1、CET考试语法结构与应试策略 一、大纲要求 最新大学英语教学大纲(1999)对四级语法的要求是:“巩固和加深基本语法知识,提高在语篇水平上运用语法知识的能力。”大纲对四级词汇的要求是:“ 领会式掌握4200单词(其中复用式掌握的单词为2500),以及由这些词构成的常用词组1600条(中学所掌握的词和词组均包括在内),并且有按照基本构词法识别生词的能力。” 二、四级语法结构与词汇考查内容 四级考试对语法词汇的考查与大纲要求是十分一致的。综观近年来的四级考试题,我们不难发现四级考试语法词汇部分是这样体现大纲的。 1.语法考题的涉及面宽 近年考题曾经考到:几乎所有词类,三种动词的非谓语形式,名词从句
2、,形容词从句,副词从句,独立主格,一致,倒装,强调等基本语法知识。 2.语法考试的重点突出 语法考试的重点为内容庞杂较难掌握的项目,这些项目还反复出现如:虚拟语气,状语从句,定语从句,独立主格,情态动词。 3.具体考查重点为以上项目中的特殊用法, 不常用的情况 1)虚拟语气的考点为:would rather+that从句+一般过去时:It is vital/necessary/important/urgent/imperative/desirable/advisable/natural/essential+that+动词原形;It is time/about time/high time+th
3、at+一般过去时:proposal/suggestion+that+动词原形;lest+that+should+动词原形;if only+that+would+动词原形。 2)状语从句的考点为:非if引导的条件状语从句,此类句子多用at times,provided,so long as,incase,once等来替代if;由even if/so,now that,for all等引导的让步状语从句;just/hardlywhen引导的时间状语从句;more than,asas,not so much as,the same as,as much as等引导的比较状语从句。 3)独立主格结构多
4、以逻辑主语分词的形式出现。 4)情态动词多与完成时形式连用。 5)定语从句重点考查介词关系代词(which)和as作为关系代词。 4.词汇的考查重点为 1)动词,名词与介词的搭配如:popular/patient+with;yield/solution/adapt/transfer/access+to;accuse/require+of;charge+for;under+discussion等等。 2)习惯用法如:confess to/set about/be used to+doing;be supposed to/have/make sb.+do等。 3)由同一动词构成的短语如:come,
5、go,set,break等构成的短语。 CET考试语法结构与应试策略(2) 4)单个的动词,抽象名词,形容词和副词多以近义词、同义词的形式出现。 5)介词短语在句中作状语如:in terms of;with the exception of;in vain等,另外还应注意rather than,other than,such as,none/nothing+but等词在考题中的出现。 5.近年来考题中的新趋势为:若干考点混合出现:一些交际用语也时常出现在考题中。最新大学英语教学大纲(1999)对四级语法的要求是:“巩固和加深基本语法知识,提高在语篇水平上运用语法知识的能力。” 大纲 对四级词汇
6、的要求是:“ 领会式掌握4200单词(其中复用式掌握的单词为2500),以及由这些词构成的常用词组1600条(中学所掌握的词和词组均包括在内),并且有按照基本构词法识别生词的能力。” 三、四级语法结构与词汇考查内容 四级考试对语法词汇的考查与大纲要求是十分一致的。综观近年来的四级考试题,我们不难发现四级考试语法词汇部分是这样体现大纲的。 1.语法考题的涉及面宽近年考题曾经考到:几乎所有词类,三种动词的非谓语形式,名词从句,形容词从句,副词从句,独立主格,一致,倒装,强调等基本语法知识。 2.语法考试的重点突出语法考试的重点为内容庞杂较难掌握的项目,这些项目还反复出现如:虚拟语气,状语从句,定语
7、从句,独立主格,情态动词。 3.具体考查重点为以上项目中的特殊用法,不常用的情况 1)虚拟语气的考点为:would rather+that从句+一般过去时:It is vital/necessary/important/urgent/imperative/desirable/advisable/natural/essential+that+动词原形;It is time/about time/high time+that+一般过去时:proposal/suggestion+that+动词原形;lest+that+should+动词原形;I fonly+that+would+动词原形。 2)状语
8、从句的考点为:非if引导的条件状语从句,此类句子多用at times,provided,so long as,in case,once等来替代if;由even if/so,now that,for all等引导的让步状语从句;just/hardlywhen引导的时间状语从句;more than,asas,not so much as,the same as,as much as等引导的比较状语从句。 3)独立主格结构多以逻辑主语分词的形式出现。 4)情态动词多与完成时形式连用。 5)定语从句重点考查介词关系代词(which)和as作为关系代词。 5.词汇的考查重点为 1)动词,名词与介词的搭配
9、如:popular/patient+with;yield/solution/adapt/transfer/access+to;accuse/require+of;charge+for;under+discussion等等。 2)习惯用法如:confess to/set about/be used to+doing;be supposed to/have/make sb.+do等。 3)由同一动词构成的短语如:come,go,set,break等构成的短语。 4)单个的动词,抽象名词,形容词和副词多以近义词、同义词的形式出现。 5)介词短语在句中作状语如:in terms of;with the
10、 exception of;in vain等,另外还应注意rather than,other than,such as,none/nothing+but等词在考题中的出现。 5.近年来考题中的新趋势为:若干考点混合出现:一些交际用语也时常出现在考题中。四级语法讲义一:时态:所谓的“时态“,就是时间+状态。谓语动词的时态见下表:1主动形式2被动形式 CET-4 常考的三种时态:过去完成时;将来完成时;(现在/ 过去)完成进行时。 时间状语从句当中的时态:一般过去时 所有的过去用 一般现在时 表示 现在和将来现在完成时 现在完成和将来完成一非谓语动词过去 现在 将来 过去将来一般 did do w
