot.(3) the theme.V. Metaphysical Poets and Cavalier Poets.1. Metaphysical PoetsThe term “metaphysical poetry” is commonly
47、used to designate the works of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. Pressured by the harsh, uncomfortable and curious age, the metaphysical poets sought to shatter myths and replace them with new philosophies, new sciences, new words and new poetry. They tried to bre
48、ak away from the conventional fashion of Elizabethan love poetry, and favoured in poetry for a more colloquial language and tone, a tightness of expression and the single-minded working out of a theme or argument.2. Cavalier PoetsThe other group prevailing in this period was that of Cavalier poets. They were often courtiers who stood on the side of the king, and called themselves “sons” of Ben Jonson. The Cavalier poets wrote light poetry, polished and elegant, amorous and gay, but often superfici
