1、第 1 页 共 44 页 12010 年高考英语复习精典素材14.高考英语常用词汇辨析 500 组A about around round 作副词时都含“四处”、“遍地”的意思。 about 系常用词 , 如:look about 四处看。 around 具有 about 的基本意思 , 因此 look about=look around, 但在下列短语里 around没有 about 正式, 如:travel around 各处旅行 round 和 around 在非正式用法中可以互换 , 但一般用 round 时更简练。在正式用语中, 一般用 round 指“旋转”, 而用 around
2、指“处处”, “ 到处”, 如:She turned round at such a noise. 听到这样的吵声, 她回头看。I have been looking for it all around. 我到处都找过了。 另外, 英国人用 round 的地方, 美国人倾向于用 around, 如:英 Winter comes round.美 Winter comes around. above all;after all;at all above all 意为“尤其是”、“首先”、“最重要的是”,常位于句首或句中,作插入语,起强调作用。如: But above all tell me qui
3、ckly what I have to do可首先快些告诉我该做什么。 A clock must above all keeps good time时钟最重要的是必须走得准。 after all 意为 “毕竟”、 “终究”、“终归”、“到底”,在句中位置较灵活。可位于句首、句中或句末。如: After all,your birthday is only two weeks away毕竟,两周后就是你的生日。 He is, after all,a small child他毕竟还是个小孩子。 He failed after all他终于失败了。 at all 用于否定句时,意为“丝毫;根本”,用于
4、疑问句时意为“究竟;到底”,用于条件句时,常译为“当真;实在”。用于肯定句中,表示说话人的某种情绪或情感(如怀疑或惊奇等),意为“竟然”等。如: He doesnt like you at all他根本不喜欢你。 Are you going to do it at all?你究竟做不做这件事? If you do it at all,do it well若你真要做这件事,就得做好。 I was surprised at his coming at all他竟然来了,我很惊讶。 add; add to; addto; add up to add 作“加,增加 ”解时,既可作及物动词,又可用作不及
5、物动词;作“又说,补充说”解时,与直接或间接引语连用。如: If the tea is too strong, add some more hot water 如果茶太浓了,再加点开水。 After a short while, he added that he would try his best 过了一会儿,他又接着说他会尽力。 add to 意为“增添,增加,增进”。如: 第 2 页 共 44 页 2The bad weather added to our difficulties 恶劣的天气增加了我们的困难。 add to 意为“把加到”,是把前一项加到后一项之后或之中。如: Add
6、two to seven, and you will get nine七加二等于九。 add up to 意为“加起来总共是累计得”,该短语不用于被动语态。如: All his school education added up to no more than one year 他的学校教育加起来不过一年。 affair; thing; matter; business affair 意为“事情、事件”, 含义较广,泛指已做或待做的事;复数 affairs 一般指商业事务及政府的日常事务,如财政管理、外交事务等。 thing 意为“事情、事物”,不管大事小事、好事坏事均称为 thing,一般不
7、能专指事务;复数 things 还可作 “形势”解。 matter 侧重指须留心的要事或问题、难题。 business 作“事务、事情”解时,一般不能用复数,常常指所指派的任务、责任;有时说的是指派的工作或商业上的买卖活动。 a great deal; a great deal of a great deal 用作名词,意为 “大量”,“许多”,作主语、宾语;用作副词,意为“很”或“非常”,作状语,修饰动词或用来强调比较级。如: A great deal has been studied and this is the best way 经过大量研究后,这(被认为)是最好的办法。 We are
8、 a great deal cleverer than before 我们比以前聪明多了。 a great deal of 意为“大量的”,“非常多的”,相当于 much,作定语,后接不可数名词。如: A great deal of timemoneyenergy has been spent on the project 大量的时间金钱能源花在那个工程上了。 agree on;agree to; agree with;agree that agree on 作 “就取得一致意见 ”解。例如: The building of a new car factory was agreed on la
9、st month 上月,就建一座新汽车厂之事达成了协议。 agree to 有两层含义和用法: 其一是 to 作为动词不定式符号,其后跟动词原形,作 “同意(答应)做某事”解。例如: My father agreed to buy a new pen for me 父亲答应给我买支新钢笔。 其二是 to 作为介词,之后跟表示 “计划条件建议等一类的名词或代词”。例如: They have a greed to our plan 他们已同意我们的计划。 agree with 作“同意某人的意见”解,其后可跟表示人的名词或代词,也可跟表示“意见”或“说的话”的名词或从句。例如: He agreed
