1、第八章 代词代词是用来代替名词、名词词组或更高层次的语法结构的词。代词按其特点可分成九类:人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、相互代词、不定代词、疑问代词、连接代词、关系代词。注:连接代词和关系代词将在第十二章和第十三章讲解。第一节人称代词一、人称代词的形式和作用人称代词主语 人称代词宾格I, you, he, she, it, we, they me, you, him, her, it, us, them1、 人称代词主要指人的代词,分主格和宾格,分别担任主语、宾语。例如:I know I should immediately ask if theyd like a cup of te
2、a.我知道我应该马上问他们是否愿意喝杯茶。 (人称代词作主语)He didnt told me the reason why he didnt attend the meeting.他没有告诉我他为什么没有那个会议。 (人称代词作宾语)We turned to them for help.我们求他们帮忙。 (人称代词作介词的宾语)That is him over there.在那里的就是他。 (作表语)、人称代词可以作动名词的逻辑主语。例如:I remember him playing the piano very well. 我记得他钢琴弹得很好。I suggested him giving
3、 up the plan. 我建议他放弃那个计划。3、在强调句型中,如果强调的是主语,就用主语;如果强调的是宾语就用宾格。例如:It is her that we are talking about. 我们在谈论的是她。It is he who told 正是他告诉了我们那件事。4、人称代词并列时,出于礼貌,第二、三人称在前,第一人称在后。例如:You, he and I have already known about it. 我、你还有他都已知道了这件事。He and I both like collecting stamps. 我和他都喜欢集邮。但是,在表示不祥之事、承认错误或自我批评时
4、,说话人一般把自己放在他人之前讲。例如:I and Tom are to blame. 该责备的是我和汤姆。5、人称代词与表示人的名词并列时,顺序为“名词+人称代词” ,you 但常位于名词前。与其他代词并列时,人称代词在前。例如:You , Mary and I must attend the meeting. 我和你以及玛丽必须参加这个会。Smith and he were at the meeting. 他和史密斯出席了那个会议。6、人称代词 as, than, except/but, like 在之后要有主格、口词中常用宾格。例如:He is as good as me/I. 他像我一
5、样好。 No one can do it but he/him. 除了他,无人能干。7、常用 she 代替国家、城市、大地、月亮、船只等以表示亲切。故事中把动物拟人化时用he/she 代替 it。例如:She was the biggest passenger ship of her day. 她是当时最大的客轮。After India became independent, she chose to be a member of the commonwealth.印度独立之后,她愿意成为英联邦的一员。二、It 的用法1、 it 可用来代替小孩和婴儿。例如:She was holding a
6、baby in her arms and it was crying. 她手中抱着婴儿,那婴儿在哭。She has a child and it is looked after by her parents. 她有一个孩子,由她的父母照看。2、 it 也可代替刚提到的东西(人、物、事) 。例如:There is a rose on the table, and its very beautiful. 桌上有朵玫瑰,很漂亮。Her mother has just died. It is a terrible shock to her. 她母亲刚去世。这时她打击很大。3、it 常可用作先行词,代替
7、不定式短语、动名词、从句等作主语、宾语或构成复合结构。例如:Its a wonder seeing you. 见到你真是个奇迹。Its such a great pleasure that you are her. 太高兴了,你在这儿。I found it easy enough to catch up with you. 我发现要赶上你很容易。4、it 也可用来代替天气、时间、距离、季节、事物的状态和自然环境等。例如:Its getting colder and colder. 天越来越冷了。How is it with Mr. Rose? 罗斯女士怎样了?5、也可用于强调句。例如:It w
8、as the President that John watched on TV yesterday.约翰昨天在电视上看见的是总统。It was Tom who won the prize.是汤姆赢得了那个奖。第二节 物主代词物主代词分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种。具体如下:形容词物主代词 名词性物主代词my, your, her, his, its, our, their mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs1、形容词性物主代词只能放在名词前作定语,不能单独使用。例如:Many of my books were bought in th
