1、11.This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one.词汇突破：cognitive 认知的 （后天习得的）Intuitive 先天的和以上这组单词概念相同的表达还有：Nature 先天；nurture 后天； born ;先天的；mad
2、e 后天的；innate 天生的；Acquired 后天习得；Determine 决定Coupled with 相当于 and,想类似的表达还有 along with ; combined with 等。主干识别：句子的主语是 This success 和 later research ；谓语是 led; 宾语是Ericsson; 不定式短语 to conclude 做状语；主干结构是：this success and later research led Ericsson to conclude that 其他成分：在 research 后面接一个现在分词短语做后置定语，在这个现在分词短语中
3、that 引导的从句做 showing 的宾语；在不定式短语中 that 引导的从句做conclude 的宾语；morethan 结构翻译为与其说，不如说。微观解析：由于主语中的第二个并列成分比较长，且是用两个逗号隔开的，在阅读的时候可以跳读；把 This success 和动词 led 先连起来然后再来解析其他成分。译文赏析：这种成功和后来表明记忆本身并不是先天决定的研究使爱立信总结道，记忆的行为与其说是一种先天的行为不如说是一种习得的行为。早上五点就要出门搭的飞机，所以现在贴出来，大家起来就能看到了，等明天晚上来签到的同学好，你可以不背，可以是默写，也可以是看着中文把英文写出来。都可以！根
4、据自己的基础来定！2.It is not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.词汇突破：visualize 想象Figure out 发现和找出Suits 使适合主干识别：句子主语是由 how 引导的一个主语从句，it 是句子的形式主语；句子主干为: How is not obvious.在主语
5、从句中主语是 capacity，谓语是 suits 宾语是 one ;其他成分：状语为 to answer主语后加上两个动词不定式做后置定语； 动词不定式中的宾语 questions 后面接一个 that 引导的定语从句。难点揭秘：这个句子是一个由形式主语 it 引导的主语从句，其中难点为需要识别出主语从句中的动词 suits.译文赏析：构思物体和找出数字模型的能力是如何让一个人去回答那些连最好的诗人和哲学家都回避的问题的，这点我们还不是很清楚。3Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also
6、 matters, whether its knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.【词汇突破】Toil through (辛苦的经历) 2名词：Winston Churchill: “Blood, Toil, Tears and Sweat”(丘吉尔演讲)sweat and toil （汗水和辛苦）He succeeded after years of toil. (他经历数年的辛劳之后成功了)SAT 美国高考 全称为 scholastic assessment test 学术性评估测试 testify 证实 matter 这里是动词，
7、重要；sth matters 事情很重要；【主干识别】anyone 为句子的主语，will testify 为句子谓语，that 引导一个宾语从句；【其他成分】that 引导的宾语从句中 test-taking skill 为主语，matters 做谓语，whether 引导一个状语从句【译文赏析】任何一个曾经辛苦的经历过 SAT 考试的人都会证实考试的技巧也很重要，无论这种技巧是知道什么时候去猜还是知道什么问题应该跳过。 【造句】Anyone who has achieved the success to any extent will testify that cooperation ma
8、tters, whether its individuals willingness to cooperate or team work spirit of a group. 4. During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities.【词汇突破】cou
9、nt on 依靠； fair play 公平竞争【主干识别】the American middle-class family has been transformed 主干是主谓结构被动态；【其他成分】that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure 定语从句修饰 middle-class family ；During the past generation 和 by economic risk and new realities 做状语；【微观解析】the American m
10、iddle-class family 为句子主语，谓语是 has been transformed；During the past generation 和 by economic risk and new realities 为状语；that 引导一个定语从句，that 在从句中做主语，谓语为 could count on， 宾语为 hard work and fair play；to keep itself financially secure为状语。【难点揭秘】主语后接了较长的修饰成份使这个句子在阅读时主干不容易把握。造成理解的困难。【译文赏析】在过去的 20 多年时间里，那些曾经依靠辛
11、勤工作和公平竞争就可以保证自己财政收支安全的美国中产阶级家庭已经被经济风险和新的现实所改变。（定语从句前置的翻译方法来处理这个句子）5.Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as “steering the economy to a soft landing“ or “a touch on the brakes“ , makes it sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth.【词汇突破】steer 指挥，控制pre
12、cise 精确的【主干识别】Much of the language makes it sound like precise science.主+谓+宾+宾补结构3【其他成分】used to describe monetary policy 过去分词短语做后置定语修饰 the language；such as “steering the economy to a soft landing ”or “ a touch on the brakes”形容词短语；形容词短语做后置定语修饰 the language。【难点揭秘】主语后接了较长的修饰成份使这个句子在阅读时主干不容易把握。造成理解的困难。【
13、译文赏析】有很多用于描述货币政策的词汇，例如“操纵经济软着陆“或者“轻踩刹车“，使货币政策听起来像是一门精确的科学。没有什么比这更远离实际情况的了。（但这些说法是最不靠谱的，事情远非如此用来表示强烈的反对 这与 i cannt agree with you more 有异曲同工之妙） 【翻译点拨】第二个句子的翻译中可以使用正话反说的方法来进行翻译，在肯定和否定之间进行转换。可以参考下面的两个例子：（1）An opportunity is not likely to repeat itself. 机会难得。（2）Such things are of no rare occurrence. 这些事
