2018年英语四级考试题及答案.docx

1、2018年英语四级考试题及答案ARTIWRITING30MINUTESDIRECTIONSFORTHISPART,YOUAREALLOWED30MINUTESTOWRITEANADVERTISEMENTONYOURCAMPUSWEBSITETOSELLAYOUUSEDATCOLLEGEYOURADVERTISEMENTMAYINCLUDEITSBRAND,SPECIFICATIONS/FEATURES,CONDITIONANDPRICE,ANDYOURCONTACTINFORMATIONYOUSHOULDWRITEATLEAST120WORDSBUTNOMORETHAN180WORDS_PAR

2、TIILISTENINGCOMPREHENSION30MINUTESSECTIONANEWSREPORTDIRECTIONSINTHISSECTION，YOUWILLHEARTHREENEWSREPORTS。ATTHEENDOFEACHNEWSREPORT，YOUWILLHEARTWOORTHREEQUESTIONS。BOTHTHENEWSREPORTANDTHEQUESTIONSWILLBESPOKENONLYONCE。AFTERYOUHEARAQUESTION，YOUMUSTCHOOSETHEBESTANSWERFROMTHEFOURCHOICESMARKEDA），B），C）ANDD）。T

3、HENMARKTHECORRESPONDINGLETTERONANSWERSHEET1WITHASINGLELINETHROUGHTHECENTRE。QUESTIONS1AND2AREBASEDONTHENEWSREPORTYOUHAVEJUSTHEARD1ATHEMAJORITYOFDRIVERSPREFERTODRIVEANDPARKTHEMSELVESBHUMANDRIVERSBECOMEEASILYDISTRACTEDORTIREDWHILEDRIVINGCMOSTDRIVERSFEELUNCERTAINABOUTTHESAFETYOFSELFDRIVINGCARSDMOSTDRIVE

4、RSHAVETESTDRIVENCARSWITHAUTOMATICBRAKINGFEATURES2ATHEIRDRIVERSWOULDFEELSAFEAFTERGETTINGUSEDTOTHEAUTOMATICDEVICESBTHEYWOULDBEUNPOPULARWITHDRIVERSWHOONLYTRUSTTHEIROWNSKILLSCTHEIRINCREASEDCOMFORTLEVELSHAVEBOOSTEDTHEIRSALESDTHEYARENOTACTUALLYASSAFEASAUTOMAKERSADVERTISEQUESTIONS3AND4AREBASEDONTHENEWSREPO

5、RTYOUHAVEJUSTHEARD3ATHEFTSOFSNOWMOBILEDOGSINALASKABASERIESOFINJURIESTOSNOWMOBILEDRIVERSCATTACKSONSOMEIDITARODRACECOMPETITORSDASERIOUSACCIDENTINTHEALASKASPORTSEVENT4AHESTAYEDBEHINDTOLOOKAFTERHISINJUREDDOGSBHEHASWONTHEALASKAIDITARODRACEFOURTIMESCHERECEIVEDAMINORINJURYINTHEIDITARODRACEDHEHASQUITTHECOMP

6、ETITIONINALASKAFORGOODQUESTIONS5TO7AREBASEDONTHENEWSREPORTYOUHAVEJUSTHEARD5AITSANKINTOTHESEADUETOOVERLOADINGBITRANINTONICARAGUASBIGCORNISLANDCITDISAPPEAREDBETWEENTWOLARGEISLANDSDITTURNEDOVERBECAUSEOFSTRONGWINDS6A13B25C30D327AHEHASHELPEDWITHTHERESCUEEFFORTBHEISBEINGINVESTIGATEDBYTHEPOLICECHEWASDROWNE

7、DWITHTHEPASSENGERSDHEISAMONGTHOSEPEOPLEMISSINGSECTIONBCONVERSATIONDIRECTIONSINTHISSECTION，YOUWILLHEARTWOLONGCONVERSATIONS。ATTHEENDOFEACHCONVERSATIONSYOUWILLHEARFOURQUESTIONS。BOTHTHECONVERSATIONSANDTHEQUESTIONSWILLBESPOKENONLYONCE。AFTERYOUHEARAQUESTION。YOUMUSTCHOOSETHEBESTANSWERFROMTHEFOURCHOICESMARK

