1、新东方在线 网络课堂电子教材系列 GMAT 写作讲义GMAT 写作讲义主讲：韦晓亮欢迎使用新东方在线电子教材教材说明：本教材包括老师授课时的主要结构和文章，老师最后讲的题库题库请到官方网站下载1. 个人著作GRE 作文大讲堂方法、题目、剖析GRE、GMAT 所有班推荐作文用书GRE 作文大讲堂方法、题目、剖析2. 什么是 GMAT 考试，都考些什么题型，各个题型都要做多少个题目，分数多少比较合理。GMATGMAT（Graduate Management Admission Test）普通管理项目、会计学、艺术管理、行为科学、经济学、财政、保健事业、国际贸易、信息工程学和工商管理 GMAT 考
2、试满分为 800 分GMAT: 分 AWA, Quantitative 和 Verbal 三部分, Quantitative: 75 分钟 37 个题, 包括 DS, PS 两部分PS: Problem Solving. DS: Data Sufficiency, Verbal: 75 分钟 41 个题, 包括 CR（逻辑）, RC（阅读） , SC（句子改错）三部分CR: Critical Reasoning (逻辑), 约有 12 个题。RC: 一般会出四篇阅读，两长两短。SC: Sentence CorrectionAWA: analytical writing assessmentAA
3、analytical argument AIanalytical issue分析性写作考试（AWA）的特点：a. 重点考辩证的分析能力，而不是语言表达b. 有题库，题目就在题库里出题库在 下载3. 各个部分之间的联系 GMAT 体现的尤为典型（1）GMAT 写作之立论文GMAT 阅读“几百年来，大多数国家的货币制度建立在金属硬币和打印的纸币的交换的基础之上。但是，因为最近技术的发展，国际共同体应该考虑将整个硬币和纸币的系统用存款和贷款的新东方在线 网络课堂电子教材系列 GMAT 写作讲义电子帐目系统取代。 ” 讨论你在何种程度上赞成或不赞成上述观点。从你自身的经验，观察和阅读给出相关的原因
4、 and/or 例子来支持你的观点。（2）GMAT 写作之驳论文GMAT 逻辑logic例如：充分必要条件逻辑在写作和逻辑中都是考查重点1充分：所谓充分条件就是仅有这条件就足以带来结果，不需考虑别的条件了。 它是谁成立，谁一定也成立，比如 AB, 如果 A 成立，那么一定有 B 2必要：所谓必要条件就是没有这个条件结果一定不对。4. GRE 和 GMAT 几乎一样，体现在：Issue：过程与结果：GRE：118“In any field of endeavorthe sciences, the humanities, the social sciences, industry, etc.it
5、is not the attainment of a goal that matters, but rather the ideas and discoveries that are encountered on the way to the goal.“在任何领域如科学、人文、社会科学、工业等，我们最大的收获在于达成目标的道路上的偶然发现，而不是获取目标本身。GMAT：10. “在任何企业里，制作或实现某件东西的过程比最终的产品重要多了。 ” 讨论你在何种程度上赞成或不赞成上述观点。从你自身的经验，观察和阅读给出相关的原因 and/or 例子来支持你的观点。科技的发展：GRE：66 “As
6、people rely more and more on technology to solve problems, the ability of humans to think for themselves will surely deteriorate.“人们越来越依赖于技术去解决问题，而人类自身思考的能力却被消弱。GMAT：20. “自动化的时代里，许多人抱怨人类变得屈从于机器了。但是，事实上，机器正不断改善我们的生活。 ” 讨论你在何种程度上赞成或不赞成上述观点。从你自身的经验，观察和阅读给出相关的原新东方在线 网络课堂电子教材系列 GMAT 写作讲义因 and/or 例子来支持你的
7、观点。政府是否要支持艺术：GRE：85“Government funding of the arts threatens the integrity of the arts.“政府对艺术的资助威胁着艺术的独立性。GMAT：22. “很明显，政府对支持艺术富有责任。但是，如果需要这个支持产生任何价值，政府必须对产生的艺术不加限制。 ” 讨论你在何种程度上赞成或不赞成上述观点。从你自身的经验，观察和阅读给出相关的原因 and/or 例子来支持你的观点。公益事业与公共责任感话题：GRE：67“Colleges should require students to engage in public-s
8、ervice activities in order to assure that each student receives a balanced, well-rounded education.“学院应该要求学生们参加公益活动，这样就能保证学生们得到全面平衡的教育。GMAT：34. “所有的市民都应该被要求完成一定量的公共服务。这样的服务将不但从整体上给国家带来好处，也能给个人的参与者带来好处。 ” 讨论你在何种程度上赞成或不赞成上述观点。从你自身的经验，观察和阅读给出相关的原因 and/or 例子来支持你的观点。历史话题：GRE：221“The chief benefit of the
9、study of history is to break down the illusion that people in one period of time are significantly different from people who lived at any other time in history.“研究历史主要的好处就是消除了人们这样的错觉：一个时代的人们与以前任何一个时代的人有显著的不同。GMAT：43. “学习历史的最重要的原因不是历史知识能使我们成为更好的人或者更好的社会，而是它可以给我们解决今天面对的社会问题提供线索。 ” 讨论你在何种程度上赞成或不赞成上述观点。
10、从你自身的经验，观察和阅读给出相关的因and/or 例子来支持你的观点。新东方在线 网络课堂电子教材系列 GMAT 写作讲义5. 一定的词汇量作 GMAT 写作和 GMAT 考试的保障6. GMAT 写作评分标准7. GMAT 的题库特点题库在 下载（1）Issue 题库：20. “自动化的时代里，许多人抱怨人类变得屈从于机器了。但是，事实上，机器正不断改善我们的生活。 ”37. “由于对现代社会来说，科学和技术正在变得越来越基本，学校应该投入更多的时间教授科学技术而减少艺术和人文的教育。 ”40. “随着对全球经济和跨国公司的关注增加，人们需要理解他们作为世界公民的角色比作为一个特定国家
11、的公民的角色更重要。 ”65. “跨国公司的兴起导致全球一体化。因为所有地方的人们都开始需要同样的服务和产品，地区差异正迅速消失。 ”32. “你可以从一个国家的广告辨别出它的思想。 ”85. “广告是最有影响力的，因此也是 20 世纪最重要的艺术成就。 ”45. “商务人员在长期内实现利润最大化的最有效途径是遵循最高标准的道德。 ”111. “最有效率的企业领导是保持最高道德标准的人。 ”136. “在商务课程中，教授只应该教授实际的知识和技术，而非道德。 ”（2）Argument 题库:Argu8 和 argu10 Argu14 和 argu46 Argument 部分一.Argument
12、 的写作特点二.Argument 整体结构第一段： 开头段。主要是归纳论点，说明论点有问题，存在逻辑漏洞，准备发起进攻。第二段和第三段甚至第四段：分类别去攻击各个逻辑错误。第五段： 结尾段。作者的结论似乎是合理的，但是通过论证，不是这样的。因新东方在线 网络课堂电子教材系列 GMAT 写作讲义此作者在做出决定之前，应该还要考虑其他情况。三.如何写开头段？例.重复结论+扼要重述论据+转折（总论）In this memo the vice president of Natures Way CNW), a chain of stores selling health food and health