14、情经常发生。【作文】用于批驳对方的时候就可以用：Nothing could be further from the truth.6.On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.【词汇突破】agony 痛苦 despair
15、绝望 prolong 延长【主干识别】many acknowledge that +宾语从句 （many 作为代词表示很多人，或者很多个体）【其他成分】On another level 做状语和 in the medical community 做定语；the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled by the despair of patients 为宾语从句主干；特别提示：fuel 本来意思是燃料，但是这里可以理解为由于，因为，加剧的意思；为了以后阅读理解更透彻，可以直接把结构A is fueled by B 理解为：A 是结果；B 是原因例句：C
16、hinas success is fueled by the age of globlization.【微观解析】in part 宾语从句中的状语，for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.定语从句修饰 patients; 定语从句还原为一个独立的句子就是：Modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying for them. 这个句子中的 them 和前面句子中的 patients 为相同名词，因此在这里作者将其写成了一个定语从句，但是在
17、翻译的时候是要分译的。这句话在定语从句的前世和今生：suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients.The modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying for them.(两个句子中出现了共有的名词 patients 和 them,于是 them 被换成了 whom ；for whom 一并提前。)【难点揭秘】同样是隔离结构在阅读的过程中给我们带来不舒服的感觉，in part 放到了 fueled 和 by 之间，in the medica
18、l community 放到了 many 和 acknowledge 之间。4【译文赏析】在另一个层面上，很多医疗界的人士承认，关于医生帮助下的自杀的讨论，部分是因为病人的绝望情绪，对病人来说，现代医学已经延长了死亡的生理的痛苦。【写作】On another level，many in the educational establishment acknowledge that the debate on the ranking of universities has been fueled in part by the despair of graduates for whom the di
19、scrimination brought by the ranking of university has put more obstacles on their job hunting way.7.The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United ki
20、ngdom.【词汇突破】illustrate 例证；in terms of 根据，以为依据；【主干识别】The trend was most obvious and can be illustrated. 主系表结构两个并列的动词【其他成分】naturally ,in those areas of science , in terms of the development of geology in the United kingdom 为状语。【微观解析】based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training 修饰状语中的名词 sc
21、ience 做定语。【难点揭秘】naturally 和 especially 副词做状语放的位置都不是在开头和结尾，而是放在了中间部分，这样给我们阅读带来一定的困扰，但是难点既亮点，我们在写作的过程中就可以灵活的运用：based especially on 这样的表达了。【译文赏析】很自然，这种趋势会在尤以数学或实验室训练为基础的自然学科领域中表现的最为明显，并且可以用英国地质学的发展作为例证来说明。【翻译点拨】把副词放到开头来翻译，正是体现了前面所讲到的副词很多时候就是在修饰整个句子。8.The report identifies the under treatment of pain an
22、d the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures” that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying as the twin problems of end-of-life care.【词汇突破】 under treatment 治疗不足aggressive 1.侵略的,侵犯的 2.好斗的,挑衅的 3.有进取精神的;有干劲的 4.大胆的dishonor 使丢脸,使受耻辱medical procedures 医疗手段【主干识别】The report id
23、entifiesandas the twin problems of end-of-life care 主谓宾宾补结构；the under treatment of pain 和 the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures” that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying 为并列的宾语成分。【微观解析】that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying 为定语从句修饰 ineffectual
24、 and forced medical procedures，定语从句中有两个并列的动词prolong and dishonor 做谓语。【难点揭秘】这个句子的困难之处就在于并列宾语的后半部分加上了一个定语从句进而使 identify 和 as 之间的距离拉大，产生了阅读障碍。【译文赏析】报告把对疼痛处理不够喝大胆使用可能延长死亡期甚至让病人死的不体面的无效的和强制的医疗手段确定为临终关怀的两个问题。5【翻译点拨】这个句子的翻译主要考察对于词的理解： dishonor the period of dying 直接翻译就是:使死亡的阶段受到耻辱。可以转译为：让病人死的不体面。中文是习惯是以人为主
25、体的。还有就是 medical procedures 表示医疗手段而不要翻译成医疗过程。9. The notion that learning should have in it an element of inspired play would seem to the greater part of the academic establishment merely silly, but that is nonetheless the case.【词汇突破】inspired 有激发性的 establishment 机构，建立nonetheless 但是case 事实,实情【主干识别】The
