1、1第一章 动词的时与体(Tense he must have studied last night.他这次英语测试的成绩全班最高。他昨晚一定在好好学习。2） cant/couldnt + have + V-edcant/couldnt + have + V-ed 为 must + have + V-ed 的否定形式，指现在对过去已发生的事或可能出现的情况进行推断和猜测，表示过去不可能发生某事。They cant have come here in their car yesterday, for it was then under repair.他们昨天不可能开车到这里，因为那时他们的车还正在
2、修理当中。The room is in a mess; it cant/couldnt have been cleaned.3） may/might + have + V-ed表示推测过去某事“也许”发生了。He may/might have chosen another career if he had had enough money to further his education.如果他那时有足够的钱继续受教育，他也许会选择另一个职业。I might have fulfilled the work earlier. 我本可以早一些完成这件工作的。4） ought to/should +
3、 have + V-ed 和 ought not/shouldnt + have + V-ed对以发生的情况表示“不满” 、 “责备” ，分别表示“本应该”和“本不应该”I wonder why they havent arrived yet. I told them how to get there, but perhaps I ought/should give them a map.（含有“后悔”或“自责”之意）You ought to have told me that yesterday.你早在昨天就该把那件事告诉我了。5） neednt + have + V-ed表示过去做了某事，
4、但没有做的必要，意为“本没必要” 。You neednt have hurried.She neednt have come in person- a letter would have been enough.You neednt have done all those calculations. We have a computer to do that sort of thing.14 用在 was/were, planned, intended, hoped, wished + 不定式完成体表示事实上并未实现的计划或行为。 （详见 3.3 不定式完成体）We were to have
5、started at 8 last night, but it snowed heavily.They intended to have gone camping, but they later cancelled it.I hoped to have finished it last week, but I was too busy.练习1. Such crimes may be so complex that months or years go by before anyone them. （2002 年 12 月）A) discovers B) discovered C) will d
6、iscover D) would have discovered2. In fact，Peter would rather have left for San Francisco than _ in New York.（2002 年 6 月）A) to stay B) staying C) stayed D) having stayed3. There has been a great increase in retail sales，_？（2002 年 6 月）A) does there B) hasnt there C) isnt it D) isnt there4. The boy sp
7、ent as much time watching TV as he _ studying. （2002 年 1 月）A) does B) had C) was D) did 5. The article suggests that when a person _ under unusual stress he should be especially careful to have a well-balanced diet. （2002 年 1 月）A) is B) were C) be D) was 6. By the end of this month, we surely _ a sa
8、tisfactory solution to the problem. A) have found B) will be foundC) will have found D) are finding47. The conference _ a full week by the time it ends. A) must have lasted B) will have lastedC) would last D) has lasted 8. -“May I speak to your manager Mr. Williams at five oclock tonight?“ -“Im sorr
9、y. M. Williams _ to a conference long before then.“ （2000 年 6 月）A) had gone B) would have gone C) has gone D) will have gone 9. She ought to stop work; she has a headache because she _ too long.（2000 年 1 月）A) has been reading B) had read C) is reading D) read10. The careless man received a ticket fo
10、r speeding. He have driven so fast. （2002 年 12 月）A) cant B) mustnt C) wouldnt D) shouldnt11. Investigators agreed that passengers on the airliner _ at the very moment of the crash. （2002 年 6 月）A) ought to die B) must have died C) must be dying D) should have died12. You _ him so closely; you should
11、have kept your distance. （2000 年 6 月）A) shouldnt have been following B) couldnt have been following C) mustnt follow D) shouldnt follow13. The construction of the laboratory by the end of this year.A) will have completed B) will have been completedC) will be completed D) will completed14. Jack has j
12、ust phoned to say that he back till Sunday next week.A) doesnt come B) will comeC) hasnt come D) isnt coming15. Take the umbrella in case it .A) is raining B) is going to rain C) rains D) will rain16. By the end of last year, I in this university for ten years.A) had worked B) workedC) was working D
13、) would work17. Pick me up at 9 oclock. I my bath by then.A) can have had B) will have had C) will be having D) may have18. I a glass while I the dinner.A) brokewas cooking B) was breakingwas cookingC) was breakingcooked D) brokecooked19. “Michael left for New York this morning.”“Oh, I thought he un
14、til next week.”A) hadnt been going B) wasnt going C) isnt going D) wont be going 20. It has been a long time since they last each other.A) were meeting B) were to meetC) met D) meet21. Ever since the family moved to the suburbs last year, they better health.A) had enjoyed B) are enjoying C) have bee
15、n enjoying D) could have enjoyed22. You should have put the milk in the ice-box; I expect it undrinkable by now.A) had become B) become C) has become D) became 23. This is one of the rarest questions that at such a meeting.A) are raised B) have ever been raised C) is raised D) has ever been raised24
16、. When he hurried to the airport, he found, to his great disappointment, his ticket at home.5A) to have been left B) had left C) were left D) had been left 25. The novel is said into seven languages including Russian.A) to have been translated B) to be translatedC) have translated D) having translat
17、ed26. We our own business, but we never had enough money.A) hoped to have started B) hoped to start C) hope to started D) hope to have started27. when she started complaining.A) No sooner had he arrived B) Scarcely did he arrive C) Hardly had he arrived D) Not until he arrived28. There was a knock a
18、t the door, it was the second time someone me that evening.A) would have interrupted B) to be interrupted C) to have interrupted D) had interrupted29. Turn on the television or open a magazine and you advertisements showing happy, balanced families.A) have often seen B) will often seeC) often see D)