11、ill/shall do should/would do进行 was/were doing am/is/are doing will/shall be doing /完成 had done have/has done will/shall have done should/would have done 用于虚拟语气完成进行 had been doing have/has been doing / /过去 现在 将来 过去将来一般 was/were given am/is/are given will/shall be given should/would be given进行 was/wer
12、e being givenam/is/are being given/ /完成 had been given have/has been given will/shall have been givenshould/would have been given完成进行 / / /一不定式:一)不定式的常考形式:1) 一般形式:He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others.被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do.语法功能: 表示与谓语动词同步发
13、生2) 完成形式:He pretended not to have seen me.被动形式:The book is said to have been translated into many languages.语法功能:表示发生在谓语动词之前二)不定式常考的考点:1)不定式做定语-将要发生2)不定式做状语-目的3)不定式充当名词功能-To see is to believe.三)不定式的省略1)感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel+ do 表示动作的完整性,真实性;+
14、doing 表示动作的连续性,进行性I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调“我看见了 “这个事实)I saw him working in the garden yesterday.昨天我见他正在花园里干活。 (强调“我见他正干活“ 这个动作) 感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词:The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable.2) 使役动词 have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同 1)一样被动以后要还原 to I d like to have John do it.
15、 I have my package weighed.Paul doesnt have to be made to learn. 3) help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do四)有些动词后只跟不定式如:want,wish ,hope ,manage,promise,refuse,pretend,plan, offer,decide,agree,expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do force sb to do. be more l
16、ikely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to do be ambitious to do. begin to do . start to do五) 有的时候 to 后面要接-ing 形式accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to; face up to; in addition to; look forward to; object to; be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; be
17、alternative to; be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/opposed to; be similarity/similar to.三、need/want 后的-ing 形式具有被动的意思。其中,want 不太常用。He needs (a lot of) encouraging.二. 动名词: 具有动作性特征的名词1)是名词 seeing is believing2)具有动词性特征可以带宾语 starving troops is necessary.一)动名词的形式:一般形式:I dont
18、like you smoking. 完成形式:I regret not having taken your advice.被动形式:This question is far from being settled.二) 动名词常考的点1)动名词做主语谓语动词为单数2)在动名词和不定式中,做为介词的宾语是动名词3)动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语.I would appreciate_ back this afternoon Ayou to call Byou call Cyou calling Dyoure calling(Key:C your callin
19、g 也对)I regret not having taken your advice.4)有些词后只能接动名词admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny; detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; cant help; hinder; imagine; it involves; keep;
20、it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand.另外还有一些接-ing 形式的常用说法:its no good; its no/little/hardly any/ use; its not/hardly/scarcely use; its worthwhile; spend money/time; theres no; theres no point in;
21、 theres nothing worse than; whats the use/point.5 有些词后加不定式和动名词均可remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean 后面用不定式和-ing 形式,意义截然不容。I remembered to post the letters. (指未来 /过去未来的动作 )I remembered posting/having posting the letters (我记得这个动作 )forgot 与 remember 的用法类似。I regret to inform you that 我很遗憾地通知
22、你 I regretted having left the firm after twenty years. 为了 “二十年前的离开 “而遗 憾。try to 努力 You really must try to overcome your shyness.try ing 试验 Try practicing five hours a day. I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. 打算、想 我想去,但我父亲不让我去。To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. 意味着 赠加工资意味
23、着增加购买力。prefer 的用法:我宁愿在这里等。I prefer to wait here. (所以啊,你不介意的话,我就等下去。 )I prefer waiting here.(我正在这里等,我就喜欢这么做。 )I prefer swimming to cycling. (这个句子里面就不能用不定式了。 )3 分词:现在分词主动进行,过去分词被动状态现在分词的形式:1)一般式 : Do you see the man talking to the dean(主任)? (与谓语动词同步发生)2)完成形式:Not having made adequate preparations, they
24、 failed. (发生谓语动词之前)3)完成被动形式:Having been adapted, the script seems perfect.( 发生谓语动词之前且表示被动)过去分词1) 过去分词表示被动:Fight no battle unprepared .2)过去分词的进行形式:Youll find the topic being discussed everywhere. (强调正在被做)这三种非谓语动词,都可以构成复合结构,非谓语动词所修饰的成分是这些非谓语动词的逻辑主语。他们之间的一致关系主动还是被动,往往就是考点。独立主格结构中,要注意的是分词与他前面的逻辑主语之间的主动被
25、动的关系。二:虚拟三:虚拟语气情态动词所表达的可能性程度:must/cant should/shouldnt might/may (not)另外两个“类情态词的形式:“need/neednt; have to/dont have to 最自然的虚拟状态:由 should/would+原型时态(不含时间只含状态)本质上是过去将来时:即,时间固定在过去将来,状态不同:一般、进行、完成、完成进行。这时“ 虚拟语气“ 的产生往往是因为我们要表达 “本来应该“(而现在却还没有)(本来可以,本来能)I should go! ( but Im still here!) (一般)I should be wor
26、king now! (进行)I should have practiced more (than I did)! (完成)我应该多多练习!(言下之意,现在我练习得不多。 )I shouldnt dream away my time too much! (完成的否定)(actually I did dream away my time too much!)It shouldnt have been leaking for such a long time! (完成进行)I may/might/could have finished! (完成)一些常见的句型中,就会出现这种虚拟语气,而处于从句之中
27、,should 常常被省略掉o suggest, advise, propose, recommend, plan;o demand, order, direct, arrange, command, decide;o require, request;o think, expect, believe, insist, suspect.由于他们的含义中包含“建议,假设,应该 “这类的含义,所以,由他们引起的从句中,就会包含有should+原型时态构成 的虚拟语气。这些动词(以及他们的名次形式,分词形式)引起的从句还有其他的变形:主语从句,表语从句,同位语从句Its suggested that
28、My suggestion is thatThe only suggestion that.The only suggestion I can give you now is that 一些形容词引起的表语从句中,也会有同样的情况important; necessary; essentialIts natural ; strange; incredible thata pity; a shame; no wonder 由 lest, for fear that, in case 引起的从句中多使用 should 表达与事实相反1. 与现在相反:使用过去时:I wish I were not h
29、ere! (一般现在一般过去)Suppose we were not here.He loved me as if I were his own son. (一般现在一般过去)Hope I werent always losing things! (现在进行过去进行)If only/If I hadnt been there! (现在完成过去完成)What if I hadnt been waiting right here! (现在完成进行过去完成进行)常考句型:Its (high) time (that); would rather (that) 这两个从句,只能表达对现在的看法,所以,从
