1、第十一章 介词介词是用于名词、名词词组或相当于名词词组的结构之间,表示词语之间意义关系的词类。介词能和不同的词语搭配,表示不同的意义。第一节介词的种类按照介词的结构,可将介词大致分为三类:简单介词、双重介词和短语介词一、简单介词英语中的很多简单介词与其他词连用构成了不同的表达式。常用的简单介词有:about, above, across, after, again, along, among, at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, but, by, despite, down, during, except,
2、in, on, for, from, like, near, of, over, past, round, since, till, to, through, towards, under, until, up, with, inside, outside, throughout, into, without, within 等。例如:After much consideration we accept his offer.经过多方面考虑,我们接受了他的报价。She came to Beijing at eighteen.她在十八岁来到了北京。Given his support, I thin
3、k well win the election.如果获得了他的支持,我想我们会赢得这次选举。I hear he is more than 70, but he is still strong considering his age.据说他已经超过 70 岁了,但从他的年龄来看,他仍然很硬朗。二、双重介词由于上下文的需要,有时两个不同的介词放在一起使用,这类介词就称为双重介词。常用的双重介词有:from among, up to, from behind, from within 等。例如:Laughter burst out from among the audience when the l
4、ecturer made a joke.演讲者讲笑话时,全体听众发出一阵哄堂大笑。She was here up to a few minutes age. 她直到数分钟前还在这里。The 1985 figure was eight percent, in between France and the United States.1985 年的统计数字是百分之八,介于法国和美国之间。三、短语介词短语介词在英语中占很大的比例,而且出现的频率也比较高,只有牢记才能运用自如。常用的短语介词有: according to, ahead of, along with, apart from, as to
5、, because of, due to, except for, prior to, thanks to, together with, up to, by means of, by way of, for the sake 等。例如:According to the TV, it will be fine today. 根据电视报道,今天会是个晴天。He was late as a result of the traffic jam. 由于交通阻塞,他迟到了。The children were all tired and went to bed of their own accord.这些
6、小孩都累了,所以都自动上床睡觉了。In respect of this problem, we dont have to draw a conclusion here.关于这个问题,我们没有必要去此作出决定。第二节 介词的作用介词和介词短语一起构成的短语在句中可作表语、状语、定语、补语等。例如:I have seen him on two occasions since the beginning of the new term.自从新学期以来,我已在两个场合见过他。 (介词短语作状语)He has worked in the factory for twenty years.他已经在这个工厂
7、工作了二十年了。 (作状语)Those students are from the south.那些学生是南方来的。 (作表语)They gave up all hope of his recovery. 他们对他的康复已经不抱任何希望了。 (作定语)They found themselves in a difficult situation. 他们发现自己面临一个很困难的局面。 (作宾补)第三节 介词的意义介词按其在句中的语义关系,可表示时间、原因、方式、让步、条件,对比、伴随、地点、目的等。如何准确地使用,要靠学习者在不断的理解过程中逐步地掌握。下面对部分介词的用法进行讲解。一、表示时间关
8、系的介词英语中有些介词可用来表示时间,不同结构运用不同的介词,有的介词是表示时间的某一点,有的介词是表示时间的延续。常用来表示时间的介词有:at, in, on, by, during, till, until, before, after, since, from, to, for 等。例如:We were very happy at that time. 我们那时非常幸福We are very happy at that time. 从今以后你应更加小心。I waited until five oclock, but he didnt come. 我一直等到五点,但他没来。二、表示地点、位
9、置和方向的介词不同的介词所表示的地点不同,位置和方向也不同。常用来表示地点、位置和方向的介词有:in, inside, at, on, within, over, under, beneath, underneath, among, opposite, around, into, out of, through 等。例如:The post office is at the fourth intersection from here. 邮局在从这里算起的第四个十字路口。Stay within hearing distance of the house. 不要跑得太远免家人叫不到。The wait
10、ress stood opposite me. 那女服务员站在我对面。The train went through some tunnels. 火车穿过了几个隧道。三、表示原因的介词根据上下文的需要或搭配关系,常用不同的介词或介词短语来表达相同的意思。常用来表示原因的介词有:for, from, of, through, because of, with, owing to, as a result of, thanks to, due to, on account of 等。例如:She was surprised at what he said. 她听到他的话之后感到很惊奇。Houseke