10、 with my opinions 他同意了我的意见。 We agreed with what he said at the meeting 我们同意他在会上讲的话。 agree that 作“认为”解,其后跟宾语从句。例如: I agree that your composition is very good 我认为你的这篇作文写得不错。 第 3 页 共 44 页 3 allow;let 二者均可作“ 允许”解,但各有侧重: allow 重在“允许”或“容许”,也可表示客气的请求。例如: He allowed me to take his dictionary他允许我拿走他的词典。 Will
11、 you allow me to use your bike? 我可以用你的自行车吗? let 作“允许”或“让”解,主要用于口语,一般可与 allow 互换。作“允许”解时,常暗含“听任”、“默许”之意;作“让”解时,常含“祈使”或“建议”之意。注意:let 之后作宾补的不定式不带 to,且不可用于被动语态,而 allow 则相反。例如: Please let me walk with you(Please allow me to walk with you)我(请允许我)跟你一起走。注:allow 常用于 allow sbto do sth或 allow doing sth结构中。 alt
12、hough; though; as 三者均可表示“尽管;虽然”,引导让步状语从句。although 用法较正式,语气较强;though 较常用;as 则主要用于倒装句。它们的用法有如下几点值得注意: 状语从句由 although, though 或 as 引导,主句之前不可有 but, and, so, however 等并列连词,但可有 yet 或 still 等副词。 although 与 though 常可互换。例如: AlthoughThough he believes it, yet he will not act 他虽然相信它,但却不肯有所行动。 as 表示“尽管;虽然”,只能用于
13、倒装句,即:将表语、状语或谓语动词放在 as 之前。though 也可这么用。例如: Young asthough he is, he knows a lot 他虽然年纪不大,却懂得很多。 注意:如果表语是单数名词,要省略 a。例如: Child asthough he is, he can speak two foreign languages 虽然他是个孩子,但他会说两门外语。 though 可以放在句末,表示“但是”,although 却不能。例如: They said they would come; they did not, though 他们说他们会来,可是他们并没有来。 alt
14、hough 只用来陈述“事实”,不能表示“假设”。因此可以说 even though“即使”以及 as though“好像(as if)”,不能说 even although 或 as although。例如: I believe you are on dutyeven though youre in plain clothes 尽管你穿着便衣,我相信你是在值勤。 amongbetween 这两个介词都有“在之间”的意思。between 常用于两者之间; among 一般指三者或三者以上之间。若指三个以上人或物中的每两个之间时,仍然要用 between。 例如:The girl walked
15、between her father and mother这个女孩走在她父亲和母亲之间。 She is the tallest among her classmates她在她同学之间是最高的。 Switzerland lies between France,Italy,Austria and Germany瑞士位于法国、意大利、奥地利和德国之间。 argue debate dispute 都含“辩论”的意思。 argue 着重“说理 ”、“论证”和“企图说服”, 如:I argued with her for a long time, but she refused to listen to
16、reason. 我和她辩论了好久, 但她还是不听。 debate 着重“双方各述己见”, 内含“交锋”的意思, 如:We have been debating about the issue. 我们一直在就这个问题进行辩论。 dispute 指“激烈争辩”, 含有“相持不下”或“未得解决”之意,如:Whether he will be elected as chairman is still disputed. 他是否当选为主席, 仍然有争第 4 页 共 44 页 4论。 argue;quarrel ;discuss 这三个动词均有“争”的意思,但“争”法不同。 argue 着重就自己的看法或
17、观点,提出论证,同他人 “争论”或“辩论”。例如: We heard them arguing in the other room我们听见他们在另一个房间里争论。 另外,argue 同 with 搭配,其后接人;与 about 连用,其后接事物。例如: We argued with them about this problem for a long time这个问题我们同他们辩论了很长时间。 quarrel 是指对某事不喜欢或强烈不满而发生的“争吵”或“吵架”。同 with 搭配,其后接某人;和 about 连用,其后接某事。例如: He often quarrels about their
18、 housework with his wife他常为家务事同妻子争吵。 discuss 是指认真交换自己的意见或看法的 “讨论”。例如: Well discuss the use of the articles tomorrow明天我们将讨论冠词的用法。 as (so) far as; as (so) long as as(so)far as 的意思是“就而言(所知)”,as (so) far as sthis concerned 是其中一种具体用法,意为“就某事而言”;as (so) long as 意为“只要”,引导条件状语从句。如:As far as I know, more than
19、 10 million laid-off workers have found their new jobs 就我所知,一千多万下岗工人已经找到了新的工作。There is nothing that we cant do so as long as we keep on trying to do it 只要我们不断地努力去做,就没有什么事干不成。As far as the tourism of China is concerned, there is a long way to go就中国的旅游业而言,需要做的工作还很多。 asleepsleeping 二者都是形容词。asleep 仅用作表语