19、 are often seeing30. They hurried there only to find the meeting cancelled. In fact, they at all.A) need to have gone B) wouldnt have gone C) neednt have gone D) mustnt have gone第二章 被动语态(Passive Voice)21 主动态表示被动意义1）一般说来，表示被动意义要用被动态，构成被动态的动词必须是及物动词，不及物动词是没有被动态的。但是，英语里有些不及物动词在 SV(A)结构中却含有被动意义，用来表示主语的某
20、种特征、属性。Enamel wares clean easily. 搪瓷器皿容易弄干净。This box doesnt close properly. 这箱子关不拢。These apples cook well 这些苹果适于烹煮。This metal cuts easily. 这种金属容易切削。The pipe does not draw well. 这烟斗不大畅通。Nylon dries quickly. 尼龙织物干得快。This material does not dye well. 这料子染不好。It eats well. 这东西吃上去味道好。The hall soon filled 那
21、大厅不久便坐满了人。Damp Wood will not fire. 潮湿的木头不会着火。This wheat grinds well. 这种麦子很好磨。The brake does not grip properly. 刹车不灵。This car handles well. 这车很好驾驶。The door wont lock 门锁不上。The cow milks well. 这头母牛出奶率高。These books pack easily. 这些书易于包装。These potatoes peel easily. 这些土豆皮很容易剥。His new novel is selling well.
22、 他的新小说销路良好。6The window wont shut 这窗关不上。Some kinds of wood split easily. 有些木材容易劈开。Some kinds of food soon spoil. 有些食物很容易变坏。This linen c1oth spots easily. 这麻布容易沾污。White clothes stain easily. 白色衣服容易弄脏。The damp match wont strike. 这潮湿的火柴擦不着。This paper tears easily 这种纸一撕就破。 Not every idiom translates with
23、 such ease. 不是每个习语都能这样容易地译出来。The cloth washes well. 这布很耐洗。This material wont wear. 这种材料不耐久。The door wont open. 这门打不开。从以上的例子可以看出，句中的谓语动词具有下面的三个特点之一：谓语动词用否定式；动词之后有副词或小品词；动词之后有形容词或介词短语。2）当 need, want, require, be worth 后面接 doing 时，表示的是被动意义。The door needs repairing.= The door needs to be repaired. 门该修了。
24、This book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。Your hair wants cutting. 你的头发该理了。The floor requires washing. = The floor requires to be washed.地板需要冲洗。22 带宾语分句的句子转换成被动态带宾语分句（主要是 that 分句）的句子可以转换为两种被动句型。【例如】People think that she is honest. (a) It is thought that she is honest. (b) She is thought to be honest. (c)(
25、b) 以 it 作形式主语，将 (a)中的动词变为被动态，保留(a)中的 that 分句；(c)将分句的主语变成被动句中的主语，将(a)中的动词变为被动态，再将 (a)中的 that 分句改为不定式短语，放在被动态后面。能这样用的动词主要有：think, consider, assume, suppose, say, report, acknowledge, feel, believe, find, presume, know, understand, etc.如果 that 分句的动词是进行体，这时分句要改为不定式进行体。They suppose that she is coming. It
26、 is supposed that she is coming. She is supposed to be coming.They supposed that she was coming. It was supposed that she was coming. She was supposed to be coming.如果 that 分句的动作或状态发生在主句之前，这时分句要改为不定式完成体。People feel that little was done to prevent the accident It is felt that little was done to preven
27、t the accident. Little is felt to have been done to prevent the accident.They report that both sides have reached an agreement. It is reported that both sides have reached an agreement. Both sides are reported to have reached an agreement.People think that she was honest. It is thought that she was
28、honest. She is thought to have been honest.723 短语动词的被动语态短语动词通常被视为一个整体，转化为被动语态时，词组内的介词、副词、名词等不能拆散或省略。The old house will be pulled down tomorrow.The little boy was made use of by the drug-pusher to carry drugs for him.That sort of thing should be done away with.The sports meet is to be put off.另外，有些短语
29、动词不能用被动语态，如：take place, look like, belong to, depend on, consist of, agree with 等。The accident took place yesterday on the expressway.He looks like an old man.The honor belongs to us.He is the person to depend on.练习1. The shirt smooth.A) is felt B) is feeling C) feels D) is to be felt2. Large sums o
30、f money _ each year in painting the steelwork of bridges, ships, and other exposed structures.A) have to be spent B) have spent C) have to spend D) spend3.The problem . now is a difficult one.A) is discussed B) is to be discussedC) being discussed D) to be discussed4. He is said home from abroad las
31、t week.A) to come back B) come backC) to have come back D) coming back5. The radio by my younger sister right now.A) is being repaired B) repaired C) been repaired D) being repaired 6. His latest novel . well.A) is sold B) sold C) is to selling D) sells7.By the end of last year the gymnasium _.A) wa
32、s being completed B) had been completedC) had completed D) would be completed 8.She told me that her proposal _.A) needed to be taken into consideration B) needed to have taken into considerationC) needed to take into consideration D) needed to be taking into consideration 9.We all suggest that his
33、advice .A) adopts B) is adoptedC) was adopted D) be adopted10. Its payday, and were waiting .A) to be paid B) to have paidC) to be paying D) for paying11. This law the number of accidents caused by children running across the road when they got off the bus.A) intends reducing B) intended reducing8C)
34、 intending to reduce D) is intended to reduce12.The new type of machine _ the year after next.A) is going to turn out B) is going to being turned outC) is going to have turned out D) is going to be turned out13. The work _, we had a good drink for celebration.A) had done B) had been doneC) having do
35、ne D) having been done14. I suppose that when I come back in five years time, a lot of buildings here.A) will have been built B) will be built C) will have built D) will be building15. Jack _ a job in a factory, but he refused to take it.A) has been offered B) was offeredC) offered D) had offered16.
36、He said such a thing _ to happen.A) ought not to have allowed B) ought not to be allowedC) ought not to be allowing D) ought to be not allowed17. He has made it know that much of his collection to the National Library.A) has left B) is to leaveC) leaves D) is to be left18. Before liberation, my fath
37、er was made all day.A) to work B) working C) work D) worked19. She in 1970.A) married B) got married C) was married D) did marry20. On the ruins of the old bombed site a good many modern buildings and a supermarket.A) are stood B) have been stoodC) stand D) standing第三章 不定式(Infinitive)31 不定式在句子中充当的作用
38、1）作主语不定式作主语：一般表示具体的某次动作。To complete the 30-storied building in one year was quite a difficult task.To do that implies taking responsibility.For there to be so modern a library in this rural area is surprising.当主语较长，谓语较短时，常用 it 做形式主语，而将不定式放到谓语的后面。It is important for modern young people to master at l
39、east two foreign languages.It 做形式主语，不定式放在谓语动词之后常用于下列结构中：a) It is 形容词 (easy, important, difficult, foolish, inconvenient, unnecessary, right, wrong.)( for/of sb.)不定式It is essential to reserve a table in advance of Christmas Eve.It is hard to put my hopes into words.It is not easy to catch fish with y
40、our hands only. It is important for us young people to learn English and master it.b) It is名词(a pleasure, a pity, a pleasant thing, ones duty, an honor, a shame, a crime, no easy job.)9不定式It is a sheer waste of time to read that kind of trash.It is a pity to have to go without her. It is a glorious
41、death to die for the people. c) It takes/took (sb.) some time (hours, months, days, a lot of time, patience.)不定式It takes me three hours to learn English each day.It took them half the night to get home in the snow.2）作表语不定式作表语，常表示将来的动作，主语常常是表示意向、打算、计划的词，如 wish, idea, ask, purpose, duty, job 等。The mos
42、t important thing for ones health is to have plenty of exercise.My chief purpose has been to point out the difficulties of the matter. The purpose of the organization is to greet all new comers to the city and to provide them with any necessary information.What I wanted was to get the work done as q
43、uickly as possible.注意：当主语中有 do 的任何形式时，作表语的不定式中的 to 通常省略。What he wants to do most is (to) enjoy himself every day.What they did last night was (to) play cards to their hearts content.3）作宾语不定式作宾语，通常用在下列结构中：a)“动词 +不定式 ”结构：不定式直接跟在动词后面。这类动词有：afford, agree, apply, arrange, ask, attempt, beg, begin, care,
44、choose, claim, consent, demand, decide, desire, determine, expect, fail, hope, hesitate, hate, intend, learn, like, manage, mean, neglect, offer, plan, prepare , pretend, promise, refuse, resolve, seek, tend, threaten, want 等。I like to go out for walks in the warm sunshine in spring.My mother hates
45、to move from place to place, for she feels tired.I decide to work hard and get a doctors degree.She failed to finish the assignment in time, and she was worried about it.There is a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he means to make trouble. Id like there to be a room of my o
46、wn.I dont want there to be any misunderstanding between us.b) 不定式作宾语还常用在下面结构中 “主语动词it 形容词不定式”We found it impossible to get everything ready in time. I think it important to learn English well in college.使用这种句型的常见动词有：believe, consider, declare, feel, find, guess, imagine, prove, realize, suppose, thi
47、nk,等。c) “wh-不定式”结构不定式前加一个疑问代词(what, which, who, whom, whose)或疑问副词(where, when, how, why)，以及连词 whether 构成特殊的不定式短语，其作用相当于一个分句，这样的不定式短语常在某些动词后面作宾语。常见的可以接这种不定式短语的动词有：know, see, decide, tell, ask, consider, discover, explain, find out, forget, guess, hear, imagine, inquire, learn, observe, perceive, remember, think, understand, wonder 等。I couldnt decide which book to choose. I can tell you where to get