8、EDA），B），C）ANDD）。THENMARKTHECORRESPONDINGLETTERONANSWERSHEET1WITHASINGLELINETHROUGHTHECENTREQUESTIONS8TO11AREBASEDONTHECONVERSATIONYOUHAVEJUSTHEARD8AATASHOPPINGCENTREBATACOMMUNITYCOLLEGECATANACCOUNTANCYFIRMDATANITCOMPANY9AHELPINGOUTWITHDATAINPUTBARRANGINGINTERVIEWSCSORTINGAPPLICATIONFORMSDMAKINGPHONE

9、CALLS10AHEENJOYSUSINGCOMPUTERSBHENEEDSTHEMONEYBADLYCHEWANTSTOWORKINTHECITYCENTREDHEHASRELEVANTWORKINGEXPERIENCE11APURCHASESOMEBUSINESSSUITSBLEARNSOMECOMPUTERLANGUAGECIMPROVEHISPROGRAMMINGSKILLSDREVIEWSOMEACCOUNTANCYTERMSQUESTIONS12TO15AREBASEDONTHECONVERSATIONYOUHAVEJUSTHEARD12ATHEYAREKEENONHIGHTECH

10、NOLOGYBTHEYAREPOORATTECHNOLOGYSKILLSCTHEYOFTENLISTENTONATIONALPUBLICRADIODTHEYFEELSUPERIORINSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY13AJAPANESEBGERMANSCPOLESDAMERICANS14AEMAILINGBTEXTINGCSCIENCEDLITERACY15AITISUNDERGOINGADRASTICREFORMBITLAYSEMPHASISONCREATIVETHINKINGCITHASMUCHROOMFORIMPROVEMENTDITPRIORITIZESTRAININGOFP

11、RACTICALSKILLSSECTIONCPASSAGEDIRECTIONSINTHISSECTION，YOUWILLHEARTHREEPASSAGES。ATTHEENDOFEACHPASSAGE，YOUWILLHEARTHREEORFOURQUESTIONS。BOTHTHEPASSAGEANDTHEQUESTIONSWILLBESPOKENONLYONCE。AFTERYOUHEARAQUESTION，YOUMUSTCHOOSETHEBESTANSWERFROMTHEFOURCHOICESMARKEDA），B），C）ANDD）。THENMARKTHECORRESPONDINGLETTERON

12、ANSWERSHEET1WITHASINGLELINETHROUGHTHECENTREQUESTIONS16TO18AREBASEDONTHEPASSAGEYOUHAVEJUSTHEARD16ATHEYHAVESMALLROOTSBTHEYGROWWHITEFLOWERSCTHEYTASTELIKEAPPLESDTHEYCOMEFROMCENTRALAFRICA17ATHEYTURNEDFROMWHITETOPURPLEINCOLORBTHEYBECAMEPOPULARONTHEWORLDMARKETCTHEYBECAMEANIMPORTANTFOODFORHUMANSDTHEYBEGANTO

13、LOOKLIKEMODERNDAYCARROTS18ATHEYWEREFOUNDQUITENUTRITIOUSBTHEREWERESERIOUSFOODSHORTAGESCPEOPLEDISCOVEREDTHEIRMEDICINALVALUEDFARMMACHINESHELPEDLOWERTHEIRPRICESQUESTIONS19TO21AREBASEDONTHEPASSAGEYOUHAVEJUSTHEARD19ASHECOULDHERFAMILYANYTIMESHELIKEDBSHECOULDCALLUPHERFAMILYWHENEVERSHELIKEDCSHECOULDLOCATEHER

14、FRIENDSWHEREVERTHEYWEREDSHECOULDDOWNLOADASMANYPICTURESASSHELIKED20ASHELIKEDTOINFORMHERFRIENDSABOUTHERSUCCESSBSHEENJOYEDREADINGHERFRIENDSSTATUSUPDATESCSHEFELTQUITEPOPULARAMONGTHEMDSHEFELTSHEWASATEENAGERAGAIN21ASHECOULDBARELYRESPONDTOALLHER500FACEBOOKFRIENDSBSHESPENTMORETIMEUPDATINGHERFRIENDSTHANHERFA