11、eping was made much easier through the use of electrical appliances.由于使用电器,家务事变得轻松多了。He died from a chronic disease. 他死于慢性疾病。With all the noise I couldnt concentrate. 这么吵,我无法专心。四、表示方式或手段的介词by, in, to 等介词或由介词构成的介词短语可用来表示方式,由这类介词所构成的短语,通常在句中作状语。常用来表示方式的介词或介词短语有:by means of, to the advantage, on behalf
12、 of, under (the direction of), according to, in ones opinion 等。例如:We knew the matter through the Ford Foundation. 我们通过福特基金会获悉这件事。I go to school by bus and by train, but my father goes to the office by car.我乘公共汽车和火车上学,但我爸爸开车上班。Thoughts can also be expressed by means of music. 思想也可以借音乐表达。In my opinion
13、, he shouldnt accept the task. 我认为,他不应该接受这个任务。五、表示目的的介词常用来表示目的的介词及介词短语有 for, on, to, for the purpose of, for the sake of, on behalf of, in honor of, with a view to 等。例如:Thoughts can also be expressed by means of music. 他做什么都得为了钱。In my opinion, he shouldnt accept the task. 她为某慈善机构举行了一场钢琴独奏会。He went t
14、o town on purpose to sell one of his paintings. 他为了卖一幅自己的画,特地进城去。He went to Japan in a view to buying a piece of equipment. 他为了买一台设备而到日本去了。六、表示让步的介词常用来表示让步的介词或介词短语有 despite in spite of, regardless of, notwithstanding, for(all), with(all)等。例如:He got drunk at the party notwithstanding his wifes warnin
15、g.他不管妻子的警告,仍然在宴会上喝得烂醉。He says what he thinks, regardless of other peoples feelings.他想说什么就说什么,从不考虑到别人的感受。She cant see very well in spite of her spectacles. 她尽管戴着眼镜,还是不能够看得很清楚。七、表示条件的介词常用来表示条件的介词有:without, but for, in case of, in the event of 等例如:Without your help we would not have succeeded. 没有你的帮助我们
16、也许不会成功。But for electricity there would not be modern industry. 没有电,就不可能有现代工业。In case of any problems, please call me. 万一出现什么问题,请给我打电话。八、表示相关的介词常用来表示相关的介词有:about, of, on, regarding, as for, as regards, in terms of, with respect to, as to, in respect of/to, with/ in reference to, on/with regard to, in
17、 relation to 等。例如:Dont concern yourself over. 不要为这芝麻小事操心。Concerning his proposal, there were pros and cons. 关于他的提案,有赞成和反对两种意见。We all passed the examination, but as for him, he alone failed.我们考试都及格了,但至于他,只有他一个人不及格。I spoke with him about the matter. 关于那件事我和他谈过了。九、表示排除的介词常用来表示排外的介词有:but, except, beside
18、s, except for, in addition to, apart from, aside from, with the exception of 等。例如:I would join you except from my headache. 要不是我头痛的话,我会和你们一起去的。He goes to the library every day except when he is not well.他除了身体不舒服外,每天都去图书馆。Apart form several faults, he is a trustworthy teacher.除了有几种缺点外,他是个值得信赖的老师。She
19、speaks English in addition to Japan. 除了日语外,她还会说英语。十、表示工具和材料的介词常用来表示工具和材料的介词有 from, of, out of, with 等。 其中 of 和 out of 表示的材料仍保持原材料的性质,from 表示制成品已失去了原材料的性质。例如:Cheese and butter are made from milk. 乳酪和奶油是由牛奶制作成的。Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen. 水是由氢和氧组成的。The cake was made with fruit. 这个蛋糕是用水果制作的。
