1、CPA key terms:Corporate governance 公司治理Internal audit 内部审计Agency theory 代理理论Control environment 控制环境Control procedures 控制程序Risk assessment 风险评价Sharing of information 信息沟通Monitoring 监控Political risk 政治风险Country risk 国家风险Project risk 项目风险Legal/compliance risk 法律/合规风险Operational risk 操作风险Commodity risk
2、 产品风险Foreign exchange risk 外汇风险Floating rate 浮动利率Fixed rate 固定利率Liquidity risk 流动性风险Credit risk 信用风险Strategic risk 战略风险Reputation risk 声誉风险Risk appetite 风险偏好Risk acceptance 风险接受Risk avoidance 风险规避Risk mitigation 风险缓释Risk transfer 风险转移Risk attitude 风险态度Financial instrument 金融工具Derivatives 衍生品Hedging
3、对冲/套期Forward contract 远期合约Swap 掉期/互换Options 期权Call options 看涨期权Put options 看跌期权Futures 期货Exercise price 行权价格Spot rate 即期汇率Forward rate 远期汇率Premium/discount 升水/贴水Integrity 诚信Independence 独立Objectivity 客观Professional competence and due care 专业胜任能力和应有的关注Confidentiality 保密Professional behavior 职业行为Self-
4、interest 自身利益Self-review 自我评价Advocacy 过度推介Familiarity 密切关系Intimidation（external pressure） 外在压力Client acceptance 接受客户关系Engagement acceptance 承接业务Changes in a professional appointment 客户变更委托Conflicts of interest 利益冲突Second opinions 第二次意见Fees 收费Marketing professional services 专业服务宣传Gifts and hospitalit
5、y 礼品和招待Custody of client assets 保管客户资产Requirements for objectivity and impartiality 客观公正原则的要求Audit and review engagements 审计和审阅业务Assurance engagements 鉴证业务Networks and network firms 网络和网络事务所Public interest entities 公共利益实体Related entities 关联实体Corporate governance 公司治理Documentation 记录Engagement period
6、 业务期间Mergers and acquisitions 合并和收购Financial interests 经济利益Loans and guarantees 贷款和担保Employment 雇佣Long association with an audit client 与审计客户长期关系Preparing accounting records and financial statements 准备会计记录和编制财务报表Recruiting services 招聘服务Overdue fees 逾期收费Contingent fees 或有收费Macro-environment 宏观经济环境Pro
7、duct life cycle 产品生命周期Porters five forces 波特的五力模型Threat of New Entrants 行业新进入者的威胁Threat of Substitute Products 替代品的威胁Bargaining Power of customers 购买商的议价能力Bargaining Power of Suppliers 供应商的议价能力Competition/rivalry 竞争Strategic group 战略组群Segmentation 细分Porters diamond 波特的钻石模型Convergence 集中，趋同Resource a
8、udit 资源审计SWOT SWOT 模型Opportunity 机会Threat 威胁Strength 优势Weakness 劣势Resources 资源Capability 能力Core competence 核心竞争力Value chain 价值链Support or secondary value activities 辅助活动Primary value activities 基本活动Firm infrastructure 企业基础设施建设Human resource management 人力资源管理Technology development 技术开发Procurement 采购I
9、nbound logistics 进货后勤Operations 生产经营Outbound logistics 发货后勤Marketing and sales 市场营销Gap analysis 差距分析Functional structure 职能结构Divisional structure 事业部结构（product division， geographical division） （产品事业部、地区事业部）SBU（strategic business unit） 战略业务单元Matrix organization 矩阵组织Simple structure 简单型结构Machine burea
10、ucracy 机械型企业Professional bureaucracy 专业型企业Divisionalized structure 部门型结构Adhocracy bureaucracy 灵活型企业Missionary bureaucracy 使命型企业Plan 计划Ploy 计谋Pattern 模式Position 定位Perspective 观念 Initial measurement 初始计量Subsequent measurement 后续计量Consideration 对价capital reserve （additional paid-in capital ） 资本公积retain
11、ed earning 留存收益merger and acquisition 并购（兼并和收购）Business combination under the same control 同一控制下的企业合并Combining party 合并方Combined party 被合并方Combining date 合并日Business combination under the different control 非同一控制下的企业合并Acquirer 购买方Acquiree 被购买方Acquisition date 购买日cost method 成本法equity method 权益法acquis
12、ition method 购买法control 控制joint control 共同控制significant influence 重大影响subsidiary 子公司associate 联营企业joint venture 合营企业step acquisition 多次收购达到控制non-controlling interest 非控制权益/少数股东权益goodwill 商誉negative goodwill 负商誉adjusting entries 调整分录eliminate inter-company items 抵消公司间往来项目Impairment loss: 减值损失Recovera
13、ble amount： 可收回金额Carrying value： 账面价值Fair value minus the disposal expenses ( FV less cost to sell) : 公允价值减去处置费用Current value of the expected future cash flow of the assets ( Value in use ): 预计未来现金流量的现值Individual asset： 个别资产Group asset ( cash generating unit): 资产组Impairment test (review): 减值测试Revers
14、al of impairment: 减值的转回Impairment signs (indicators): 减值迹象Equity settled share based payment 以权益结算的股份支付Cash settled share based payment 以现金结算的股份支付Option 股票期权Grant date 授予日Vesting period 等待期，行权限制期Vesting date 可行权日Exercise date 行权日Stock appreciation right 股票增值权service condition 服务期限条件performance condi
15、tion 业绩条件Market related condition 市场条件Non market related condition 非市场条件Modification of terms 条款的修改Cancellation and settlement 取消和结算Revenue : 收入Substance over form: 实质重于形式Sale of goods: 销售商品Rendering of service: 提供劳务Interest, royalties, dividends: 利息，使用费，红利Consignment stock 委托代销商品Sale and repurchase
16、 售后回购Sale and lease back 售后回租Goods shipped subject to conditions-installation and inspection 商品需要安装和检验销售Goods shipped subject to conditions-right of return 附有销售退回条件的销售Consignment sales 委托代销Payment in advance of delivery 预收款销售Installment sales 分期收款销售Cash discount, trade discount and sales allowances
17、现金折扣，商业折扣和销售折让Trade in 以旧换新Collection with acceptance 托收承付Installation fees 安装费Advertising commissions 广告费Admission fees 入会费Tuition fees 学费Membership fees 会员费Franchise fees 特许权费Perpetuity 永续年金Advanced annuities 预付年金Delayed annuities 递延年金Mean 均值Variance 方差Standard deviation 标准差Normal Distribution 正态分
18、布Portfolio of securities 证券组合Face value/par value 面值Yield to maturity 到期收益率Interest rate 利率Nominal/stated interest rate 票面利率Maturity date 到期日Expiry date 到期日Required rate of return 要求的报酬率CAPM: capital asset pricing model 资本资产定价模型Covariance and correlation 协方差和相关性Diversifiable and non-diversifiable ri
19、sks 可分散和不可分散风险Risk free rate of return 无风险报酬率Risk premium 风险溢价WACC 加权平均资本成本Cost of debt 债券资本成本Cost of equity 权益资本成本Ordinary share 普通股Convertible debt 可转换债券Equity beta: equity 权益贝塔系数Redeem 赎回At par 面值DOL( degree of operating leverage) 经营杠杆系数DFL (degree of financing leverage) 财务杠杆系数DTL (degree of tota
20、l leverage) 总杠杆系数Financial distress 财务困境Dividend policy 股利政策Cash dividend 现金股利Stock （scrip ） dividend 股票股利Stock split 股票分割Stock repurchase 股票回购Dividends grow at the long-term growth rate in earnings股利按长期增长率增长Payout ratio 股利支付率Residual dividend policy with all distribution in the form of dividend所有剩余
21、均以股利形式发放的剩余股利政策Regular-dividend-plus-extras policy 正常股利加额外股利支付政策Leasing 租赁Convertibles 可转换债券Warrants 认股权证Preference shares 优先股Discounted cash flow （DCF） 折现现金流Net present value (NPV) 净现值Internal rate of return ( IRR) 内部收益率Payback period (PP) 回收期Discounted payback period (DPP) 折现回收期Capital rationing 资
22、本分配Profitability index 获利指数Mutually exclusive projects 互斥项目Sensitivity analysis 敏感性分析Linear programming 线性规划Simulations 模拟Real options 实物期权Marginal costing 变动成本法（边际成本法）Cost-volume-profit （CVP） 本量利分析Contribution margin 贡献边际，贡献毛益，贡献毛利Margin of safety 安全边际Variable cost 变动成本Fixed cost 固定成本Discretionary
23、Fixed Cost 酌量性固定成本Committed Fixed Cost 约束性固定成本 Risk-oriented ( based ) audit approach 风险导向审计方法Audit risk = material misstatement risk x detection risk =inherent risk x control risk x detection risk审计风险=重大错报风险检查风险=固有风险控制风险检查风险Assessing the risk of material misstatement 评估重大错报的风险 Fraud 舞弊；欺诈Error 错误Pr
24、ofessional skepticism 职业怀疑Reasonable assurance 合理保证Test of control 控制测试Substantive procedure 实质性程序Audit evidence 审计证据Assertion 认定Assessment 评估Internal Control System 内部控制制度 Omission 漏报Misstatement 错报Materiality 重要性Materiality level 重要性水平Tolerable misstatement 可接受的错报Walkthrough tests 穿行测试Tests of det
25、ail 细节测试Analytical procedures 分析程序Transaction cycle 交易循环Sales and trade receivables 销售和收款Purchase and trade payables 采购和付款Inventory and store 存货和仓储Financing and investment 筹资和投资Analytical review 分析性复核Provision for doubtful debts 坏账准备Letter of Confirmation 函证Positive/negative confirmation 积极/消极函证Auth
26、orization 授权Physical control 实物控制Segregation of duties 职责分离Letter of Engagement 审计业务约定书Assurance engagement and external audit 鉴证业务和外部审计Audit approach 审计方法Staffing 人员安排Deadline 截止日期Group Audit 集团审计 Going concern 持续经营Tolerable Error 可容忍错误True and fair presentation 真实公允反映Types of opinion: unqualified
27、opinion, qualified opinion, adverse opinion, disclaimer of opinion审计意见类型：无保留意见，保留意见，否定意见，无法表示意见Audit documentation: working paper 审计记录：工作底稿Rely on the work of experts 依靠专家工作Internal audit 内部审计Audit evidence 审计证据Population （样本选取的）总体Counting 盘点Subsequent events 随后事项（期后事项）Quality control 质量控制Management representation 管理层声明Emphasis of matter paragraph 强调事项段Corporate governance 公司治理Component 组成部分Component auditor 组成部分注册会计师Group 集团Group audit 集团审计Group audit opinion 集团审计意见Group engagement partner 集团项目合伙人Group engagement team 集团项目组Group management 集团管理层Group-wide controls 集团层面控制
