1、现代西方文学理论与批评Modern Western Literary Theory and Criticismhttp:/ 分：2学分主讲教师：李勇指定教材：教学目的：帮助中文专业高年级本科生进一步拓展文学理论知识，掌握现代西方文学理论的基本特点和理论观点，使学生受到初步的理论研究训练。帮助学生阅读西方文学理论的基本文献，掌握基本概念的来源和语境。通过英文资料的阅读，达到对理论的准确理解。帮助学生掌握运用理论进行文本分析的技巧，学会从具体文本中发现理论问题。第一章：Introduction课时：2周，共4课时教学内容第一节 Concepts1.Criticism:The reasoned di
2、scussion of literary works, an activity which may include some or all of the following procedures, in varying proportions: the defence of literature against moralists and censors, classification of a work according to its genre, interpretation of its meaning, analysis of its structure and style, jud
3、gment of its worth by comparison with other works, estimation of its likely effect on readers, and the establishment of general principles by which literary works can be evaluated and understood.(Oxford concise Dictionary of Literary Terms)2.Literary Theoryliterary theory is “speculative discourse o
4、n literature and on practice of literature.” It may include reflections on or analysis of general principles and categories of literature, such as its nature and function; its relation to other aspects of culture; the purpose, procedures and validity of literary criticism; relation of literary text
5、to their authors and historical contexts; or the production of literary meaning.(Zhu Gang )3.Modern:historical period from Renaissance to 20th century20th century4.Western:Geographical meaning: Europe and AmericaCultural meaning: Cultural community of develop capitalism countries, especially based o
6、n Christian tradition.5.Conclusion:Modern western literary theory and criticism are reasoned activities of discussion about literature in Western world in 20th century.第二节 Approaches, schools and groups1.Scientism ApproachesRussian FormalismAnglo-American New CriticismCzech StructuralismFrench Struc
7、turalismPost Structuralism2.Humanism ApproachesExistentialismPsychoanalysis CriticismPhenomenological CriticismHermeneutics CriticismReader-Response CriticismFeminism Criticism3.Historical ApproachesMarxist CriticismNew HistoricismCultural StudiesPost-Colonial Criticism第三节 Characters1.Theorized: alm
8、ost all of the schools of criticism have their particular theory.2.Adapting theories or principles from their disciplines.3.Understanding literature in terms of its relations to history, politics gender, social class, race, mythology or psychology.4.Critical tendency: many schools of criticism seek
9、to influence on the social reality with in their historical context.思考题：1、 现代西方文论有哪些主要流派？2、 谈谈你对现代西方文论批判性倾向的理解。第二章 The New Criticism课时：3周，共6课时教学内容第一节 Times and outline1. There are four periods: the initiative(1910-1930),the formative(1930-1945), the dominant(1945-1957), and normalization(1960s to th
10、e present). If we take T.E. Hume, a British aesthetician, or American poet Ezra Pound as the initiator of the New Criticism, then this school started in the 1910s.But the New Criticism rose formally in the 1930s when some critics established their theory in America, and it became dominant criticism
11、system in college and university English departments in the 1950s.2.Members:Founders:I.A.Richards(1883-1981)T.S.Eliot(1888-1965)W.Empson.(1906-1984)Masters:John Crowe Ransom (1888-1974)Allen Tate (1888-1979)Robert Penn Warren (1905-)Cleanth Brooks (1906-1994)W.K.Wimsatt (1907-1975)Rene Wellek (1903-
12、1995)3.Works:I.A Richards:Principles of Literary Criticism (1924)Practical Criticism: A sturdy of Literary Judgment.(1929)T.S.Eliot:Tradition and the Individual Talent.(1917)William Empson:Seven Types of Ambiguity (1930)John Crowe Ransom:Poetry: A Note in Ontology.(1934)The New Criticism (1941)Allen
13、 Tate:Tension in Poetry (1938)Cleanth Brooks:The Language of Paradox (1942)The Well-wrought Urn.(1947)Understanding Poetry. (1938,with Robert Penn Warren)Understanding fiction.(1943,with Robert Penn Warren)Understanding Drama(1945,with Robert B.Heilman)W.K.Wimsatt:The Verbal Icon(1954)The Intentiona
14、l Fallacy(1946,with M.C. Beardsley)The Affective fallacy(1949,with M.C. Beardsley)R.Wellek:Theory of Literature(1949,with Austin Warren)History of Modern Criticism 1750-1950(1986)第二节 Ideas1The New Critics read the individual work of literary art as an organic form.They articulated the concept that i
15、n an organic form there is a consistency and an internal vitality that we should look for and appreciate.2 One of the most salient considerations of the New Critics was emphasis on form, on the work of art as an object.3The New Critics sought precision and structural tightness in the literary work;
16、they favored a style and tone that tended toward irony; they insisted on the presence within the work of everything necessary for its analysis; and they called for an end to a concern by critics with matters outside the work itself-the life of the author, the history of his times, or the social and