30、句中只有一般过去时。2. 与过去相反:过去完成时;How nice it is if I had past the test!How nice it is if I had slept a little more this morning!3. 与将来相反?将来的事情没有发生,所以只能推测。If it rains tomorrow, well have to stay one day more.不过,由于可以用 be to 表示将来;所以,虚拟语气中经常出现 were to;也是 CET-4 的常考语法点。 虚拟条件句o if 部分,做一个与事实相反的假设(所以只有一般过去和过去完成) ;o
31、主句部分,这是表示基于这个假设的推测,一般使用情态动词 would,少数情况下使用could/might/may。o 注意:两个部分之间,是有逻辑关系,而在两部分的谓语动词时态上,没有必然的联系。 注意,虚拟条件句中的 if 可以省略,造成 were/had 提前,产生倒装。 隐含的非真实条件What would you do with 50 thousand dollar?How could I be happy without you?除了条件状语从句之外,原因状语从句也会出现虚拟语气。o 由 in order that, so that 引起的从句,肯定的时候可以使用 may/might
32、; can/could; 否定的时候,多用 shouldnt;o whoever, whatever, no matter what 引起的从句中,多用 may+情态动词的基本用法及其区别最近几年高考试题中常常借助语境来考查情态动词的基本用法及其区别,因此在平时学习时准确理解和掌握情态动词的基本用法十分重要。情态动词的用法复杂多变,在高考试题中,命题者常常利用语境和句子之间意义上的细微差别来考查学生对情态动词的理解和掌握。对于情态动词,除了要求考生能够准确掌握它们的基本用法外,还要充分利用高考试题所设置的语境来分析句子之间所体现的特殊关系。下面就近几年来高考试题中出现的情态动词的考点进行归纳分
33、析,以便同学们复习掌握。 一、用“情态动词have done”结构表示对过去动作的推测,高考试题中常用过去时态或过去的时间状语给以暗示。情态动词的这一用法可以用 “对立统一”来概括。 1当试题的前句和后句在动作和意义上相互补充说明,且整个句意在动作和时间上是一个整体时,我们可用“统一”关系来解决这样的试题。常见的结构有:must have done: 表示对过去动作的肯定推测,常译作“一定做了” ,只能用于肯定句中。其否定形式为 cantcouldn t have done 疑问式为 CanCould.have done 。 could might have done:表示对过去发生的动作的可
34、能性推测,常译作 “可能做了” 。如:1) My sister met him at the Grand Theater yesterday afternoon, so he your lecture A couldnt have attended B neednt have attended C mustnt have attended D shouldnt have attended 本题选 A。2) Jack yet, otherwise he would have telephoned meA mustnt have arrived B shouldnt have arrived C
35、cant have arrived D need not have arrived (C)2当试题的前后句在动作和意义上构成转折关系时,常借助“but, however, instead”等词来表示过去的动作与客观事实不符,这时我们就可以用“对立”关系来解决这样的试题。这种结构常见的有:should have done ought to have done:表示过去本应该做某事而实际上没有做。should not have done ought not to have done:表示过去本不应该做某事但事实上却做了。need have done:表示过去本来有必要去做某事,但事实上没有做。ne
36、ed not have done:表示过去本来没有必要做某事,但事实上却做了。如:3) I was really anxious about you You home without a word (NMET2001)A mustnt leave B shouldnt have left C couldnt have left D neednt leave“本不应该离家出走却走了” ,故本题选 B。 4) I told Sally how to get here, but perhaps I for her (NMET94)A had to write it out B must have w
37、ritten it outC should have written it out D ought to write it out由句中的连词 but 可知前后句之间是对立关系,分析题意可知本题应选 C。二、考查情态动词基本用法之间的比较和辨析。最近几年高考试题中常借助具体的语境来考查考生对那些最常见的情态动词的基本用法的理解和掌握,因此在做这样的试题时应认真分析语境中所含的实际意义,并结合情态动词的基本含义和用法做出正确的选择。5) Is John coming by trainHe should, but he not He likes driving his car A must B c
38、an C need D maymustnt 表示“禁止、不准” ;cannot 表示“不可能 ”;need not 表示“不必要” ;may not 表示“可能不” 。分析语境可知本题应选 D。 6) I hear youve got a set of valuable Australian coins I have a lookYes, certainly A Do B May C Shall D Should分析语境可知这是在征求对方的许可,may 表示“允许、可以” ,语气比较委婉 shall 常用于第一、三人称作主语的疑问句中,表示征求对方意见和指示,如果此空用 shall,则意为“要
39、(我)看一下吗?” ,不符合上下文意思。故本题选 B。7) Mr Bush is on time for everything How it be that he was late for the opening ceremony A can B should C may D must must be 表示肯定的猜测,只能用于肯定句中,由题意可知本题应选 A。 8) Are you coming to Jeffs partyIm not sure I go to the concert insteadA must B would C should D might 由题意和下句中的 “Im no