9、e bookshop. 我的许多书都是在那个书店买的。Those people are all their schoolmates. 那些人都是他们的同学。3、名词性物主代词可单独使用,在句中作主语、表语、宾语等。例如This is his room and that is mine (my room) 这是他的房间,那是我的房间。 (作表语)My mother is a teacher and hers(her mother) is a doctor.我的母亲是一个教师,她的母亲是一个医生。 (作主语)There is something wrong with my bike. May I
10、use yours (your bike)?我的自行车坏了。我可以用你的吗?(作宾语)3、名词性物主代词与 of 连用构成双重所有格,这种结构表示部分概念和一定的感情色彩。例如:A friend of mine had a party yesterday.我的一位朋友昨天举行了一个晚会。That dress of hers is too short. 她那件连衣裙太短了。4、物主代词与 all 和 both 连用时,需放在 all 与 both 之后。例如:He sent those books to both his classmates. 他把那些书送给了他的同班同学。They are a
11、ll my best friends. 他们都是我最好的朋友。5、在不定代词“everyone, someone, anyone, somebody, everybody, anybody, each one, no one, one of +复数名词 ”的结构中,后面的物主代词要用 this,有时也可用 her, 通常不用 ones.例如:Everybody must tell his name and address. 每个人都必须说出自己的名字和地址。Somebody has left his umbrella. 有人忘记把伞带走。第三节 反身代词一、反身代词的形式单数 复数第一人称 m
12、yself ourselves第二人称 yourself yourselves第三人称 himself, herself, itself themselves二、反身代词的用法反身代词可在句中作宾词、表语、主语同位语或宾词的同位词、状语等。例如:She has been teaching herself English. 她一直在自学英语。 (作宾语)I will be myself in no time. 我一会儿就会好的。 (作表语)Youd better ask the patient himself about his trouble.关于病人的病情,你最好问他自己。 (作宾语同位语)
13、You yourself know who wrote the letter. 你知道谁写了那封信。 (做主语同位语)三、反身代词数和人称代词的一致问题在反身代词的使用中,特别注意反身代词形式的误用以及反身代词数和人称代词的误用。例如:After he finished his duties, tom often occupies hiself by listening to music.A B C DC 错。应改为 himself. Occupy oneself 是一固定搭配,意为: “专心于,忙于” 。译文:下班后,汤姆通过听音乐来打发自己的时间。He is one of those ra
14、re men who are genuinely thoughtful and considerate of fellow-workers Awithout intending to advance himself by these means.B C D D 错,应改为 themselves.句口反身代词代替的是 those rare men, 所以应用复数形式。译文:他是少有的这样一位真心体贴别人,关心同伴而又不想通过这种方式来抬高自己的人。四、反身代词的某些特殊用法1、反身代词常和某些动词如 enjoy, apply, pride, help, adapt 等连用,形成某种固定搭配。例如
15、:Did you enjoy yourself last weekend? 你上周末玩得愉快吗?He has been devoted himself to the research. 他一直专心致力于这项研究。2、反身代词用于某些短词中。例如:by oneself(不要别人帮忙)单干of oneself 自动地for oneself 替自己,为自己,独自地,亲自地in oneself 本性,本身3、oneself 可用于泛指某人自己,可作宾词、同位语或状语,用于加强语气。例如:One should not praise oneself. 一个人不应自吹自擂。Others might thin
16、k odd what one finds perfectly normal oneself.一个自己感到完全正常的事,在他人看来可能很古怪。第四节 相互代词相互代词是表示相互关系的词。相互代词只有 each other 和 another 两个。一般指两者,一般指三者以上,他们可作介词、动词的宾语。例如:We bumped into each other and hurt ourselves. 我们互相碰撞,彼此都受伤了。You should support one another/each other. 你们应该相互支持。第五节 指示代词一、指示代词的形式和作用指示代词是用来指代人、事物或说