17、economic implications of the literary work.第三节 Keywords1.Close reading:A reading method that is the mark of the New Criticism, which takes work as a piece of textured literary art, and only read the work itself. Close reading begins with sensitivity to the words of the text and all their denotative
18、and connotative values and implications, then looks for structures, patterns and interrelationships in the text.2.Tension: A reading strategy offered by Allen Tate in 1938, that means a combination of extension and intension. It is also a New Critical standard for evaluating poetry and poets.3.Irony
19、: Irony involves a discrepancy between what is said and what is meant. To I. A. Richards irony is bringing opposites to form a balance, while C. Brooks suggested irony is the stability of a context in which the internal pressures balance and mutually support each other. 4.The intentional fallacy:A p
20、articular term proposed by Wimsatt and Beardsley who argued that the design or intention of the author is neither available nor desirable as a standard for judging the success of a work of literary art, and that a literary work, once published, belongs in the public realm of language, which gives it
21、 an objective existence distinct from the authors original idea of it.5.The affective fallacy:The affective fallacy is proposed by Wimsatt and Beardsley that means a confusion between the poem and its results (what it is and what it does), It begins by trying to drive the standard of criticism from
22、the psychological effects of the poem and ends in impressionism and relativism. The outcome of either fallacy, the intentional or the affective, is that the poem itself, as an object of specifically critical judgment, tends to disappear.思考题：1、 新批评对后来的文学理论有哪些影响？2、 新批评的文学观念对理解文学本质有什么启示？3、 你认为感受谬误的理论是否
23、合理？为什么？第三章 The Psychoanalytical Criticism课时：3周，共6课时教学内容第一节 Times and outline 1.Started from 1900 when S.Freud published his The Interpretation of Dreams, then extended to present.There are two important stages in the course of psychoanalytical criticism development. First is the phase of Freud. Seco
24、nd is the phase of Jacque Lacan.2.Members :Founder:Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)Adherent:Melanie Klein (1882-1960)Ernest Jones (1879-1958)Marie BonaparteNorman Holland (1927- )Jacque Lacan (1901-1981)Lionel Trilling (1905-1975)3.Works :S.Freud:The interpretation of Dreams (1900)Creative writers and Dayd
25、reamingJacque LacanThe four Fundamental concepts of psychoanalysis (1977)Ecrits:A Selection (1966)E.Jones:Hamlet and Oedipus (1910)Norman HollandThe Dynamics of Literary Response (1968)Five Readers Reading (1975)Melanie KleinNotes on Some Schizoid Mechanisms (1946)Some theoretical conclusion regardi
26、ng the Emotional Life of the infant第二节 Freuds ideas1.Freud emphasized the unconscious aspects of the human psyche and provided convincing evidence that most of our actions are motivated by psychological forces over which we have very limited control.2.He demonstrated that, like the iceberg, the huma
27、n mind is structured so that its great weight and density lie beneath the surface.3.All human behavior is motivated ultimately by what we would call sexuality. Freud designates the prime psychic force as libido, or sexual energy.His another major premise is that because of the powerful social taboos
28、 attached to certain sexual impulses, many of our desires and memories are repressed.第三节 Keywords1.Oedipus complexFreud borrowed this term from Greece classic Sophoclean tragedy in which the hero Oedipus unknowingly slew his father and married his mother. In psychoanalytical theory Oedipus complex d
29、erives from the boys unconscious rivalry with his father for the love of his mother.2.UnconsciousnessA mental process that is structured beneath the surface consciousness, and has no easy access to consciousness, but must be inferred, discovered, and translated into conscious form in some special ma
30、nners.3.LibidoFreud called by this name (Libido) the energy of those instincts which have to do with all that may be comprised under the word “love”. To Freud, “love” consists in sexual love with sexual union as its aim, but he did not separate from this either the self-love or love for parents and
31、children, friendship and love for humanity in general, and also devotion to concrete objects and to abstract ideas.思考题：1、 无意识理论对理解文学创作有何意义？2、 Oedipus complex 在文学作品中有哪些例证？3、 心理结构理论的理论意义有哪些？第四章 Western Marxist Criticism课时：3周，共6课时第一节 Times and outline1. Marxist Literary criticism can be divided into th
32、ree periods: Classical Marxism, early Western Marxism, Late Marxism. Early Western Marxism began with Georg Lukacs, then developed by “Institute of Social Research” in university of Frankfurt, Germany,Late Marxism started from 1960s and extended in the last years of the 20th century.2.Members:Founde