13、-related products, recommends opening a store in Plamesville. To support this recommendation the vice president cites the following facts about Plainesville: (1) sales of exercise shoes and clothing are at all-time highs; (2) the local health club is more popular than ever; and (3) the citys schoolc
14、hildren are required to participate in a fitness program. Close scrutiny of each of these facts, however, reveals that none of them lend credible support to the recommendation.四.开头段的小宝式写法（CEF）Merely based on unfounded assumption and dubious (suspicious) evidence, the statement draws a conclusion tha
15、t_. To substantiate (support) the conclusion, the arguer points out evidence that_. In addition, he indicates that_. Furthermore, he cites the result of a recent survey in support of this recommendation. At first glance, the authors argument appears to be somewhat convincing, but further reflection
16、reveals that it omits some substantial concerns that should be addressed to substantiate the argument. In my point of view, this argument suffers from N logical flaws.五.如何写正文段六.如何写结尾段七.结尾段的具体写法To sum up, this arguer fails to substantiate its claim that_, because the evidences cited in the analysis d
17、oes not lend strong support to what the arguer maintains. To make the argument more convincing, the arguer would have to provide more information with regard to_. Additionally, he would have to demonstrate that_. Therefore, if the argument had included the given factors discussed above, it would hav
18、e been more thorough and logically acceptable.八.各个逻辑错误的攻击方法和语言1.Survey/Study：(1)Procedure A. Selective sample B. Quantity of the sample Unless the surveyors sampled a sufficient number of and did so randomly across the entire spectrum, the survey results are not reliable to gauge_ 新东方在线 网络课堂电子教材系列
19、GMAT 写作讲义generally. The number of respondents/samples in itself does not ensure representativeness. For example, if the sample included only , then the results would no doubt suggest . Or if _, (1200) would account for only a little percentage, which would renders the result of the survey meaningles
20、s.(2)Result of the surveyA. Do the statistics make any meaningfullness? B. Are the statistics misleadingly vague?攻击“无相对比值”The argument tells us that “many” (a number of ) _. However, the speaker fails to indicate the percentage of _, so this evidence is far too vague to be meaningful.攻击“无绝对数值”The au
21、thor fails to provide information regarding the absolute number of _.C. Respondents The respondents must be statistically significant in number and representative of the overall_.(3)Who conducted the survey?The surveyor should be nonaligned / cross-becher.(4)When was the survey conducted? A threshol
22、d problem is that the editorial neglects to indicate how recently he survey was actually conducted. When samples are used to make general claims about a particular group, the samples should be close enough in time to the generalization. All we know in this editorial is that the survey was recently p
23、ublished. The less recent the survey itself, the less reliable the results to indicate current interest levels.2.Sufficient Evidence and Necessary Condition (1)Sufficient Evidencea. The argument assumes too hastily that _will necessarily result in the behavior that the argument predicts. Perhaps,_.
24、Moreover,_.b. The fact that A is not sufficient for the prediction that B .(2)Necessary ConditionThe editors recommendation depends on the assumption that no factors other than A caused B . However, common sense informs me that this assumption is a poor one. A myriad of other factors, including _or