17、明事物的属性、特征的代词,主要有:单数 复数近指 this (book)这个 these(books)这些远指 that(book)那个 those(books)那些其他指示代词 such 这样的,same 同样的,so 这样,it( 指人用)等指示代词可在句中作主语、表语、宾语、定语或状语。例如:These are my books. 这些是我的书。 (作主语)Youll never finish your work if you do it like this. 如果你像这样干的话,你永远不会完成工作。 (作宾语)My point is this. 我的意思是这个。 (作表语)I like
18、 that color. 我喜欢那样颜色。 (作定语)I dont like so that. 我不想要那么多。 (作状语)二、that, this, those 等指示代词的几种用法1、可用 those, that 代表前面提到的名词(同种事物) ,以免重复。 those 代替复数名词,that 代替单数名词,常用 that of 或 those of 的形式。例如:The air of suburb is cleaner than that of the city. 郊区的空气比城市的空气新鲜。Todays libraries differ greatly from those of th
19、e past.今天的图书馆与过去的图书馆有很大的不同。2、this, that 都可用来代表前面所说的单词、短语、从句、以避免重复;但是指下文要叙述的事情时只能用 this,不能用 that,例如:I want to know this; has he been here the whole night?Her mother was ill, thats why she couldnt come.3、those 在句中用作关系代词的先行词,后跟定语从句或定语从句的省略形式,指人时只能用复数。指人的单数形式则需用 anyone who/ the person who/ whoever 结构。指物
20、的单数时,一般用 that which。例如:I have that which you gave me. 我有你给我的那个。Those who didnt attend the meeting must tell the reason. 那些没有参加会议的人要说明原因。4、指示代词在句中相当于形容词时,其单数形式既可用于可数名词也可用于不可数名词。例如:This spoon is more expensive than that one. 这只汤勺比那只贵。This milk has gone sour. 这牛奶已经酸了。三、such 的用法1、指示代词 such 具有名词和形容词的性质,在
21、句中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。例如:I may have offended, but such was not my intention. 我可能有所冒犯,但这不是我的本意。His parents believed that he was a clever boy, but he wasnt such in fact.他的父亲想信他是个聪明的孩子,但事实上他并非如此。He bought pen, notebooks and such. 他买了笔,笔记本等等。3、 a 和 an 通常放在 such 之后,但是 all, no, one, few, several, some, any 等可放
22、在之前。例如:I couldnt answer such a problem. 我无法回答这样一个问题。There is no such a thing.没有这种事。Some such arrangement was necessary. 诸如此类的安排是必要的。四、same 的用法指示代词 same 必须和 the 连用,具有名词和形容词的性质,在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语等,并且常和 as 或 that 连用。例如:The same might be said of the problem. 同样的说法或许会适用这个问题。他帮了我很多忙,我将来有一天会报答他的。He did me lo
23、ts of kindness. Ill do the same for him someday.那些小孩我看起来一模一样Those children all look the same to me. 我们在同一个地方再次相见。He speaks the same as his father.他说话和他父亲一模一样。第六节疑问代词疑问代词是用于构成特殊疑问句的代词,主要有 who, whom, whose, which 和 what 等。一、疑问代词 who, whom, whose 的用法1、疑问代词 who 和 whom 只用于指人, who 通常做主语和表语。 Whom 作宾语。例如:Wh
24、od like to stand up and answer the question? 谁愿意起来回答这个问题?Whom do you want to meet? 你想见谁?在口语中,该用 whom 的地方常用 who 代替,但若前面有介词时,仍用 whom.如:who are you talking about?With whom did you go?2、whose 指人,是 who 的所有格,可作主语、宾语、表语和定语。例如:这是谁的鞋?(作定语)这是谁的?(作表语)他借的谁的?(作宾语)我不知道该先去谁的家。 (与动词不定式连用宾语)二、疑问代词 what 和 which 的用法wh
25、at 和 which 两者都具有名词和形容词特征,都可作主语、宾语、表语和定语。例如:What happened to him? 他出了什么事?Whats your hobby? 你的业余爱好是什么?What color is the chair? 这把椅子是什么颜色的?Which school did you go to? 你上的是哪的学校?三、疑问代词的用法与比较1、which 和 what 的区别。两者都可作定语,但 which 一般用于有一定选择范围的情况,what 则用于无选择范围或不清楚是什么的情况。例如:Which one do you prefer, this books or