20、,不能作定语,表示“睡着,熟睡”的意思;而 sleeping 一般只能用作定语,放在名词前,表示“睡眠中的,休止的”意思。 如:我们不能说:an asleep baby,但可以说:a sleeping baby(一个熟睡的婴儿)。 再如:He was asleep with his head on his arms他头枕着手臂在熟睡。 asleeping dog 正在熟睡的狗 sleeping car 卧车 sleeping bag 睡袋 assert,affirm,maintain assert 宣称、断言,常指某人主观自信,坚持己见,有时不顾客观事实而断言下结论。 affirm 指以事实为
21、依据,深信不疑地肯定某种观点或看法。 maintain 指在相反的证据或论点面前,重申原来的某种观点、立场。 ADespite all the policemans questions the suspect that he had been at home all evening BIt is nonsense to that smoking does not damage peoples health CThroughout his prison sentence Dunn has always his innocence Answers:A.affirmed B.assert C.mai
22、ntained as though;even though;though as though(as if ),意为“好像;似乎”,引导方式状语从句或表语从句。如: 第 5 页 共 44 页 5He spoke as though(as if)he had been here before他说话的口气好像他以前来过这里。 It looks as if(as though)it is going to rain看起来好像要下雨。 even though(even if),意为“即使”,引导让步状语从句。though 也引导让步状语从句,意为“虽然”;even though 有退一步设想的意味,与
23、though 不同。though 引导的句子所说的是事实,even though 引导的句子所说的则不一定是事实。例如: He will not tell the secret even though(even if)he knows it即使他知道这个秘密,他也不肯说出来。 He will not tell the secret though he knows it他虽然知道这个秘密,但他不会说出来。 at the beginning;in the beginning at the beginning 在初;在开始的时候。常与 of 连用。例如: Students usually have
24、a study plan at the beginning of term 学生们在开学初制定学习计划。 in the beginning 相当于 at first,表示“起初、开始”时,含“起初是这种情况,而后来却不是这种情况”之意,不与 of 连用。例如: In the beginning,some of us took no interest in physics 起初我们有些人对物理不感兴趣。 attack assail assault charge beset 都含有“攻击“ 的意思。 attack 是常用词, 指“ 攻击敌人“或“ 用言论攻击他人“, 如:Germany began
25、 to attack the Soviet Union in 1941. 德国在 1941 年开始进攻苏联。 assail 指“猛烈连续地攻击“, 如:The enemy plane assailed our defence position. 敌机不断猛烈地攻击我们的阵地。 assault 语气比 assail 强, 指“突然猛烈地进攻“, 暗示“武力的直接接触“ (如肉搏等), 也有“ 暴力“的意思, 如:The enemy assaulted us at dawn. 敌人在黎明时向我进攻。 charge 指“冲击“或“ 骑兵的突然攻击 “, 如:The cavalry charged t
26、o the front. 骑兵猛烈向前线冲击。 beset 指“围攻“, 即从各个方向攻击, 如:In the swamp we were beset by mosquitoes. 在沼泽地里, 我们受到蚊子的围攻。 at the age ofby the age of at the age of 表示“在岁时”,后面接基数词,强调某一时刻的情况或动作,用于一般过去时,作时间状语。例如: At the age of six,he began to learn English他六岁的时候开始学英语。 She learned to play the piano at the age often她十
27、岁的时候学弹钢琴。 by the age of 表示“到岁的时候”、“在岁以前”,后面接基数词,强调到某一时刻为止的结果,用于过去完成时或将来完成时,作时间状语。例如: By the age of sixteen,he had learned to drive a car到十六岁的时候,他已经学会了开小汽车。 You will have learned more than 2000 English words by the age of fourteen 到你十四岁的时候,你将学会 2000 多个英语单词。 at the time; at that time; at one time; at
28、a time at the time 通常用于过去时句子中,指某件事情发生的“当时”、“那时”。例如: Many people saw the strange thing happen at the time 当时,许多人都看到了这件奇怪的事情的发生。 有时,at the time 的后面可接“of”短语。这时,它表示“在(某事态)发生的第 6 页 共 44 页 6时候”或“在的时代”。例如: Were you in San Francisco at the time of the big earth quake in 1989 1989 年旧金山发生地震时,你在那里吗? It happene