25、_, might just as likely be the cause of B . To be specific,_. Without ruling out these and other possible causes, the editor cannot justifiably conclude that only by _ can_.新东方在线 网络课堂电子教材系列 GMAT 写作讲义3.Cause and Effect Fallacies (1) Non sequitur The arguer fails to establish the causal relationship
26、between the fact that _and the claim that_. This argument is unacceptable unless there is compelling evidence to support the connection between these two events. Perhaps, for example, _results from_.(2) Post hoc, ergo proper hoc (after this, therefore because of this)Based on the fact that _ occurre
27、d after _, the editor infers that _should be responsible for _. However, the sequence of these events, in itself, does not suffice to prove that earlier development caused the later one. I might have resulted from some other events instead: _-to just a few possibilities. Without ruling out scenarios
28、 such as these, the editor cannot establish a cause-and-effect relationship between_ and _ upon which editors the recommendation depends.(3) ConcurrenceThe argument observes a correlation between A and B , then concludes that the former is the cause of the latter. However, the argument fails to rule
29、 out other possible explanations for A or B . For example, _. Any of these factors might lead to B . Without ruling out all other factors it is unfair to conclude that A is responsible for B.(4) Confuse the cause and effect It is possible that the mayor has confused cause with effect respecting the
30、recent developments in Ocean View. Perhaps A was a response to B. Since the mayor has failed to account for this possibility, the claim that _ is completely unwarranted.4.Changing Scope Fallacies (1)Different concepts A threshold problem involves the definition of A . The arguer fails to define this
31、 critical term. If A is defined as B , then how C , is irrelevant to whether_. In short, without a clear definition of A , it is impossible to assess the strength of the argument.(2)What is true for a member is also true for the group The argument resets on the assumption that 个体案例 typify nationwide
32、 整体情况. If this is not the case, then it is entirely possible that 在另一个地方，上述个案的结果不会发生相同的情况 Thus, lacking more marketing information about _ nationwide, it is difficult to assess the merit of the memos recommendation.新东方在线 网络课堂电子教材系列 GMAT 写作讲义(3)Assuming that characteristics of a group apply to each
33、group member One problem with the argument is that it assumes that the nationwide (characteristics of a group apply to every member of that group) statistics about _ applies equally to 个体成员， Yet this might not be the case, for a variety of possible reasons. Perhaps _; or perhaps _ . Without ruling o
34、ut such possibilities, the author cannot justifiably conclude that _.(4)Average5.Incomplete Thought (1)Failing to weigh the advantage and disadvantage thoroughly In addition, the author fails to consider the possible negative impacts brought about by .(2)ProfitThe author conclusion that _ is unwarra
35、nted. Profit is factor of not only revenue, but also costs. Its entirely possible that the costs of_ , or other costs associated with _, will offset, even outweigh the revenue. Besides, a myriad of other possible occurrence, such as unfavorable economic conditions, might prevent _ from being as prof