33、rs:Georg Lukacs (1885-1971)Antonio Gramsci (1891-1937)Adherents:Max Horkheimer (1895-1973)Thoedor W Adorno (1903-1969)Walter Benjamin (1892-1940)Herbert Marcuse (1898-1979)Leo Lowenthal(1900-1993)Later:Louis Althusser (1918-1980)Raymond Williams (1921-1988)Terry Eagleton (1943-)Fredric Jameson (1934
34、-)Jurgen Habermas(1929-)3.Works:Georg Lukacs:History and Class Consciousness (1923)The Theory of Novel (1920)The Historical Novel (1962)The Meaning of Contemporary Realism (1963)Antonio Gramsci:Prison Notebooks (1977)T. W Adrono:Aesthetic Theory (1970)Walter BenjaminCharles Baudelaire :A Lyric Poet
35、in the Era of High Capitalism (1973)R. Williams:Marxism and Literature (1977)Culture and Society (1958)T. Eagleton:Criticism and Ideology (1976)Marxism and Literary Criticism (1976)F.Jameson:The Political Unconsciousness (1979)L. Althusser:Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays (1971)Leo LowenthalOn
36、Sociology of Literature (1932)第二节 Characters1.Western Marxism turned Marxist criticism into a cultural critique from the philosophical perspective.2.Interdisciplinarity is another feature of the Western Marxism.3.Researching many new fields which Marx and Engels had never studied through associated
37、with other new theories in 20th century.4.Critical attitude towards new social problems emerged in the West world in 20th century.第三节 Keywords1.Ideology:Ideology is idea or belief come from social classes in their relations with each other. It is seen be rooted in the material conditions of the ever
38、yday life of classes, because classes are not equal, ideology is thought as a distorted representation of the truth,or “false consciousness”.2.Hegemony:The concept of hegemony was proposed by Italian Marxist theorist and activist Antonio Gramsci to understand how social groups organize their rule.He
39、 suggested that rule involves both domination and hegemony that is the organization of consent based on establishing the legitimacy of leadership and developing shared ideas,values, beliefs and meanings.思考题：1、 西方马克思主义批评的理论特点有哪些？2、 如何理解西方马克思主义的意识形态概念？3、 霸权理论对理解文学的社会功能有何启示？第五章 Feminism Criticism课时：3周，
40、共6课时第一节 Times and outline1. There are three phase in feminism:first-wave (late 19th and early 20th century ),second-wave and post-modern feminism . Second-wave Feminist criticism developed since the womens movement beginning in the early 1960s,and with womens studies programs growing in American hig
41、her education, Feminism criticism divided into many types in 1970s and 1980s.E.Showalter identified four models of them: The biological, linguistic, psychoanalytic and cultural.2.Members:Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797)Virginia Woolf(1882-1941)Simone de Beauvoir(1908-1986)Kate MillettElaine Showalter
42、(1941-)Toril Moi(1953-)Lillian RobinsonMichele BarrettSandra GilbertSusan GubarHelene Cixous(1937-)Jalis Kristeva(1941-)Luce IrigarayBarbara Smithbell hooks3.Works:Mary Wollstonecraft:A Vindication of the Rights of Woman(1791)Virginia Woolf:A Room of Ones Own(1929)Simon de Beauvoir:The Second Sex(19
43、49)Kate Millett:Sexual Politics(1970)Elaine Showalter:A Literature of Their Own(1977)Helene Cixous:The Laugh of the Medusa(1975)Mary Eagleton:Feminist Literary Criticism(1991)Sandra M.Gilbert and Susan GubarThe Madwomen in the Attic(1979)Julia Kristeva:The Revolution of Poetic Language(1984)Luce Iri
44、garay:This Sex Which Is Not One(1985)Sexes and Genealogies(1993)Judith Butler:Gender Trouble: feminism and the Subversion of Identity(1990)bell hooks:Feminist Theory: from Margin to Center(1984)第二节 Ideas1.Feminist literary criticism is a political attack upon other modes of criticism and theory, and
45、 because of its social orientation it moves beyond traditional literary criticism.2.Feminists believe that our culture is a patriarchal culture, that is, one organized in favor of the interests of men.3.Feminist literary critics try to explain how what they term engendered power imbalances in a give
46、n culture are reflected, supported, or challenged by literary texts.4.Feminist critics focus on absence of women from discourse as well as meaningful spaces opened by womens discourse.5.Feminist critics largely agree on a threefold purpose: to expose patriarchal premises and resulting prejudices, to
47、 promote discovery and reevaluation of literature by women, and to examine social, cultural, and psychosexual contexts of literature and criticism.6.Feminist critics wish to make us act as feminist readers; that is, to create” new communities of writers and readers supported by a language spoken for and by women.”第三节 KeywordsGender:There is an important distinction between sex and gender where sex describes biological or natural differences, while gender describes the social roles of masculinity and femininity, so gender is socially constructed.Patriarchy:
