1、1牛津高中英语语法复习（模块 1-模块 4）语法复习一：定语从句（一）定义1)在复合句中（一个句子的某一成分由句子承当），修饰某一名词或代词从句叫定语从句或形容词从句；在句中起定语的作用.2)被定语从句修饰的词叫做先行词 antecedent1) The man who lives next to us is a policeman.先行词 关系代词 定语从句2) You must do everything that I do.先行词 关系代词 定语从句(二)：关系代词的作用; 1.连接主句和从句。2.代表被修饰的先行词。3.在定语从句做一个句子成分。eg. This is the room
2、 which I lived in last year.先行词 关系代词 定语从句(三)：定语从句中有 关系代词 who, whom, whose, which, that, as.关系副词 when, where, why 等引导定语从句。（四）：用关系代词还是用关系副词关系代词起代词的作用，关系副词起副词的作用，因此同样的先行词，选用什么样的关系词，要由它在定语从句中担任的逻辑作用来决定。词行 先行词 充当成分who 人 主、宾、表Whom 人 宾That 人若是指集体中的各个成员，则用 who。Mr. Smith came to visit my family, who were wat
3、ching TV then.Our class, which is a very good one, was praised again at the meeting.(3)当先行词有较长的 后置定语或者在被分割的定语从句中，宜用关系代词 who Pro. Wang is coming soon who will give us a talk on how to learn English.(4) 当先行词用-body 或-one 构成的复合不定代词时，关系代词用 who Wed better not believe in anyone who we dont know.(5) 当先行词是一个
4、限定性的表示人的特定名词时，常用 who The aunt/uncle who came to see us last week is my brothers sister.（七）“介词关系代词“ 是一个普遍使用的结构(1)“介词关系代词“ 可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。“介词关系代词“结构中的介词可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without 等，关系代词只可用 whom 或 which,不可用 that 。其中 whom 代表人，which 代表物Who is the comrade with whom y
5、ou shook hands?He works in a factory, in front of which there is a riverGive me the book the cover of which is red (the cover of which=whose cover)He is the man whose father is a teacher.=He is the man the father of whom is a teacher.This is the neighborhood from whom I borrowed the bicycle.(2) from
6、 where 为“介词关系副词“结构，但也可以引导定语从句（不常用）。例如：We stood at the top of the hill, from where we can see the town.（3）*关系代词前的介词如何确定？A.依据定语从句中动词的某种习惯搭配Mr. Smith bought a new house on which he spent all his money.B.依据先行词的某种习惯搭配确定There was no way in which it could be bought back to the earth. ( in this way)7C.根据所表达
7、的意思确定The gas with which doctors can save the patients is called oxygen.The gas without which we can not live is called oxygen.(4)*注意关系代词的位置介词在关系代词前时，只能用 which 和 whom 不能用 that 代替，也不可省略；介词在句尾时，关系代词可 which ,that ,whom, who,都行，而且还可以省略。 This is the drawer in which I put my letters.= This is the drawer (w
8、hich/that )I put my letters in.Have you seen the pen with which I wrote letters this morning?= Have you seen the pen (which/that) I wrote letters with this morning?所以一个句子有时有多种用法如：那就是他工作的大学This is the college at which he works.This is the college that/which he works at. This is the college where he w
9、orks. 但像 listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of 等固定短语动词，在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。例如：This is the boy whom she has taken care of.This is the book which /that I am looking for.This is the girl I have been looking for the whole afternoon.（八） whose 引导从句的意义1）指人=of whom 表示所修饰的“某（些）人的用做所修饰的
10、先行词的所有格。A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.2) 指物=of which 表所修饰的“某物的“I live in the room whose window faces south.I live in the room, the window of which faces south( whose +从句 可以用“of which +从句”代替)（九）As 与 which 是有区别的A) 相同之处： 都可以用来引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面的主句所表达的内容。which 可做宾语或表语He failed once mor
11、e in the match, which was a great pity.He succeeded in the composition, which made his parents very happy.B) 区别：1）as 引导的非限制性定语从句位置较灵活，可以位于主句前面中间或后面，一般用逗号与主句隔开，但 which 所引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。例如：1) As we all know, Galileos theory of falling objects is right.= Galileos theory of falling objects, as we al
12、l know, is right= Galileos theory of falling objects is right, as we all know.2) He was thrown into prison, which got round throughout our village3) As is expected, the England team won the football match.4) The earth runs around the sun, as is known by everyone.5) He was late again, which made me u
13、nhappy6) As you know, he is good at English.2.） as 有“如” 、“正如 ”、“像”、“正像”的含义，which 没有。后面的谓语动词多是 see, know, expect, say, mention, report 等。Bob did an excellent job, as we had expected.8Our team won the game, which made us happy.As is known to all, Taiwan is part of China.We are facing the same problems
14、 as we did years ago.We are facing the problems which we faced years ago.We hope to get such a tool as he is using.We hope to get the tool which he is using.3.) as 在引导限制性定语从句多与 such 或 the same 连用，可以代替先行词是人或物的名词。the sameas such.asThis is the same story as he told me.I hope to get such a book as he is
15、 using4).as 也可单独使用，引导非限制性定语从句，作用相当于 which。可代表一个句子。例如：The elephants nose is like a snake, as anybody can see.5).as 做主语时， 其后必跟系动词，而 which 无此限制The meeting was put off, as was what we wanted.He was murdered, as seemed true.6)as 引导从句时，从句语义必须和主句一致She was married again, which was unexpectedShe was married
16、again, as was unexpected 77）the same as 与 the same .that 的区别： 前者修饰的是原物同样的而后者修饰的就是先行词This is the same watch as I lost.这和我丢的那一只手表是一样的。This is the dame watch that I lost.着就是我丢的那一只手表。（十）什么时候 that 可以省略？1) 引导同位语从句，主语从句，表语从句不能省略，且不做成分。The name “ whitewater ”comes from the fact that the water in these strea
17、ms and rivers looks white when it moves quickly.Its known to all that light travels in straight lines. ( that 置后可一省略)The reason for his absence was that he was ill. ( 有时可省，一般不省)2）宾语从句中可以省略I dont think (that) you are right.3）that 只有在定语从句中做成分，可做主、宾、表语。（十一）关系代词做主语，谓语动词的单复数取决于先行词而不是关系代词。I want to see th
18、e film that is on show.The students who dont study hard will not pas the exam.(十二)one of the 与 the one of the 做先行词时谓语不一致。Li Bai is one of the greatest poets that have lived in China.Li Bai is the one of the greatest poets that has lived in China.This is one of the books that I have been written in C
19、hinese.This is the only one of the books that has been written in Chinese.He is one of the boys who are willing to do it.He is the only one of the boys who is willing to do it.（十三）关系副词引导的定语从句1关系副词也可以引导定语从句关系副词在从句中分别表示时间地点或原因。关系副词 when 在从句中充当时间状语，where 充当地点状语，why 充当原因状语。1)when 表示时间 , 充当时间状语 when=on/
20、in/ of /at+which9I still remember the day when I join the partyI will never forget the day when I first came to Beijing.但注意 ：1.当先行词是表地点：place ,room, mountain, airport 等时间：time, day, year, month, week,等原因：reason 等名词时,并且分别在句中做地点、时间、原因状语时，应用 where ,when ,why 引导。但是如果如果表示时间地点原因的名词不做状语，而是做主语，宾语，或者表语时，必须用关
21、系代词 that /which 来引导而不是用 where 等。I still remember the day that we spent together。May 1 is the day that I will never forget。The Yangtze Gorges is a beautiful place (that /which) people all over the world look forward to visiting.长江三峡是个美丽的地方，全世界的人都渴望来参观。The moment (that /which) I turned around, she had
22、 left and disappeared in the crowd.Is this the reason that he gave us for being late? This is the factory that we visitedThat is the house that he lived in.The place that we had been to was far.The shop that /which we saw is beautiful.2.当先行词为 by the time ,any time , the way, every time, the first ti
23、me ,the last time 时，关系词不用 when而用 that.或省略This is the last time that I shall give you a lesson.The first time I saw him was in 1980By the time he was 14 he had learned advanced mathematics但如果 time 前无修饰语,关系词用 that when 均可I will never forgot the time when (that) we met for the first time.3. 当先行词为 way 时
24、，关系词用 in which ,that, 或省略.This is the way that/ in which / 不加 he smiles.但注意： 4.why 表示原因（现行词只有一个 reason），做原因状语。 Why= for whichThat is the reason why he was late.（十四）学生容易出现的问题。1. 在定语从句中多加了宾语，如：Some of the boys I invited them didnt come.Some of the boys I invited didnt come.Is this the horse you drew i
25、t yesterday?Is this the horse you drew yesterday?2. 把定语从句的动词的单复数弄错。Those who has finished may leave the classroom now.They key opens the room is missing.Those who have finished may leave the classroom now.This is one of the rivers in China which flows northward.This is one of the rivers in China whi
26、ch flows northward. 3. 省略了定语从句中做主语的关系代词。Children eat a lot of sugar often get bad teeth. Children who eat a lot of sugar often get bad teeth.They key opens the room is missing. They key which/that opens the room is missing.104. 定语从句中加了多余的关系副词或者是介词。The house where he lives in needs repairing.The hous
27、e where he lives needs repairing. The house which/that he lives in needs repairing.This is the time at when hes more likely to be in. This is the time when hes more likely to be in. This is the time at which hes more likely to be in.（十五）代有插入语的定语从句 who 与 whom 的选用。担主语成分时用 who ,担 宾格成分时用 whom方法：要区分是定语从句
28、中的插入语还是主谓结构。Jason is a man who (I believed) is honest.(去掉仍成立)Jason is a man whom I believe to be honest.做宾语The girl who we supposed was drowned came back.The girl who we supposed to be drowned came back.（十六）什么时候宜用非限制性定语从句1） 当先行词是专有名词时，通常用非限制性定语从句，它本身就具有特殊性，无需在加限定。Shenzhen, which is in South China, i
29、s developing rapidly.My house, which I bought last year, has got a garden .Mr. Smith bought a new house on which he spent all his money.2) 当先行词是具有某一特征的人或者物中的一个，但跟非限制从句时则表示唯一的一个，compare:Her room has a window which faces south.Her room has a window, which faces south.I have a brother who is working in
30、 Beijing.I have a brother, who is working in Beijing.3.当先行词表示类属意义，即表示某类动物，事物或人时，其后所跟的定语从句一般是非限制性的。A sleep is a useful animal, whose wool has many uses.Football, which is a very interesting game, is now played all over the world.语法复习二：动词时态1 一般现在时的用法 1) 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。时间状语： every, sometimes
31、, at , on SundayI leave home for school at 7 every morning.2) 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。The earth moves around the sun.Shanghai lies in the east of China.3) 表示格言或警句中。Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例：Columbus proved that the earth is round. 4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。I dont want so much.Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.