26、 that book? 你更喜欢哪本书,这本还是那本?What harm does it do after all?它究竟会有什么害处?2、who 与 what 的区别。Who 多指姓名、关系等,what 多指职业、地位等。例如:Who is that tall woman? 那个高大的女人是谁?What is she? 她从事什么职业?3、who 与 which 的区别?Who 和 which 都可用来代替人,但是 who 对人数未加限制;which 对人数有限制,指一定对象中的哪一个,因此后面常接短语或表示对象的语句。例如:Who knows what will become of the
27、 world in fifty years? 谁晓得 50 年以后世界会变成什么样子?Which of the two were you talking about? (当时)你在谈论两个当中的哪一个?Which of you come from the south? 你们当中哪些人是南方人?四、疑问代词的强调作用疑问代词 What, which, who 和 whom 可与 ever 连用,加强语气。例如:Whatever do you like?你到底喜欢什么?Whichever side can win?到底哪一方能赢?Whoever told you such a stupid sto
28、ry? 到底是谁告诉你这么愚蠢的事?第七节 不定代词不定代词是不指明替代任何特定的名词和形容词的代词。具体如下:普通不定代词 a)some, any, nob)somebody, anybody, nobody, someone, anyone, no one, something , anything, nothing.c)one, none个体不定代词 All, every, each, other, another, either, neither, both, half, everybody, everyone, everything数量代词 Many, much, few, litt
29、le, a few, a little, a lot of, lots of, a great deal, a great many不定代词多数都是作主语、表语、宾语和定语,但代词 none 以及含有的 some, any, no, every合成代词不能作定语,而 every 和 no 只能作定语。不定代词的用法复杂,注意区别运用意义相近而用法又不同的不定代词。一、all 和 both 的用法1、两者都具有名词和形容词的特点,可作主语、宾语、定语、同位语等。例如:All my friend like her latest album. 我所有的朋友都喜观她最新的唱片。He spent all
30、 his money. 他把他的钱全部都花完了。All of my brothers like basketball. 我的兄弟都喜欢篮球。They can both speak English fluently 他们两个英语都讲得很流利。2、all, both 作主语同位语时,它们位于行为动词之前,be 动词之后。例如:They all/both came here. 他们都到了。I invited both of them.(=I invited them both.) 他们都疲倦了。3、若宾语为人称代词时,使用“both/all+人称代词”和“人称代词+both”两种句型都可以。例如:I
31、ll invite all of you .(=Ill invite you all.) 我将邀请你们全体。I invited both of them.(=I invited them both.)他们两个我都邀请。4、当 all 用作复数时,意为 “全体人员,所有东西” ;当视为单数时,意为“全部,所有的事(物) ”例如:All of my brother like baseball.=(my brothers all like baseball.) 我兄弟都喜欢棒球。All of my clothes are ready-made.=(my clothes are all ready-m
32、ade.) 我的衣服全部都是成衣。All I want is a room of my own. 我所要的只是属于我自己的房间。二、each 和 every 的用法1、each 用来强调两个或两个以上的人或事物中的每一个都各有自己的特点,意为“各自,每人”既可作定语,也可作主语、宾语、同位语。every 只用于三个或三个以上的人或物,意为“任何一个” ,只能在句中作定语。都作“每一个”解时,each 强调个体,every 强调整体;each 可跟 of 短语,every 只能作定语。例如:I have read every book he lent me. 我读完了借给我的所有书。Each o
33、f us has strong and weak points. 我们每个人都有优缺点。Each has his own task. 每个人都有自己该做的工作。They each have different opinions about it. 他们对那事各有不同的看法。三、no one 和 none 的用法1、no one 指人,动词用单数,none 可用于指人或物。No one=not any one, 意为“连一个也不” ,比 none 语气强。None 通常与 of 短语连用作主语,如果后面接复数名词,谓语动词可用单数或复数;如果接不可数名词,谓语动词要用单数。例如:None of