36、itable in the foreseeable futures as the argument predicts.6.All things remain unchanged over time(1)Past conditions remain unchanged in the present and future The author claims that _, because _ . The author assumes without justification that the background conditions have remained the same at diff
37、erent time. The assumption is unwarranted because things rarely remain the same over extended periods of time. There are likely all kinds of difference between A and B . For example, A_; however, B_. Any of these scenarios, if true, would serve to undermine the claim that _(2)Present Conditions will
38、 remain unchanged into the future 7.Vague evidence 8.Analogy and comparison(1)False analogy The arguers recommendation relies on what might be a poor analogy between A and B. The analogy falsely depends on the assumption that _ in both A and B are similar. However, it is entirely possible that A 与 B
39、 存在很大的不同. In short, without accounting for important possible differences between A and B, the arguer cannot reasonably prove the proposed method will help A_ . (2)Incomplete or selective comparison新东方在线 网络课堂电子教材系列 GMAT 写作讲义(3)Comparison and Variation 9.False dilemma Even assuming A is not the reas
40、on for the B , the author falsely assumes that the B must be attributable to C. This “either-or ” argument is fallacious in that it ignores other possible causes of the B . For example, perhaps 其他可能原因, or perhaps 其他可能原因10.Unwarranted Assumption The author falsely depends on gratuitous assumption tha
41、t _. However, no evidence is stated in the argument to support this assumption. For example, it is most likely that _. Therefore, the argument is unwarranted without ruling out such possibility.11. Hasty generalizationIn addition, the arguer commits a fallacy of hasty generalization. Even if A , it
42、does not follow that B . It is highly possible that other factors may have contributed to B. For instance, _ . Besides, the arguer does not provide any solid information concerning B. Without ruling out these and other possible factors that give rise to B, the author cannot confidently conclude that
43、 _.范文：48. The following appeared in the editorial section of a local newspaper.“The profitability of Croesus Company, recently restored to private ownership, is a clear indication that businesses fare better under private ownership than under public ownership.”Based upon the profitability of the Cro
44、esus Company and the fact that it was recently converted from public to private ownership, the author concludes that private ownership is better for businesses than public ownership. I find this 新东方在线 网络课堂电子教材系列 GMAT 写作讲义argument unconvincing in two respects.In the first place, the evidence the aut
45、hor provides is insufficient to support the conclusion drawn from it. One example is rarely sufficient to establish a general conclusion. Unless it can be shown that Croesus Company is representative of all companies that have converted from public to private ownership, the conclusion that all compa
46、nies would be more profitable under private ownership is completely unwarranted. In fact, in the face of such limited evidence it is fallacious to draw any conclusion at all.In the second place, the author assumes that the reason for Croesus profitability was its conversion from public to private ow
47、nership. This assumption, however, is not supported in the argument. In the absence of evidence to support this assumption many other explanations for Croesus Companys profitability are possible. For example, its success may be due to the fact that Croesus has few competitors or because the product or service it provides is unique, or because it has an excep