15、MILYCSHECOULDBARELYBALANCEFACEBOOKUPDATESANDHERWORKDSHEDIDNTSEEMTOBEDOINGASWELLASHERFACEBOOKFRIENDSQUESTIONS22TO25AREBASEDONTHEPASSAGEYOUHAVEJUSTHEARD22ATHEYHAVESTRONGMUSCLESBTHEYLIVEALONGERLIFETHANHORSESCTHEYEATMUCHLESSINWINTERDTHEYCANWORKLONGERTHANDONKEYS23AITWASAPETOFASPANISHKINGBITWASBOUGHTBYGEO

16、RGEWASHINGTONCITWASBROUGHTOVERFROMSPAINDITWASDONATEDBYAUSAMBASSADOR24ATHEYMETANDEXCHANGEDIDEASONANIMALBREEDINGBTHEYPARTICIPATEDINAMULEDRIVINGCOMPETITIONCTHEYSHOWEDANDTRADEDANIMALSINTHEMARKETDTHEYFEDMULESWITHTHEBESTFOODTHEYCOULDFIND25ATHEWIDERUSEOFHORSESBTHEARRIVALOFTRACTORSCASHRINKINGANIMALTRADEDAGR

17、OWINGDONKEYPOPULATIONPARTIIIREADINGCOMPREHENSION40MINUTESSECTIONADIRECTIONSINTHISSECTION,THEREISAPASSAGEWITHTENBLANKSYOUAREREQUIREDTOSELECTONEWORDFOREACHBLANKFROMALISTOFCHOICESGIVENINAWORDBANKFOLLOWINGTHEPASSAGEREADTHEPASSAGETHROUGHCAREFULLYBEFOREMAKINGYOURCHOICESEACHCHOICEINTHEBANKISIDENTIFIEDBYALE

18、TTERPLEASEMARKTHECORRESPONDINGLETTERONANSWERSHEET2WITHASINGLELINETHROUGHTHECENTREYOUMAYNOTUSEANYOFTHEWORDSINTHEBANKMORETHANONCEASIFYOUNEEDEDANOTHERREASONTOHATETHEGYM,ITNOWTURNSOUTTHATEXERCISECANEXHAUSTNOTONLYYOURMUSCLES,BUTALSOYOUREYESFEARNOT,HOWEVER,FORCOFFEECANSTIMULATETHEMAGAINDURING_26_EXERCISE,

19、OURMUSCLESTIREASTHEYRUNOUTOFFUELANDBUILDUPWASTEPRODUCTSMUSCLEPERFORMANCECANALSOBEAFFECTEDBYA_27_CALLED“CENTRALFATIGUE,“INWHICHANIMBALANCEINTHEBODYSCHEMICALMESSENGERSPREVENTSTHECENTRALNERVOUSSYSTEMFROMDIRECTINGMUSCLEMOVEMENTS_28_ITWASNOTKNOWN,HOWEVER,WHETHERCENTRALFATIGUEMIGHTALSOAFFECTMOTORSYSTEMSNO

20、TDIRECTLY_29_INTHEEXERCISEITSELF,SUCHASTHOSETHATMOVETHEEYESTOFINDOUT,RESEARCHERSGAVE11VOLUNTEERCYCLISTSACARBOHYDRATE（碳水化合物的）_30_EITHERWITHAMODERATEDOSEOFCAFFEINE（咖啡因），WHICHISKNOWNTOSTIMULATETHECENTRALNERVOUSSYSTEM,ORASAPLACEBO（安慰剂）WITHOUT,DURING3HOURSOF_31_AFTEREXERCISING,THESCIENTISTSTESTEDTHECYCLI

21、STSWITHEYETRACKINGCAMERASTOSEEHOWWELLTHEIRBRAINSCOULDSTILL_32_THEIRVISUALSYSTEMTHETEAMFOUNDTHATEXERCISEREDUCEDTHESPEEDOFRAPIDEYEMOVEMENTSBYABOUT8,_33_THEIRABILITYTOCAPTURENEWVISUALINFORMATIONTHECAFFEINE,THEEQUIVALENTOFTWOSTRONGCUPSOFCOFFEE,WAS_34_TOREVERSETHISEFFECT,WITHSOMECYCLISTSEVENDISPLAYING_35