29、d at the time of King Alfred 事情发生在阿尔弗雷德国王时期。 at that time 则通常指前文明确提到的某个时期、时候。通常其后不带“of”短语。例如: In the 17th century much corn was grown in Tibet and SichuanAt that time(At the 17th century) the land along the Changjiang River was becoming very crowded at one timeduring a period of time in the past 意为“
30、 过去有一段时期”,“曾经”。例如: They used to be good friends at one time 他们曾经是好朋友。 at a time 则意为“一次”,表示一个时间单位。它常与表示数量的词语连用,表示频率。例如: Dont speak all at onceOne at a time, please 不要同时一起说。一次只一个人说。 Take the medicine three times a day and three pieces at a time 这些药每天服三次,每次服三粒。 at speed with speed at the speed of 或者 at
31、 speed,意为“以 的速度”。而当 speed 被 all, lightning, great 等修饰时,介词应用 with。我们可用一句口诀来帮助记忆:都(all)以闪电般(lightning)大(great)的速度行驶。如:Our car was running with all speed on the expressway 我们的车在高速公路上全速行驶。The Long March No2 Rocket sent up the satellite into space at the speed of 112 kilometers per second 长征二号火箭以每秒钟 112
32、公里的速度将卫星发射到太空。B becausesince as for 这四个词都是表示原因或理由的连接词,但是as,because,since 是从属连词,引导原因状语从句, for 是并列连词,所引导的不是原因状语从句,而是表示理由的对等句子,是对前面所讲内容补充和说明。在语气上由强至弱依次为 becausesince as for。because 引导的从句多置于句末,表示直接的原因或理由,表示产生那种结果的必然的因果关系,在回答 why 的提问时,必须用 because 作答。 如:We stayed at home because it rained因为下雨我们呆在家里。 as 与
33、since 引导的从句多置于句首,不过 as 表示十分明显的原因,只说明一般的因果关系,可译为“因为、由于”;而 since 则表示稍加分析、对方已知的原因,一般可译为“既然”。如: As he was not feeling well,I decided to go there alone 由于他身体欠佳,我决定独自去那里。Since everyone is here,lets start既然大家都到了,咱们就开始吧。 for 引导的从句一般放在句末,其前用逗号,它所叙述的理由是间接的,即推测性理由,或是对前面叙述的事实或看法的补充说明。如: There must be nobody in
34、the classroom,for the light is off教室里一定没有人,因为灯灭了。(推测性理由) believe;believe in believe 作及物动词时,其后可跟名词,表示“相信”;后接从句或复合宾语时,表示第 7 页 共 44 页 7“认为;料想;相信”等。如: I believe what he says我相信他的话。 I believe that he will succeed我相信他会成功的。 believe in 是一个动介型短语动词,表示“信奉;信仰”(指对某种思想、主张、观念、行动具有信心)和“信任(have trust in)”。如: They be
35、lieve in God他们信仰上帝。 I believe in having plenty of exercise我相信多锻炼有好处。 believe 和 believe in 后均可接表示人的名词或代词,但含义不同。试比较: I believe in him(I think he is a frustworthy man)我信任他。 I believe him(I believe what he says)我相信他的话。 belief faith trust confidence 都含有“相信” 的意思。 belief 指“承认某事是真的, 尽管有或没有确凿的证据”, 如:belief i
36、n ghosts. 相信有鬼。 faith 指“ 认为有确凿证据或道理而完全相信 ”, 如:I have faith in his ability to succeed. 我相信他有成功的能力。 trust 指“信赖”、“信任”, 含有“坚定的信念”的意思 , 如:enjoy the trust of the people 得到人民的信任。 confidence 指“在有证据的基础上相信”, 也常指“自信”、“有把握”, 如:She has great confidence in her success. 她对自己的成功充满信心。 besides;except ;but 三者都可以用作介词。用
37、于肯定句中时,except but 意为“除外(不再有)”;besides 意为“除外(还有)”。请比较: All of them have seen the film exceptbut Wu Dong 除了吴东外,他们都看过了那部影片。All of them have seen the film besides Wu Dong 除了吴东看过那部影片外,他们也都看过了。 except 后接名词、代词、ing 或不定式时,可以与 but 互换;except 后接副词、介词短语时,一般不能为 but 所替换。如:Ill do everything exceptbut cook 除了做饭,我什么事