26、notion would seem merely silly. 主系表结构【其他成分】that learning should have in it an element of inspired play 同位语从句修饰 notion；主干为 that learning should have an element of inspired play，是主谓结构；in it 为状语。to the greater part of the academic establishment 状语。【难点揭秘】这个句子的难点就是在主干中加入了状语和同位语从句使句子结构变得复杂。很多同学会对 but 和 no
27、netheless 连用感到困惑。两个句子之间是需要连词连接的，but 是连词，起连接两个句子的作用。但是两个句子之间的转折关系并不是像 but 所表达的那样强烈，前后两句之间为“部分肯定”的转折关系，因此使用 nonetheless 转折副词，表明转折的意味并不强烈。这里的 but 也可以换为 and。 【译文赏析】大多数的学术机构认为在学习中加入有启发性玩耍的理念是非常愚蠢的，但是这样的事情确实常常发生的。【翻译点拨】把状语翻译为中文中的主谓结构，我们也可以翻译为：“对于大多数的学术机构而言”，但是翻译为中文的主谓结构更简洁，that is the case 如果翻译为这就是事实，没有能表
28、达出准确的句意。就正如迈克尔杰克逊的纪念电影 this is it 我们翻译为:就是这样。10. An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students“ career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical education reform.【词汇突破】argue for 支持 argue against 反对 o
29、n the behalf of = on behalf of 代表career prospects 就业前景radical 彻底的，根本的，激进的【主干识别】An invisible border divides those and those. 主谓宾结构【其他成分】arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students career prospects 和 arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical education r
30、eform 现在分词短语分别修饰两个 those 作后置定语。6【微观解析】arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students career prospects 相当于 who argue for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students career prospects【难点揭秘】divide those and those在两个 those 后面加上了很长的修饰成分造成了结构识别的困难。 【译文赏析】一条无形的界限将支持计算机进课堂的人分为两类：一类
31、人是从学生的职业前景从发思考的，另一类人想的是像教育的彻底改革这样的一些更广泛的理由。【翻译点拨】在翻译的过程中，我们把 arguing for computers in the classroom 放到了 those 前作汉语中的前置定语再把过长的定语部分单独成句，这样更符合中文的表达习惯。）11. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a “disjunction” between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity
32、 and the picture reflected by the statistics.【词汇突破】the treasury secretary 财政部长（美）anecdote 轶闻，趣闻statistics 数据（还有一个我们不熟悉的意思：表格）picture 情况，事态，局面，状况，情形，形势【主干识别】There is a disjunction.【其他成分】as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says 插入语；between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in pr
33、oductivity and the picture reflected by the statistics 后置定语修饰 a disjunction.【微观解析】between the mass of business anecdote and the picture; 为定语的主体部分；that points to a leap in productivity 修饰 anecdote；reflected by the statistics 修饰 statistics。【难点揭秘】由于插入语的加入，造成了对主干是别的难度，尤其是在 between and结构的识别中由于加入了定语从句使其难于
34、理解。【译文赏析】正如财长鲁宾所说，在表明生产力飞跃发展的商业佚事和数据所反映的情况之间存在着脱节。【翻译点拨】也可以把比较长的那个部分单独翻译，这样更符合中文的习惯：有大量表明生产力飞跃发展的商业佚事，但是财长罗伯特.鲁宾认为现实的数据表明的情况并不能支持这些传奇。把之前的 11 个句子总结一下。前 11 个句子都属于主谓被隔离的情况。而今天则是并列的结构开始出现了。12.Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish sp
35、ecies in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time.【词汇突破】estimate 估量，评估notbut 不是而是【主干识别】Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass but changes.【其他成分】括号中的内容对 biomass 进行解释和说明；of species 和 in particular parts of the ocean 做后置定语修饰 biomass， in that bioma
36、ss over time 后置定语修饰 changes；7【难点揭秘】estimate 的宾语为 the actual biomass 和 changes 的并列，并列连词为 but , 在阅读的过程中往往 会由于长定语的分割而产生阅读的障碍；【译文赏析】他们的研究方法并不是想估计出某些特定地区鱼类的实际生物量（活的生物总量），而是估计出这些生物量随着时间发生的变化。【翻译点拨】多个定语在修饰着 changes 因此顺序应该做符合中文习惯的调整。13. One leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events