34、us are/is wrong. 我们谁也没错。None of us had/have ever been abroad. 我们之中没有人曾到过国外。There was no one to look after the child. 没有人照看孩子。None of this money is his. 这笔钱没有一点儿是他的。2、要注意 none 的几个习惯搭配。(1)none other than 不外乎是,就是,正是The man was none other than my husband. 那个人(不是别人)正是我的丈夫。It was none other than his wife
35、who told him the matter. 告诉他那件事的不是别人正是他的妻子。(2)none + the+形容词比较级+(for)仍然,依然for all his years, he is none the less vigorous and active.他虽然年老,但仍然生气勃勃,精力旺盛。He was none the better for the remedy. 他虽然接受了治疗,却一点也没好转。(3)none but 只有None but the aged and the sick stayed at home. 只有年老和生病的人留在家里。四、some 和 any 的用法1
36、、any 多用于否定句、疑问句和条件句。可替代单数可数名词,意为“任何一个” ,也可替代复数名词,意为“任何一定的个数” ,也可替代不可数名词,意为“任何一定的量” 。some 多用于肯定句,可替代复数可数名词,意为“一些人或物” ,也可替代不可数名词,意为“一定的量,一部分” ,在句中可作主语、宾语或定语。例如:Some of the milk had been sour. 有些牛奶已经做了。If you have any questions, ask your teacher. 如果你有什么问题,问你的老师。Some students are doing experiments. 一些学生
37、在做实验。2、some 有时可修饰单数可数名词,相当于 a certain,意为“某,某个”例如:I have read it in some magazine. 我在某本杂志上看过这个。She is talking with some boy. 她正和一个男孩说话。3、当说话者心中的肯定意识较强时,或实际上表示请求求或劝诱时,这时句子虽然是疑问句,通常不用 any,而用 some 例如:If you have some money, please lend me. 如果你有钱,就请借给我一些。Why dont you eat some pie? 吃点馅饼怎么样?五、few, a few, l
38、ittle, a little 的用法代替可数名词 代替不可数名词表肯定 A few A little表否定 Few Little这一组词具有名词和形容词的性质,在句中可用作主语、宾语、定语等。Few ,a few 用来代替或修饰可数名词,若作主词时,谓语动词都要用复数形式。a few 为肯定的用法,意为“少数的,几个” ;few 为否定的用法,意为“几乎没有,很少的” 。little, a little 用来代替或修饰不可数名词,若作主语,谓语动词都要用单数形式。a little 为肯定用法,意为“少许,稍微” ;little 为否定的用法,意为“几乎没有” 。例如:There are fe
39、w differences between the two. 这二者之间几乎没有什么差距。There are a few differences between the two. 这两者之间有一些差距。A little care probably could have prevented the traffic accident.当时稍微小心一点就可能防止了那次车祸。 (作定语)there is a little wine left in the bottle.瓶子里还剩一点酒。There is little left in the bottle. 瓶子里没剩下多少酒。六、everyone 和
40、 every one 的用法everyone 既可指人也可指物,可跟 of 短语。everyone 与 everybody 同义,只能指人,不可跟 of 短语。例如:every one of us has to attend the meeting. 所有的人都是参加那个会议。Everyone over eighteen has a vote. 每个 18 岁以上的人都有选举权。七、either 和 neither 的用法either 和 neither 和是一对意义相反的词,具有名词和形容词的性质。可作主语、宾语、定语。either 指“两者中任何一个 ”,neither 指“两者之间都不
41、”作主语时,在正式文体中与单数动词连用,在非正式文体中或美国英语中可与复数动词连用。例如:Either of the plans is /are equally dangerous. 两个计划同样危险You may read either of the books. 这两本书,你看哪一本都可以。There is no post office on either side of the street. 那条街的两边都没邮局。Neither of the books is /are very interesting 这两本书都不有趣。Neither seat is occupied.两个位子都空着