20、十一、表示对象的介词常用来表示对象的介词有:at, for ,to 等。例如:she looks young for her age. 考虑到年纪,她看起来算是年轻的。He is awfully bad at mathematics.他的数学作非常糟糕。I often talk to my neighbor. 我常常和邻居谈话。十二、表示对比或比例的介词常用来表示对比和比例的介词有等。例如:Living in the country is cheap in comparison with the big cities.与大都市相比,在乡下生活较便宜。The air pressure varie
21、s with the height, and the water pressure varies, with the depth.气压随着高度变化,水压随着深度变化。They won the game two to nothing. 他们 2 比 0 胜了那场比赛。The picture shows up well against the white wall. 这幅画在白墙的衬托下很显眼。第四节 几组意义相近的介词的区别一、in 和 after 在表示时间时的区别in 是以现在为中心,表示“从今 之后” ,是以现在以外的时间为中心,表示“从那以后”。例如:Ill come back in a
22、 week. 我(从今天)一个礼拜后将回来。He came back after a week. 他在(从那时)一个礼拜之后回来。二、in ,on, at 在表示时间和地点的区别1、in, at 和 on 都可用来表示时间in 表示比较长的时间;at 表示时间的某一点;on 表示某一个早上、中午、傍晚等。例如:He got late in the morning and had a meal at noon.他早上起得晚,所以只吃午餐。I saw her on a cold morning in February.我在二月的某个寒冷的早上看到过她。On my birthday. 在我生日的时候
23、On the morning of Christmas Day 在圣诞节的早晨2、in, at 和 on 都可用来表示地点。at 表示空间位置上的一点。具体地说,它可用来表示较小的地方,像城镇、学校、机关、车站、工厂、某个建筑物或门牌号等。in“在里面” ,表示在某一平面或立体范围内。在地理位置上,用在国家、大城市、大岛屿等范围大的地点。如:on“在上” ,表示平面概念,用在平原、海洋、湖泊等平坦和广阔的地方。例如:He was born at small town. 他出生在一个小镇。I live at 505, Changan Street. 我住在长安街 505 号。The girls
24、were at the windows, looking out into the garden.女孩们站在窗口,朝花园里看。She made him sit down at the table. 她让他坐在桌边。He was in the house yesterday afternoon. 他昨天下午在屋。He was at the house yesterday afternoon. 他昨天下午在家。On the playground (sports-ground) 在操场上。He is standing at the corner. (表示场所)他站在墙角旁。There is a te
25、lephone booth at (on) the corner of the street. 街道拐角处有一个电话亭。The boy sat at in the corner of the room. 这个男孩坐在屋角里。We saw a light in the distance. 我们看到远处有灯光。The picture looks better at a distance. 这幅画远看更好一些We sat on a bench. 我们坐在长凳上。He is sitting in an armchair. 他正座在单人沙发里。In the fields 在田间In the field
26、在战场上On the farm 在农场On the ground 在地上二、over/under, up/down, above/below, on/beneath 表示“上” 、 “下”位置的区别on 表示“在(平面)上” ,beneath 表示“在(平面)下” ;over 表示“在(垂直)上方” ,under 表示“在(垂直)下方”;above 表示“ 在上方” ;below 表示“在下方” 。Up 表示“往 的上方”;down 表示“往的下方” 。例如:There is a colour TV set on the desk. 桌子上有一台彩电。The submarine can ver
27、y fast beneath the sea.潜艇在水下能开得很快。There is a lamp over the table.桌子上方有一盏灯。The peasants are having a rest under the tree.农民们正在树下休息。The plane is flying above the clouds. 这架飞机正在云层的上方飞行。The sun sank below the horizon.太阳落到地平线下面去了。He went up the hill. 他上山来。He ran down a hill. 他自山上跑下。四、around, round, about
28、 表示“围绕”或“周围”意义的区别around 表示 “在周围”围着的静止位置;round 表示“在周围 ”旋转的运动位置;about笼统地表示在某一物的附近或旁边。例如:Children sat around the fire.孩子们围坐在火的周围。The earth goes round the sun.地球围绕太阳转。Her hair hung about her neck.她的头发垂在脖子的左右。五、across, through, over 表示“横过,穿过,越过”意义的区别across 是 “横过 ”,从这边到那一边; through 是“穿过” ;over 是“越过,在之上横过”
29、。例如:He swam across the river. 他游过河。The train went through a tunnel. 火车穿过一条隧道。The plane flew over the city. 飞机飞过这个城市。六、at, of , for, with ,over, in 表示引起某种感情的原因或理由时的区别1、at 常用于 wonder, weep, be amazed, be surprised, be frightened, be alarmed, be astonished 等后面,表示因见到或听到一件事后所产生的某种感情。例如:I am ashamed at it