22、_EYEMOVEMENTSPEEDSSOITMIGHTBEAGOODIDEATOGETSOMEONEELSETODRIVEYOUHOMEAFTERTHATMARATHONACAUTIOUSLYBCOMMITCCONTROLDCYCLINGEEFFECTIVELYFINCREASEDGINVOLVEDHLIMITEDIPHENOMENONJPREVENTINGKSENSITIVELSLOWINGMSOLUTIONNSUFFICIENTOVIGOROUSSECTIONBDIRECTIONSINTHISSECTION,YOUAREGOINGTOREADAPASSAGEWITHTENSTATEMENT

23、SATTACHEDTOITEACHSTATEMENTCONTAINSINFORMATIONGIVENINONEOFTHEPARAGRAPHSIDENTIFYTHEPARAGRAPHFROMWHICHTHEINFORMATIONISDERIVEDYOUMAYCHOOSEAPARAGRAPHMORETHANONCEEACHPARAGRAPHISMARKEDWITHALETTERANSWERTHEQUESTIONSBYMARKINGTHECORRESPONDINGLETTERONANSWERSHEET2TEAMSPIRITA）TEAMSHAVEBECOMETHEBASICBUILDINGBLOCKS

24、OFORGANISATIONSRECRUITMENTADVERTISEMENTSROUTINELYCALLFOR“TEAMPLAYERS“BUSINESSSCHOOLSGRADETHEIRSTUDENTSINPARTONTHEIRPERFORMANCEINGROUPPROJECTSOFFICEMANAGERSKNOCKDOWNWALLSTOENCOURAGETEAMBUILDINGTEAMSAREASOLDASCIVILISATION,OFCOURSEEVENJESUSHAD12COWORKERSBUTANEWREPORTBYDELOITTE,“GLOBALHUMANCAPITALTRENDS

25、“，BASEDONASURVEYOFMORETHAN7,000EXECUTIVESINOVER130COUNTRIES,SUGGESTSTHATTHEFASHIONFORTEAMWORKHASREACHEDANEWHIGHALMOSTHALFOFTHOSESURVEYEDSAIDTHEIRCOMPANIESWEREEITHERINTHEMIDDLEOFRESTRUCTURINGORABOUTTOEMBARKON（开始）ITANDFORTHEMOSTPART,RESTRUCTURINGMEANTPUTTINGMOREEMPHASISONTEAMSB）COMPANIESAREABANDONINGC

26、ONVENTIONALFUNCTIONALDEPARTMENTSANDORGANISINGEMPLOYEESINTOCROSSDISCIPLINARYTEAMSTHATFOCUSONPARTICULARPRODUCTS,PROBLEMSORCUSTOMERSTHESETEAMSAREGAININGMOREPOWERTORUNTHEIROWNAFFAIRSTHEYAREALSOSPENDINGMORETIMEWORKINGWITHEACHOTHERRATHERTHANREPORTINGUPWARDSDELOITTEARGUESTHATANEWORGANISATIONALFORMISONTHERI

27、SEANETWORKOFTEAMSISREPLACINGTHECONVENTIONALHIERARCHY（等级体制）C）THEFASHIONFORTEAMSISDRIVENBYASENSETHATTHEOLDWAYOFORGANISINGPEOPLEISTOORIGIDFORBOTHTHEMODERNMARKETPLACEANDTHEEXPECTATIONSOFEMPLOYEESTECHNOLOGICALINNOVATIONPLACESGREATERVALUEONAGILITY（灵活性）JOHNCHAMBERS,CHAIRMANOFCISCOSYSTEMSINC,AWORLDWIDELEADE

28、RINELECTRONICSPRODUCTS,SAYSTHAT“WECOMPETEAGAINSTMARKETTRANSITIONS（过渡）,NOTCOMPETITORSPRODUCTTRANSITIONSUSEDTOTAKEFIVEORSEVENYEARSNOWTHEYTAKEONEORTWO“DIGITALTECHNOLOGYALSOMAKESITEASIERFORPEOPLETOCOORDINATETHEIRACTIVITIESWITHOUTRESORTINGTOHIERARCHYTHE“MILLENNIALS“（千禧一代）WHOWILLSOONMAKEUPHALFTHEWORKFORCE