40、t sure” 可知这段对话中存在一种可能性推测,might 可以用来表示一种比较委婉的可能性判断,故本题选 D。又如: I should have been there, but I not find the time A would B could C might D should分析题意可知第二个分句表示过去的某种能力;C 项只表示语气上的可能性,与题意不符。故本题选 B。9) Johnny, you play with the knife, you hurt yourself A wont; cant B mustnt; may C shouldnt; must D cant; sho
41、uldnt mustnt 表示“不可以;禁止” ,分析题意可知第二个空表示某种可能性,故本题选 B。 10) Will you stay for lunchSorry, My brother is coming to see meA I mustnt B I cant C I neednt D I wont 分析题意可知因为“我弟弟要来看我” ,所以“不能留下” ,因此对别人的邀请或要求应给予礼貌的拒绝。A 项表示“禁止” ;C 项表示“不必要 ”;而 D 项表示“不会” ,均不符合题意。故本题选B。又如:Could I borrow your dictionaryYes, of course
42、 you A might B will C can D should (C)11)When can I come for the photos I need them tomorrow afternoon They be ready by 12 00 A can B should C might D need该题考查情态动词 should 的基本含义,分析句意可知本题应选 B。又如: 12) The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone get out( A had to B would C could D was ab
43、le to该题考查了 could 和 be able to 的区别,二者都可表示过去时间的能力,但如果表示过去成功地做了某事只能使用 was were able to do,故本题选 D。13) Shall I tell John about it No, you Ive told him already A neednt B wouldnt C mustnt D shouldnt 情态动词 shall 在试题中表示征询对方意见或请求指示。答句暗示 “没有必要了” ,故本题选 A三、一致关系一)主谓一致1 主谓一致(与插入语无关) 1 主谓的分隔原则:主谓之间可以用定语从句或者省略的定语从句分
44、隔。 2 定语从句中的主谓一致: 3 随前一致: n. + together with n2 as well as including along with with / of accompanied with / by 4 就近原则:n1 or n2 +v(就近原则) either n1 or n2 5 可数 n1 and 可数 n2+v(pl) 不可数 n1 and 不可数 n2+v(pl) 例外:war and peace is war and peace 是一个整体 但是如果主语表示的是同一个概念,同一人,同一事的时候,谓语动词用单数,这种结构的特征是 and连接的两个词只有一个冠词。
45、The iron and steel industry is very important to our country.The head master and mathematical teacher is coming.The head master and the mathematical teacher are coming.类似的还有:law and order bread and butter black and white To love and to be loved is A lawyer and a teacher are A lawyer and teacher is 6
46、 随后原则:not A but B / not only A but also B+v.(与 B 一致) 7 百分比结构:most , half , rest , some , majority , one+persent of+n1+v.(由 n1 决定)8 倒装结构的主谓一致: a)There be +n 由名词决定动词 b)Among , between 等介词位于句首引起倒装结构: Among / Between +系动词+n. (由名词决定动词) 9The+adj 的主谓一致: a)当表示“一类人”, b)当表示某一抽象概念时The good is always attractive
47、. 10 To do/doing/主从+vs *More than one+n many a +n. a day or two 二)、倒装1 全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有:Up went the plane = the plane went up.1) here, there, now, then, thus 等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用 be, come, go, lie, run。2) 表示运动方向的副词(back, down, off, up)或地点状语置于句首,谓语表示运动的动词。注意:1) 上述全部倒装的句型结
48、构的主语必须是名词,如果主语是人称代词则不能倒装。Here he comes. Away they went. 2) 谓语动词是 be 的时候,不能倒装。 Here it is. Here you are.3) 形容词短语/分词短语位于句首,引起倒装 *typical of characteristic of *coinciding with + n 4) 表示地点范围的介词短语位于句首,谓语动词为系动词,一定引起倒装 In(表语)+系动词+主,主同。 *在倒装句型答案中不能出现 there *常考介词要倒装:among between in at beneath 常考的系动词:be lie exist remain rest 部分倒装1 否定 adv 位于句首,引