42、。八、other 和 another 的用法两个词都具有名词和形容词的性质,在句中可以作主语、宾语、定语。1、 another 是“an + other”的意思,所以不和复数形式连用,但是后面附加 two,three 等的数词或是 few。就可与复数形式连用,表示许多里面的另外一个。another 的复数形式是: some others,any others.例如:I wish you could remain in London for another few (three) weeks.我希望你能耐伦敦再逗留几(三)个星期。Would you like another cup of cof
43、fee? 你还想来杯咖啡吗?He finished his sandwich and asked for another. 他吃完了三明治,然后又要了一个。I dont like the shoes. Please give some others.我不喜欢这些鞋,请再给我拿些来看看。2、 another 和专用名词连用表示“第二”的意思。例如:He is another Einstein. 他是爱因斯坦第二。He is another Leifeng of our time. 他是我们时代的又一个雷锋式人物。3、 表示“另外的人或物,其他或物” ,其复数形式是表示“两者中的另一个”表示“其余
44、的人或物”指别人。例如:No one can do it.没有一个会做这件事。One must do his (ones) duty. 每个人必须尽自己的义务。Lets finish this exercise so we can go on with the next one.让我们完成这个练习,这样我们就能继续下一个了。4、与时间名词连用,表示某种不确定的时间。例如:One day hell understand his mistake.总有一天他会明白他的错误。One summer evening I went for a stroll in the park.一个夏天的夜晚,我去公园散
45、步。5、one 后面也可以接一个定语从句或短语对其进行修饰。例如:This picture is the one I wanted to have so much. 这幅画是我非常想要的。Lend me the book, the one with a red cover.请借给我那本有红色封面的书。6、one 或 ones 有时可省略。例如:That red tie belongs to Bob. Mine is the black (one). 那个红领带是鲍勃的,我的是黑的。十、someone, something 等合成代词的形式和用法不定代词 some, any ,no 与-one,
46、 -body, -thing 可组成不同的合成代词。1、一般来说,不定代词 someone (somebody, something)以及 everybody (everyone, everything)且于肯定句与陈述句,nobody (no one)用于否定句,anybody (anyone, anything)用于疑问句或否定句。例如:Somebody has told him the matter. 已经有人告诉那件事了。Nobody can help him under the circumstances. 在这种情况下没有人能够帮助他。There is something wron
47、g with his computer. 他的计算机出了故障。2、形容词修饰不定式代词时,通常要放在不定代词的后面。例如:Well discuss something important. 我们将讨论一些重要的事情。I think Id come and see if they had anything new. 我想我会来看看他们有没有什么新东西。3、else 常置于 some, any, no 以及与-body, -one, -place, -thing 结合而成的代词之后.else 也可跟在与 where 结合而成的副词之后,wh- 疑问词之后,all, much, little 等不定
48、代词之后,例如:Nothing else happened. 没有其他的事情发生。We must find somebody else to do the work. 我们必须另外找人来做这项工作。There is little else you can do to improve yourself. 除此之外,能使你进步的方法几乎没有。What else did she say about me? 除此之外,她还提到有关我的事情吗?4、-one 和-body 之后也可用-s 所格。例如:Everybodys business is nobodys business. 事关大家无人管。His
49、hair is longer than anyone elses 他的头发要比别人的长。5、anybody, somebody, everybody, anyone, someone 和 everyone 等不定代词通常视为单数形式,其相应的代词形式为 he(his, him, she, her),通常多用 he 或 his 作通性代词,但在口语中或反意疑问句中也有接复数代词的情形。这些不定代词若作主语,谓语动词用单数。例如:Everybody gets their (his or her) legal rights by birth. 每个人一出生便享有合法权利。Everyone began to wave his hand.大家都开始挥手。If anybody asks for me, tell them Ill be back by 5 oclock.如果有人来找我,就说我会在 5 点以前回来。Someone was absent from the English classes, werent they?有人没上英