29、INRICHCOUNTRIESWERERAISEDFROMNURSERYSCHOOLONWARDSTOWORKINGROUPSD）THEFASHIONFORTEAMSISALSOSPREADINGFROMTHEUSUALCORPORATESUSPECTSSUCHASGEANDIBMTOSOMEMOREUNUSUALONESTHECLEVELANDCLINIC,AHOSPITALOPERATOR,HASREORGANISEDITSMEDICALSTAFFINTOTEAMSTOFOCUSONPARTICULARTREATMENTAREASCONSULTANTS,NURSESANDOTHERSCOL

30、LABORATECLOSELYINSTEADOFBEINGSEPARATEDBYSPECIALITY（专业）ANDRANKTHEUSARMYHASGONETHESAMEWAYINHISBOOK,TEAMOFTEAMS,GENERALSTANLEYMCCHRYSTALDESCRIBESHOWTHEARMYSHIERARCHICALSTRUCTUREHINDEREDITSOPERATIONSDURINGTHEEARLYSTAGESOFTHEIRAQWARHISSOLUTIONWASTOLEARNSOMETHINGFROMTHEREBELSITWASFIGHTINGDECENTRALISINGAUT

31、HORITYTOSELFORGANISINGTEAMSE）AGOODRULEOFTHUMBISTHATASSOONASGENERALSANDHOSPITALADMINISTRATORSJUMPONAMANAGEMENTBANDWAGON（追随一种管理潮流）,ITISTIMETOASKQUESTIONSLEIGHTHOMPSONOFKELLOGGSCHOOLOFMANAGEMENTINILLINOISWARNSTHAT,“TEAMSARENOTALWAYSTHEANSWERTEAMSMAYPROVIDEINSIGHT,CREATIVITYANDKNOWLEDGEINAWAYTHATAPERSON

32、WORKINGINDEPENDENTLYCANNOTBUTTEAMWORKMAYALSOLEADTOCONFUSION,DELAYANDPOORDECISIONMAKING“THELATERICHARDHACKMANOFHARVARDUNIVERSITYONCEARGUED,“IHAVENOQUESTIONTHATWHENYOUHAVEATEAM,THEPOSSIBILITYEXISTSTHATITWILLGENERATEMAGIC,PRODUCINGSOMETHINGEXTRAORDINARYBUTDONTCOUNTONIT“F）HACKMAN（WHODIEDIN2013）NOTEDTHAT

33、TEAMSAREHINDEREDBYPROBLEMSOFCOORDINATIONANDMOTIVATIONTHATCHIPAWAYATTHEBENEFITSOFCOLLABORATIONHIGHFLYERS（能干的人）WHOAREFORCEDTOWORKINTEAMSMAYBEUNDERVALUEDANDFREERIDERSEMPOWEREDGROUPTHINKMAYBEUNAVOIDABLEINASTUDYOF120TEAMSOFSENIOREXECUTIVES,HEDISCOVEREDTHATLESSTHAN10OFTHEIRSUPPOSEDMEMBERSAGREEDONWHOEXACTL

34、YWASONTHETEAMIFITISHARDENOUGHTODEFINEATEAMSMEMBERSHIP,AGREEINGONITSPURPOSEISHARDERSTILLG）PROFOUNDCHANGESINTHEWORKFORCEAREMAKINGTEAMSTRICKIERTOMANAGETEAMSWORKBESTIFTHEIRMEMBERSHAVEASTRONGCOMMONCULTURETHISISHARDTOACHIEVEWHEN,ASISNOWTHECASEINMANYBIGFIRMS,ALARGEPROPORTIONOFSTAFFARETEMPORARYCONTRACTORSTE

35、AMWORKIMPROVESWITHTIMEAMERICASNATIONALTRANSPORTATIONSAFETYBOARDFOUNDTHAT73OFTHEINCIDENTSINITSCIVILAVIATIONDATABASEOCCURREDONACREWSFIRSTDAYOFFLYINGTOGETHERHOWEVER,ASAMYEDMONDSONOFHARVARDPOINTSOUT,ORGANISATIONSINCREASINGLYUSE“TEAM“ASAVERBRATHERTHANANOUNTHEYFORMTEAMSFORSPECIFICPURPOSESANDTHENQUICKLYDIS

36、BANDTHEMH）THELEASTTHATCANBECONCLUDEDFROMTHISRESEARCHISTHATCOMPANIESNEEDTOTHINKHARDERABOUTMANAGINGTEAMSTHEYNEEDTORIDTHEIRMINDSOFSENTIMENTALISM（感情用事）THEMOSTSUCCESSFULTEAMSHAVELEADERSWHOAREABLETOSETANOVERALLDIRECTIONANDTAKEIMMEDIATEACTIONTHEYNEEDTOKEEPTEAMSSMALLANDFOCUSEDGIVINGINTOPRESSURETOBEMORE“INCL

37、USIVE“ISAGUARANTEEOFDYSFUNCTIONJEFFBEZOS,AMAZONSBOSS,SAYSTHAT“IFISEEMORETHANTWOPIZZASFORLUNCH,THETEAMISTOOBIG“THEYNEEDTOIMMUNISETEAMSAGAINSTGROUPTHINKHACKMANARGUEDTHATTHEBESTONESCONTAIN“DEVIANT“（离经叛道者）WHOAREWILLINGTODOSOMETHINGTHATMAYBEUPSETTINGTOOTHERSI）ANEWSTUDYOF12,000WORKERSIN17COUNTRIESBYSTEELC

38、ASE,AFURNITUREMAKERWHICHALSODOESCONSULTING,FINDSTHATTHEBESTWAYTOENSUREEMPLOYEESARE“ENGAGED“ISTOGIVETHEMMORECONTROLOVERWHEREANDHOWTHEYDOTHEIRWORKWHICHMAYMEANLIBERATINGTHEMFROMHAVINGTODOEVERYTHINGINCOLLABORATIONWITHOTHERSJ）HOWEVER,ORGANISATIONSNEEDTOLEARNSOMETHINGBIGGERTHANHOWTOMANAGETEAMSBETTERTHEYNE

39、EDTOBEINTHEHABITOFASKINGTHEMSELVESWHETHERTEAMSARETHEBESTTOOLSFORTHEJOBTEAMBUILDINGSKILLSAREINSHORTSUPPLYDELOITTEREPORTSTHATONLY12OFTHEEXECUTIVESTHEYCONTACTEDFEELTHEYUNDERSTANDTHEWAYPEOPLEWORKTOGETHERINNETWORKSANDONLY21FEELCONFIDENTINTHEIRABILITYTOBUILDCROSSFUNCTIONALTEAMSLOOSELYMANAGEDTEAMSCANBECOME

40、HOTBEDSOFDISTRACTIONEMPLOYEESROUTINELYCOMPLAINTHATTHEYCANTGETTHEIRWORKDONEBECAUSETHEYAREFORCEDTOSPENDTOOMUCHTIMEINMEETINGSORCOMPELLEDTOWORKINNOISYOFFICESEVENINTHEAGEOFOPENPLANOFFICESANDSOCIALNETWORKSSOMEWORKISBESTLEFTTOTHEINDIVIDUAL36SUCCESSFULTEAMLEADERSKNOWEXACTLYWHERETHETEAMSHOULDGOANDAREABLETOTA

41、KEPROMPTACTION37DECENTRALISATIONOFAUTHORITYWASALSOFOUNDTOBEMOREEFFECTIVEINMILITARYOPERATIONS38INMANYCOMPANIES,THECONVENTIONALFORMOFORGANISATIONISGIVINGWAYTOANETWORKOFTEAMS39MEMBERSOFPOORLYMANAGEDTEAMSAREEASILYDISTRACTEDFROMTHEIRWORK40TEAMWORKISMOSTEFFECTIVEWHENTEAMMEMBERSSHARETHESAMECULTURE41ACCORDI

42、NGTOAREPORTBYDELOITTE,TEAMWORKISBECOMINGINCREASINGLYPOPULARAMONGCOMPANIES42SOMETEAMMEMBERSFINDITHARDTOAGREEONQUESTIONSLIKEMEMBERSHIPANDTHETEAMSPURPOSE43SOMESCHOLARSTHINKTEAMWORKMAYNOTALWAYSBERELIABLE,DESPITEITSPOTENTIALTOWORKWONDERS44TOENSUREEMPLOYEESCOMMITMENT,ITISADVISABLETOGIVETHEMMOREFLEXIBILITY

