1、间接引语一、如何变人称; 下面有一句顺口溜“一随主。二随宾，第三人称不更新”。“一随主”是指在直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰。从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化如： She said. “My brother wants to go with me.“ She said her brother wanted to go with her. “二随宾”是指直接引语变间接引语时，若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称。或被第二人你所修饰。从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语。也可以用第一人称，如： He said to Kate. “Ho
2、w is your sister now?“ He asked Kate how her sister was then。 “第三人称不更新”是指直接引语变间接引语时。如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰从句中的人称一般不需要变化如： Mr. Smith said: “Jack is a good worker。“ Mr. Smith said Jack was a good worker。 二、如何变时态： 直接引语在改为间接引语时、时态需要做相应的调整。 现在时它需改为过去时态；过去时态改为完成时；过去完成时则保留原来的时态。如： 1) She said. “I have l
3、ost a pen.“ She said she had lost a pen. 2) She said. “We hope so.“ She said they hoped so. 3) She said. “He will go to see his friend。“She said he would go to see his friend。 但要注意在以下几种情况下。在直接引语变为间接引语时，时态一般不变化。 直接引语是客观真理。 “The earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth, the teach
4、er told me. The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth。 直接引语是过去进行时，时态不变。如： Jack said. “John, where were you going when I met you in the street?” Jack asked John where he was going when he met him in the street。 直接引语中有具体的过去某年、某月、某日作状语，变为间接引语时，时态不变。如： Xiao W
5、ang said. “I was born on April 20, 1980。“ Xiao Wang said he was born on April 20, 1980。 直接引语如果是一般现在时。表示一种反复出现或习惯性的动作，变间接引语，时态不变。如： He said, “I get up at six every morning。“ He said he gets up at six every morning。 如果直接引语中的情态动词没有过去时的形式（例：ought to， had better, used to)和已经是过去时的形式时，（例：could, should, wou
6、ld, might）不再变。如： Peter said. “You had better come have today。“ Peter said I had better go there that day。 三、如何变状语： 直接引语变间接引语，状语变化有其内在规则，时间状语由“现在”改为“原来”（例：now变为 then, yesterday变为 the day before）地点状语，尤其表示方向性的，或用指示代词修饰的状语，由“此”改为“彼”（例：this 改为that),如： He said, “These books are mine.“ He said those books
7、were his. 四、如何变句型： 直接引语如果是陈述句，间接引语应改为由that引导的宾语从句。如：She said, “Our bus will arrive in five minutes.“ She said that their bus would arrive in five minutes. 直接引语如果是反意疑问句，选择疑问句或一般疑问句，间接引语应改为由whether或if 引导的宾语从句.如：He said, “Can you swim, John?“ He asked John if he could swim. “You have finished the homew
8、ork, havent you?“ my mother asked. My mother asked me whether I had finished the homework. “Do you go to school by bus or by bike?“ He asked me if I went to school by bus or by bike. 直接引语如果是特殊问句，间接引语应该改为由疑问代词或疑问副词引导的宾语从句（宾语从句必须用陈述句语序）。 She asked me, “When do they have their dinner?“ She asked me whe
9、n they had their dinner. 直接引语如果是祈使句，间接引语应改为“tell(ask, order, beg等) sb.(not) to do sth.“句型。如： “Dont make any noise,“ she said to the children. She told (ordered) the children not to make any noise. “Bring me a cup of tea, please,“ said she. She asked him to bring her a cup of tea. 直接引语如果是以“Lets”开头的祈使
10、句，变为间接引语时，通常用“suggest +动句词（或从句）。”如： He said, “ Lets go to the film.“ He suggested going to the film.或He suggested that they should go to see the film. 引述别人的话有两种方式：一是使用引号引出人家的原话，这叫做直接引语；一是用自己的话把人家的话转述出来，这叫做间接引语。例如： John said, “Im going to London with my father.“ 约翰说：“我要和父亲到伦敦去。 “（引号内是直接引语） John said
11、that he was going to London with his father. 约翰说，他要和他父亲去伦敦。（宾语从句是间接引语） 由直接引语变为间接引语，分以下情况： 1、直接引语是陈述句时 间接引语为that引导的宾语从句（口语中 that可以省略），主句的引述动词主要有 say ,tell, repeat, explain, think等。 He said, “You are younger than I.” He said (that) I was younger than him. 2、直接引语是疑问句时 间接引语为陈述语序：主句的谓语动词say 改为ask, 或改为 wo
12、nder, do not know, want to know, be not sure, be puzzled等。 （1 ） 一般疑问句或反意疑问句变为if (whether)引导的宾语从句。 She said, “Do you often come here to read newspapers?“ She asked me if (或whether)I often went there to read newspapers. She asked me, “You have seen the film, havent you?“ She asked me whether(或 if )I h
13、ad seen the film. （2 ） 选择疑问句变为whether .or 宾语从句。 I asked him, “Will you stay at home or go to a film tonight?“ I asked him whether he would stay at home or go to a film that night. (3)特殊疑问句变为由原来的疑问词引导的宾语从句。 He asked, “Where do you live?“ He asked me where I lived. 3、直接引语是祈使句时 间接引语为不定式，作ask , tell, be
14、g, order, warn, advise等动词的宾语补足语（dont 变为not ）. The teacher said to the boy, “Open the window.“ The teacher told the boy to open the window. His father said to him, “Dont leave the door open.” His father told him not to leave the door open. 注意 （1 ） 有些表示建议、提议、劝告或要求的祈使句，可以用suggest ,insist等动词 加以转述。例如： He
15、 said, “Lets go to the theatre.“ He suggested (our )going to the theatre.或He suggested that we(should) go to the theatre. (2) “Would you mind opening the window?“ he asked. He asked me to open the window. “Why dont you take a walk after supper?“ he asked . he advised me to take a walk after supper.
16、“Shall we listen to the music?“ he asked. He suggested listening to the music. 4、直接引语是感叹句时 间接引语为what 或how 引导，也可以用 that 引导。 She said, “What a lovely day it is !“ She said what a lovely day it was .或She said that it was a lovely day. 5、如果主句谓语动词为各种现在时或一般将来时，则间接引语中的动词仍保持直接引语原来时态。如果主句谓语动词为过去时，间接引语中的动词时态按
17、下列变化： （1 ） 一般现在时变为一般过去时 （2 ） 现在进行时变为过去进行时 （3 ） 一般将来时变为过去将来时 （4 ） 现在完成时变为过去完成时 （5 ） 一般过去时变为过去完成时 （6 ） 过去完成时不变，仍为过去完成时 注意 （1 ） 如果直接引语是表示客观真理时，变为间接引语，一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如： The teacher said “The earth goes round the sun.“ The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun. （2 ） 如果直接引语中有明确表示过时间的状语，变为间接引语时，一般过
18、去时不改为过去完成时。如： He said to me, “I was born in 1973.“ He told me that he was born in 1973. (3)如果直接引语所述事实在当时和目前同样生效，变为间接宾语时，一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如： He said, “Im a boy, not a girl.“ He said that he is a boy ,not a girl. (4)如果直接引语中的谓语动词表示一种反复出现或习惯动作，在变为间接引时，一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如： The girl said, “I get up at six every
19、morning.“ The girl said that she gets up at six every morning. (5)如果直接引语中含有since, when, while 引导的表示过去时间的状语从句，在变为间接引语时，只改变主句中的谓语动词，从句的一般过去时则不变。如： He said to me, “I have taught English since he came here .“ He told me that he had taught English since he came here. (6)如果直接引语中含有情态动词 must, need, had bett
20、er以及情态动词的过去式could, might, should, would,在变为间接引语时，这些情态动词没有时态的改变。例如： The teacher said to me . “You must pay more attention to your pronunciation.“ The teacher told me that I must (have to ) pay more attention to my pronunciation. He said , “I could swim when I was only six .“ He said that he could swi
21、m when he was only six. 6.代词等一般地应作用相应的变化。 指示代词 this -that these- those 表示时间的词 now - then today- that day this week(month ,etc) -that week (month ,etc) yesterday -the day before last week(month) - the week(month) before three days(a year)ago-three days(a year)before tomorrow -the next (following ) da
22、y next week(month)-the next(following)week(month) 表地点的词 here -there 动词 bring - take come go直接引语变间接引语的用法及讲解定义：直接引语：直接引用别人的原话，并在原话前后加引号。例：He said:“ It is too late.“间接引语：用自己的话转述别人的话，多数以宾语从句的形式构成。例：He said it was too late.直接引语与间接引语相互转化时应注意的问题第一：人称的变化。主语为第一人称的直接引语，变间接引语时，人称要做相应调整。例如：直接引语 She said:“ I am
23、hungry.“间接引语 She said she was hungry.直接引语 Mum said to me:“ You must clean your bedroom by yourself.“间接引语 Mum told me that I had to clean my bedroom by myself.第二：时态变化直接引语变间接引语时，间接引语的时态要与主句的时态一致。其规律如下图。注意：1.直接引语为客观真理时，间接引语时态不变，仍用一般现在时。例如：Teacher told us:“ The moon moves round the earth.“Teacher told u
24、s the moon moves round the earth.2.直接引语为一般过去时并且与具体时间状语连用时，间接引语仍用一般过去时。例如：She said:“ I went to England in 1998.“She said she went to England in 1998.3.主句为一般现在时或一般将来时的时候，间接引语时态不变。He says:“ I bought you a book yesterday.“He says that he bought me a book yesterday.第三：指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和动词的变化。第四：句式上的变化1.陈述句变
25、间接引语时，用that 连接。如：She said:“ I am a girl.“She said that she was a girl. (that可以省略)2.一般疑问句，选择疑问句和反意疑问句变间接引语时，要用陈述语气，并要加连词if或whether。例如：She asked me:“ Are you Mr. Li?“She asked me if I was Mr. Li.She asked us: “Do you want to go on a picnic?“She asked us if we wanted to go on a picnic.3.特殊疑问句变间接引语要用特殊疑
26、问词引导。例如：“How much have we spent on petrol this year,“ Susan asked her husband.Susan asked her husband how much they had spent on petrol that year.4.祈使句变间接引语，一改二变三加四去。一改：said (to) 改为asked 或told, ordered等二变：said to 的宾语或呼语变为asked 等的宾语三加：即在动词原形前加to ，使成为动词不定式四去：去掉please例：He said to her:“ Dont take the bo
27、ok away.“He asked her not take the book away.5.感叹句变为间接引语“What awful weather it is!“ she said.She complained about the awful weather.“What a bright girl you are.“ He said to me.He praised me that I was a bright girl.一、第一条件句：第一条件句是指真实条件句，主要用于陈述语气，假设的情况可能发生。第一条件句中的动词应该用一般现在时代替一般将来时；用现在完成时代替将来完成时。如：If M
28、ary goes to the concert, she will bring her brother.If the weather is fine tomorrow, we shall go to the country.注意：在第一条件句中，主句不能用be going to 表示将来，应用shall, will。例如：If you leave now, you are never going to regret it. (错误 ) If you leave now, you will never regret it. (正确)二、第二条件句：第二条件句是非真实条件句的一种，它表示现在或将来
29、不可能实现，或实现的可能性很小的一种假设。它的谓语动词所表示的动作、状态都是虚构的、假想的、不可能实现或实现的可能性很小的。第二条件句中的谓语动词用一般过去时或should (were to)+动词原形，而主句中的谓语动词则用would / should / could / might+动词原形。If I were you, I should not do that.If everyone in the country knew first aid, many lives would be saved.注意：if 条件句中如有were, should, had，可以省去if，并使用倒装语序。W
30、ere I a boy, I would join the army.在现代英语中，if非真实条件状语从句中的谓语动词如果是be，其过去形式一般用were。定语从句定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词，词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。目录定义 先行词 关系词 定语 1,who, whom, that 2,which、that 用来指物 3.whose 关系副词的用法及说明 关系副词why 关系副词when 关系副词where 非限制性定语从句 whom指人 which 、that 通常指人也可指物 that指人时 when指时间 why指原因 介词和关系代词 关系代词 判断介词和关系代词 关系词的选择 只用that不用which 只用who不用 that