30、. 我对这件事感到吃惊。The young girl wept at the sad news.小女孩听到这个悲伤2、of 用于 glad, fond, proud, vain, afraid, ashamed, desirous, tired 等词后面。例如:I am ashamed of doing it. 我对做这件事感到羞耻。Shes vain of her beauty.她以她的美丽而自负。3、for 常和表示喜悦、哀愁、恐怖或希望等感情的词连用,表示原因、动作或理由。例如:The children jumped for joy. 孩子们高兴地跳了起来。I am sorry for
31、your misfortune. 得知你的不幸,我很难过。比较:sorry 后也可以跟 at.例如:I am sorry at hearing of your failure. 听说你的失败,我很惋惜。4、with 一般指因外蜀因素所引起的身体或心理状态的变化。常和 tremble, weep, shiver, cry, jump, shout, angry, affected, excited, moved 等词连用。例如:The boy shouted with pain. 这个男孩痛得大叫。Tremble with fear. 吓得直哆嗦。I was moved with pity at
32、 hearing it by your words. 我听了你讲的这件事觉得很可惜。I am angry with you for doing so at such condition.我对你在这种情况下这样做很生气。5.over 用在 cry, laugh, weep, rejoice, sigh, mourn 等词的后面,表示由于情感而产生出来的事情。例如:They all laughed over the joke. 他们都因为这个笑话而大笑。He cried over his misfortune. 他因为他的不幸而痛哭。All the people in the city rejoi
33、ced over the victory.城里所有的人都为胜利而高兴。6、in 常和表示“自满”或“ 喜悦”的词连用。如:delight, rejoice, glory, take pride, take delight, take pleasure 等。例如:She delights in music.她喜爱音乐。She took a great pride in her achievement.她为她的成就而自豪。This boy takes great pleasure in teasing his little sister.这个男孩很喜欢逗弄他的小妹妹。七、表示排除意义的介词在用法上
34、的区别1、besides 相当于 in addition to 表示“除以外;还有”在否定句中可表示“除之外,再也没有” ,与 but/except 通用。Besides 后可接名词,在动词 do 之后,也可以接动词原形。例如:I want nothing besides this. 除此之外我什么也不要。Besides Chinese, he also studies Maths, physics, and Chemistry.除了语文,他还学习数学、物理和化学。2、but“除了之外(再)没有 ”,其后常接名词、代词或动词不定式。在接不定式时,如果其前含有意义动词 do,其后常用动词原形。例
35、如:He dose nothing but laugh.他只要是大笑而已。He has no choice but to lie down and sleep.他别无选择,只好躺下睡觉。Who but a fool would do such a thing?除非傻瓜,谁会做这样的事情?3、except “除 之外” ,指的是 “不把包括在内” ,在此用法中,与 but 相同。例如:I looked everywhere except in the bedroom. 我到处都找了,就是没有在卧室找。They did nothing except play all day long. 他们除了整
36、天玩耍外,什么都不做。4、except for“除了之外,要不是 ”,表示不同项目类别的对比和限制。例如:The room is empty except for a few chairs. 除了几把椅子外,这间房子空荡荡的。I would join you except for my headache. 要不是头痛的话,我会加入你们的。5、except that“除了以外” ,后接从句,that 有时可以省去。例如:I know nothing about his career except that he is a graduate of Oxford University.我除了知道他从
37、牛津大学毕业之外,对他的其他经历一无所知。6、apart from“除了之外 ”,美国英语中为 aside from。它有时相当于 besides;有时则相当于 except 或 except for。例如:Apart from(=Except) them, I had no one to talk to .除了他们外,我没有人说话。Apart form (=Besides) sport, my other interest outside class is music.除了体育,我其他的课外爱好还有音乐。Apart form(=Except for)some spelling mistake
38、s, the composition is fairly good.除了一些拼写错误外,这篇作文相当好。八、with, in 和 by 在表示材料、手段、工具时的区别1、 “with东西”表示行为的主体(通常是人)把该件东西当作工具作用;“东西”则表示并非“人” ,而是该“东西”才是行为的主体。例如:He was killed by a falling rock.(=someone killed him with a knife.)有人用刀子杀死了他。He was killed by a falling rock.(=A falling rock killed him.)他被落石砸死了。wit
39、h 也可表示“用何种材料” ,特别是材料和工具都使用时,用 with 最好。例如:You must write the composition with pen and ink.你必须用钢笔、墨水写作文。The road is paved with stone.这条路是用石头铺的。2、in 表示用何种材料或用何种方式。例如:Dons write a letter in pencil. 不要用铅笔写信。Hes writing a letter in ink. 他在用墨水写信。3、by 表示执行者、手段、交通工具、数量等。(1)by 表示“手段” ,多用于主动语态或不及物动词之后,相当于 thro