38、情都干。 This window is never opened except in summer 除了在夏天,这个窗子从不打开。 用在否定句中,三者可以互换。如: There arent any other people to do the work exceptbut besides you 除了你,没人能做这工作。 be anxious to; be anxious for; be anxious about ;be anxious that be anxious to 表示“急于”、“渴望”,其中 to 是不定式符号,后面接动词原形; be anxious for 表示“渴望 ”,后面
39、接名词或代词时,强调渴望得到某物或渴望了解某事;后面接 sbto do sth时,表示“渴望某人能做某事”,其中 for sbto do sth是不定式复合结构。 be anxious about 表示“对感到不安”、“为担心”、“为忧虑”; be anxious that 表示“渴望”,后面接从句,that 从句的谓语动词须用虚拟语气; EXERCISES第 8 页 共 44 页 8I the result of the examination We know the result of the examination We Mr Liu to help us with our Englis
40、h Mr Li a new car They arrive home before dark(Key: am anxious aboutfor are anxious to are anxious for is anxious for are anxious to)1) The girl a new dictionary 2) All the students their results of this examination 3) Everyone know their results of the competition 4) We Mr Zhao to return 5) We she
41、should do her best Key: 1) wasis anxious for 2) are anxious about 3) is anxious to 4)are anxious for 5) are anxious that be known as; be known for; be known to; be known in be known as 意为“作为而著名”,其后的名词表示一个人的身份、职业等。如: Liu Huan is known as a singer刘欢作为一个歌手而出名。 Were sure youll be well-known as an artist
42、我们相信你会成为一位著名的画家。 be known for 意为“因而著名”,其后所接内容表示某人或物的特点、特长等。如: Guilin is known for her beautiful mountains and rivers桂林因其美丽的山水而闻名。 Mr Geldof is well-known for organizing two big pop concerts on the same day 盖尔多夫先生因在同一天组织两场大型的流行音乐会而出名。 be known to “为所了解知道”,其后接表示人的词语。“(人们都)知道”,其后接动词原形。如: He is known to
43、 all in our village村子里的人都了解他。 He was known to have invented many thingsIt was known that he had invented many things人们都知道他已经发明了很多东西。 be known in 意为“在某地很著名”。如: He is well-known in the town where he was born 他在自己出生的那个镇子上很出名。 be made ofbe made inbe made frombe made bybe made up of be made of 表示“由制成”,指从
44、原料到制成品,只发生了形状变化,没有发生本质变化(属物理变化)。 be made in 当后面接时间的数词或名词时,表示“某物何时制造的或何时产的”。当后面接指地点的名词时,表示“某地产某物”。 be made from 表示“由制成”,指从原料到制成品,发生了质的变化,已无法复原(属化学变化)。 be made by 表示“由制做” ,后面接指人的名词或代词,强调动作的执行者。 be made up of 表示“由构成(组成)”,强调主语由两部分或两个以上的部分构成或组成。 【练习】用 be made in,be made of,be made from,be made by 或 be ma
45、de up of 填空。This bike Tianjin This table wood The car 1999 Paper wood The kite my mother The team ten members 【Keys】was made in; is made of ; was made in ;is made from;was made by;is made up of be used forbe used asbe used by be used for 表示“被用作”或“ 被用来作”,后面接名词或第 9 页 共 44 页 9ving,其中 for 表示目的。 be used
46、as 表示“作为 而用”或“用作”,后面接名词或动词不定式,强调使用的工具及手段。 be used by 表示“由使用”,后面接指人的名词或代词,强调使用者。 【练习】用 be used for,be used as 或 be used by 填空。 A telephone better communication(交流) The motorbike Liu Ming A ruler often a knife by him to cut a piece of paper open 【 Keys】is used for;is used by;is,used as be pleased with; be pleased at(或 about);be pleased to 1) The manager you before 2) My boss must see you again in HongKong 3) I seeing so many students present 4) I hear Mr Zhao your article析: was pleased