37、can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better.【词汇突破】authority 权威harness 使停止的意思；和 stop 可以互换但是更加正式的表达；还有一个单词是 curb，这个单词表示控制的意思相当于 control，原意是缰绳的意思，这个单词为考研高频词。conscious 有意识的intensely powerful mental event 在原文中就等于 dreams;【主干识别】one leading author
38、ity says that+宾语从句；【其他成分】宾语从句的主干是 these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control; 并列连词not only but also连接两个并列的动词 harnessed 和 brought；to help us sleep and feel better 为目的状语【难点揭秘】动词的并列造成识别上的困难。【译文赏析】而一名顶级权威认为，这些极其强烈的大脑活动不仅可以被抑制，实际上还可以受到意识的
39、控制，进而帮助我们睡眠，使我们感觉好一些。14.But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for them- selvesgoals that pose a real challenge.【词汇突破】utility 运用supervision 监管【主干识别】they will have to operate
40、and be able to make a few decisions. 并列的两个谓语由 and 连接；【其他成分】But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility 状语；with less human supervision 状语；at least 状语；goals that pose a real challenge 整个句子的同位语。【微观解析】同位语 goals 被定语从句修饰；【难点揭秘】动词的并列，状语的隔离；同位语的识别需要关注。【译文赏析】但是如果机器人能在下一个阶段达到节省人工的运用，它们将必须
41、在更少的人力监督之下工作，而且还要至少能够自己做出几个决定-这些目标才会带来真的挑战。【翻译点拨】对于 the next stage of laborsaving utility 的处理，如果直译就是：如果机器人要达到节省人工的运用的下一个阶段在，这样的表达不仅拗口而且难懂，就是典型的死译，所以把定语转译为状语。15. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusi
42、ng on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd.8【词汇突破】glimpse 快速的看一眼； disregard 抛弃，丢弃irrelevant 不相干; instantaneously 立即;winding 蜿蜒曲折的suspicious 可疑的【主干识别】the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent 并列
43、的两个动词 glimpse 和 disregard【其他成分】that is irrelevant 修饰 the 98percent; focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. 现在分词短语作状语，focus 的动作发出者就是句子主语 human mind。【微观解析】the monkey or the single suspicious face 为 focus on 的并列宾语【难点揭秘】动词的并列在主句中出现；而在现在分
44、词短语中出现并列宾语；【译文赏析】但是人类的大脑可以只迅速地瞟一眼一个快速改变的场面，然后立刻放弃 98的不相关信息，而马上聚焦于一条崎岖森林道路边的一只猴子，或者在茫茫人海中的一张可疑的脸。16.A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes
45、 an acceptable research paper.，【词汇突破】reveal 揭露; constitutes 包含; primacy 重要性，首要地位【主干识别】A comparison reveals notbut主谓宾结构【其他成分】of British geological publications 定语修饰 comparison, over the last century and a half 定语修饰 publications，an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research 宾语，a changing definitio
46、n of what constitutes an acceptable research paper 并列宾语【微观解析】an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research 其中 on the primacy of research 修饰 emphasis;research 修饰 definition ; what 引导一个宾语从句作 of 的宾语，what 为宾语从句中的主语。【难点揭秘】出现并列的宾语并且在宾语中的定语又出现一个宾语从句，这样就增加了句子的复杂性，并且在句中出现了好几个动态名词。【译文赏析】将过去一个半世纪英国地质学领域的出版
47、物做一下比较，(我们)就会发现不仅对科研的主导地位的强调不断攀升，而且一篇可接受的科研论文所包含的内容的定义也有所变化。【翻译点拨】在这个句中有两个动态名词一个是 comparison，还有一个为 emphasis，其中还有一个动态形容词 changing；在翻译的处理上都翻译为动词，并增加概说的主语“我们”。17. I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M:后的内容解释说明 something；难点分析：句子有一个固定词组：come to terms with 向.妥协，接受翻译：从某种程度上讲，我们按照特有的
48、美国人的方式拒绝接受达尔文的理论以及其在 1859年后的变化，就表明了一些更宽泛的事情：我们未能接受科学和科学的教育。翻译点拨：Failure 不要翻译成名词，而翻译为动词，未能接受=拒绝接受。19. Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical boo
49、ks who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools.【词汇突破】hypocritical 虚伪的；spectacles 景象ample 充足的radical 激进的，根本的journalist 记者，新闻工作者advocate 支持participatory democracy 参与制民主enrolled in 注册入学，入伍【主干识别】we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles 主谓结构的被动态【其他成分】 which now more than ever seem in ample supply 定语从句修饰spectacles；“：”之后列出三种虚伪的景象的代表人物，举例说明。【微观解析】定语从句还原为一个完整的句子：The spectacles now more than ever seem in ample supply.其主干为：Th