40、ugh, by means of 例如:By (through) your help, I may succeed. 在你的帮助下,我可能会成功。Choose a wife rather by your ear than your eye. 通过耳朵而不是眼睛来选择妻子。(2)by 可泛指交通工具,前面不加冠词,但指特定物时则需加冠词。例如:We shall go by car(train, bus, ship). He left by the 10:30 train. 他乘 10 点半的火车的离开。(3)by 可以表示买卖东西所计算的数或量,或付酬所计算的时间,此时 by 后面的名词用单数,
41、并且的名词用单数,并且加定冠词例如:Milk is sold by the pint, butter by the pound, and egg by the dozen.牛奶按品胶、黄油按磅、鸡蛋论打来卖。九、between, among 和 amid (st)在表示“之间,之中”用法上的区别1、一般来说,between 往往表示两者之间,常与 and 连用。Among 则表示在两个以上的东西之间。例如:The house stands between the river and the wood.这座房子位于河与树林之间。A tall red house stands up among t
42、he trees.一座很高的红色房子位于树林中。The department store is between the bank and the hotel.商店位于银行和旅馆之间。I saw him among the crowd.我看见他在人群中。但是在许多情况下,between 可以用来表示两个以上的东西之间,用以强调两个以上的人或物中各个体间的关系。例如:Switzerland lies between France, Germany, Italy and Austria.瑞士位于法国、德国、意大利及奥地利之间。The food was shared between three fam
43、ilies.三个家庭分别享用了这些食物。The money was equally divided between the crew.这笔钱在机组人员中被平分了。当然如果不需将各个人或物作为独立的个体看待,而只将他(它)们看成整体时,就用among。例如:The money was divided among the heirs. 这笔钱被各个继承人分了。He left some money to be divided among the servants.他给佣人们备下了一笔钱。2、amid(st)多用于正式文体,意思与 among 相同,两者都可以用来表示在没有确定数目的物体之间。例如:S
44、he kept cool amid the panic. 在惊慌中,她保持冷静。He works amid(st) his books. 他在书堆里工作。第五节 介词与其他词类的搭配介词的使用主要是与其他类进行搭配,不同的搭配在句中的作用也不同,而且许多搭配已变成习惯,这种搭配需要牢记:一、介词和名词的搭配某些名词可以和不同的介词(如 about, at, of, on ,with, for, from,等)搭配形成固定的用法。1、某些名词后面常常要求用某些介词,构成一些固定搭配。例如:concern about 关怀 complaint about 抱怨 doubt about 怀疑 opi
45、nion about 意见affection for 深爱 necessity for 需要 ambition for 抱负 occasion for 时机anxiety for 渴望 pity for 怜悯,惋惜 cause for 有理由 passion for 激情consideration for 体贴 preference for 偏爱 cure for 医治 request for 要求desire for 欲望 sorry for 惋惜 excuse for 借口 sympathy for 同情hope for 希望 telent for 有天才 love for 爱 subst
46、itute for 替代absence from 缺席 exemption from 免除 conversion from 转变 protection from 防护difference from 不同 relief from 解除 confidence in 信任 interest in 兴趣delight in 欣喜 pride in 自傲 difficulty in 困难 progress in 有进步faith in 信仰 response in 反应;答复 harm in 有害 perseverance in 坚持improvement in 改进 success in 成功 ana
47、lyses of 分析 habit of 厌恶capability of(for)有能力 horror of 厌恶 care of 注意 intention of 意图cause of 原因 number of 数目 doubt of 怀疑 prevention of 预防description of 描述 possibility of 可能性 examination of 检查 shortage of 短缺authority on 权威 lecture on 讲授 dependence on 依赖 mercy(pity) on 怜悯effect on 有效 outlook on 观点 emp
48、hasis on 强调 operation on 动手术grip on 抓紧,了解 revenge on 报复 influence on 影响 remark on 评论advantage over 占优势 victory over 战胜 control over 控制 worry over 忧虑 access to 进入,通道 guide to 指导 appeal to 请求,吸引 gratitude to 感激 attention to 注意 indifference to 不关心 approach to 途径 invitation on 邀请 barrier to 障碍 obstacle to 障碍 claim to 要求 objection to 反对 contrast to 对比 reference to 提及,参考 devotion to 忠实于 solution to 解决方法acquaintance with to 相识 connection with 有关系 agreement with 协议 conversation wi