43、ASTOWHEREANDHOWTHEYWORK45PRODUCTTRANSITIONSTAKEMUCHLESSTIMENOWTHANINTHEPASTSECTIONCDIRECTIONSINTHISSECTION,YOUWILLHEARAPASSAGETHREETIMESWHENTHEPASSAGEISREADFORTHEFIRSTTIME，YOUSHOULDLISTENCAREFULLYFORITSGENERALIDEAWHENTHEPASSAGEISREADFORTHESECONDTIME，YOUAREREQUIREDTOFILLINTHEBLANKSWITHTHEEXACTWORDSYO

44、UHAVEJUSTHEARDFINALLY，WHENTHEPASSAGEISREADFORTHETHIRDTIME，YOUSHOULDCHECKWHATYOUHAVEWRITTENPASSAGEONEQUESTIONS46TO50AREBASEDONTHEFOLLOWINGPASSAGESHOPPERSINTHEUKARESPENDINGLESSMONEYONTOILETPAPERTOSAVEMONEY,RESEARCHHASSHOWNPENNYPINCHINGUKCONSUMERSCHOOSECHEAPERPRODUCTSFROMDISCOUNTERSSUCHASALDIANDLIDLRAT

45、HERTHANLUXURYALTERNATIVESTHISHASWIPED6OFFTHEVALUEOFTHESOFTTISSUEPAPERMARKETINTHEUKITHASSHRUNKFROM119BILLIONPOUNDSIN2011TO112BILLIONPOUNDSIN2015,ACCORDINGTOANEWREPORTFROMMARKETRESEARCHCOMPANYMINTELFURTHERMORE,THEFUTUREOFTHEMARKETLOOKSFARFROMROSY,WITHSALESEXPECTEDTOFALLFURTHERTO111BILLIONPOUNDSIN2016I

46、NTHELASTYEARALONE,DESPITEANINCREASEINTHEUKPOPULATIONANDASUBSEQUENTRISEINTHENUMBEROFHOUSEHOLDS,SALESOFTOILETPAPERFELLBY2,WITHTHEAVERAGEHOUSEHOLDREDUCINGTHEIRTOILETROLLSPENDINGFROM43POUNDSIN2014TO41POUNDSIN2015OVERALL,ALMOSTTHREEINFIVEPEOPLESAYTHEYTRYTOLIMITTHEIRUSAGEOFPAPERINCLUDINGFACIALTISSUEANDKIT

47、CHENROLLTOSAVEMONEY“STRENGTH,SOFTNESSANDTHICKNESSREMAINTHELEADINGINDICATORSOFTOILETPAPERQUALITY,WITHJUSTASMALLPROPORTIONOFCONSUMERSPREFERRINGMORELUXURIOUSALTERNATIVES,SUCHASTHOSEWITHFLOWERPATTERNSORPERFUME,“SAIDMINTELANALYSTJACKDUCKETT“THESEEXTRAFEATURESAREDEEMEDUNNECESSARYBYTHEMAJORITYOFSHOPPERS,WH

48、ICHPROBABLYREFLECTSHOWTHESETYPESOFPRODUCTSARETYPICALLYMOREEXPENSIVETHANREGULARTOILETPAPER,EVENWHENONSPECIALOFFER“WHILECONSUMERSARESPENDINGLESSONTOILETPAPER,THEYREMAINFUSSYINTHEORYATLEASTWHENITCOMESTOPAPERQUALITYTOPOFBRITONSTOILETPAPERWISHLISTISSOFTNESS57FOLLOWEDBYSTRENGTH45ANDTHICKNESS36ONEIN10BUYER

49、SRANKTOILETROLLSMADEFROMRECYCLEDPAPERAMONGTHEIRTOPCONSIDERATIONS,HIGHLIGHTINGHOWOVERALLTHEENVIRONMENTISMUCHLESSOFACONSIDERATIONFORSHOPPERSTHANPRODUCTQUALITYINACHALLENGEFORMANUFACTURERS,81OFPAPERPRODUCTUSERSSAIDTHEYWOULDCONSIDERBUYINGRECYCLEDTOILETTISSUEIFITWERECOMPARABLEINQUALITYTOSTANDARDPAPER46THEMARKETSALESOFTOILETPAPERHAVEDECREASEDBECAUSE_A