1、第十四章 状语从句状语从句就是充当句子状语的从句，它可分为表示时间、地点、方式、比较、原因、结果、目的、条件和让步等从句。第一节 时间状语从句一、when, while 和 as 引导的状语从句这三个词在引导时间状语从句时，既有共性，也有不同。、都可以与具有持续性动作的动词连用，表示一般时间。例如：He entered the room when (while, as)the meeting was going on.正当开会的时候，他走进了房间。As (while) I was walking down the street, an American asked me for directi
2、ons to the nearest station.当我走在街道上时，有个美国人问我到最近的车站怎么走。、when 通常指一时的动作或状态，可表示从句动作与主句动作同时发生，或先于主句动作；while 常用来引导两个同时进行的持续时间较长的动作；as 常用来引导两个动作紧接着发生；强调“同一时间”或“一先一后” 。例如：When I meet the right man, I will get married.当我遇见合适的人时，我会结婚的。While the teacher explained the text, the students listened attentively.老师讲解
3、课文时，学生们专心听讲做笔记。He sang songs as he was taking a bath.他一边洗澡一边唱歌。As spring warms the earth, all flowers begin to bloom.随着春回大地，百花开始绽放。注：when 和 while 有时可起并列连词的作用（）when 作并列连词用时意为“突然” ， “正在这时” ，通常位于句末，不能位于句首。从句的谓语动词常用一般过去时，主句通常用过去进行时，过去完成进或 be about to 结构等。例如：She was about to leave when Mark arrived so sh
4、e stayed a little longer.她正要离开时马克到了，所以她又多呆了一会。He had been walking under the trees when an apple fell down.他在树下散步，突然一个苹果掉了下来。（）while 意为“而，但是”连接两个意义上相互对比的成分。例如：He knew how to answer the question, while I couldnt answer it.他知道怎样回答那个问题，而我却不能。Jane was dressed in brown while Mary was dressed in blue.珍穿褐色衣
5、服，玛丽却是穿蓝色衣服。二、一些形式上为副词的连接词引导的时间状语从句有些表示时间的副词如 once, directly, immediately 等也可作连接用来引导时间状语从句，意为：“一就” 。例如：Directly I received your letter, I came back at once. 我一收到你的信，我就马上回来了。Immediately he came home, I told him about it. 他一回到家，我就告诉他那件事。Instantly the button is pressed, the mine explodes. 一按电钮，地雷就爆炸。三、
6、某些表示时间的名词短语引导的时间状语从句某些表示时间的名词词组如：the moment, the minute, the instant, the day, the year, any time, last(first) time, next time, each time, every time 等也可用来引导时间状语从句。例如：Every time I met him, I found him to be taller. 每次我见到他我都觉得他长高了。You can call me any time you want to . 你可以随时给我打电话。The last time I went
7、 to the United States, I visited many cities.我上次到美国时曾游览过许多城市。The instant the result came out, she told us. 结果一出来，她就告诉了我们。The moment he saw me, he turned pale. 他一看到我就脸色苍白。四、连接词 As soon as, since, no sooner than等引导的时间状语从句、连接词 as soon as, hardly/scarcely/barelywhen/before,no soonerthan等引导的时间状语从句，意为：“刚（
8、一）就”例如：As soon as their mother came in, the children cried out with pleasure.母亲一进来，孩子们就高兴地叫起来。Jack had scarcely/hardly seen me when/before he left the room.杰克一看到我就离开了房间。The spy had no sooner returned home than he was told to go to another country.那个间谍一踏进国门就奉命要去他国。注：在 no soonerthan, hardly/scarcely/b
9、arelywhen/before 引导的时间状语从句中，若把 no sooner, hardly, scarcely, barely 放在句首，则要用倒装结构。例如：No sooner had he heard the news than he fainted. 他一听到那个消息，就晕了过去。Scarcely had he entered the room when the telephone rang. 他刚一走进房间，电话就响了。、在 since 引导的时间状语从句中，从句通常用过去式，主句则要用完成式。例如：since I was a child, I have lived in the
10、 city. 我从小就住在这个城市。She has never called on me since she moved to the country. 自从她搬到乡下之后就没来看过我。注：当 since 作副词或介词用时，谓语动词也通常用现在完成时。例如：His first book was a great success and he has been famous as a writer ever since.他的第一本书非常畅销，从那以后他就成了一位名作家。I have been in the business since 1988. 1988 年以来，我一直在从事这项工作。五、 ti
11、ll 与 until、这两个词的意思完全一样。till 在口语中用得较多，until 多在正式文体中使用，但是句首只能用 until。在肯定句中谓语为延续性动词时表示“直到为止” ，在否定句中谓语为终止性动词时表示“直到才”在否定句中相当于 before.例如：Ill wait until/till he came back.我将一直等到他回来。Until you told me I had no idea of what she said.直到你告诉我才知道她说的是什么意思。、如果 not until 位于句首时，需用倒装结构。例如：Not until after the was did t
12、hey meet again.直到战后他们才又相见。Not until he told me did I knew it.直到他告诉我我才知道这件事。、It is not untilnot 结构表示强调。例如：It wasnt until they had a discussion that they made up their mind.他们直到讨论过后才下定决心。It wasnt until she had arrived home remembered her appointment with the doctor.A. when B. that she C. and she D. sh
13、e答案为 B. that 在句中引导强调句型。译文：直到她到家才想起与医生有个约会。六、状语从句中省略动词 be 的情况在 when, whenever, while, till, until, once 引导的时间状语从句中，如果从句的谓语动词为 be 动词形式，这时从句中主语和谓语动词 be 有时可省略。例如：I didnt notice it till(it was) too late. 等我注意到这事时已经太晚了。When (I was )a boy, I looked at such things differently. 小时候我对这些事情的看法不同。We will to our
14、best to help them whenever (it is) possible.无论什么时候有可能，我们都会尽最大努力帮助他们。七、时间状语从句中一般现在时表示将来时在使用时间状语从句时，若主句为一般将来时，从句谓语动词需用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如：Theyll go home after they finish their work. 完成工作后，他们将回家。Ill let you know as soon as he arrives. 他一到我就告诉你。第二节 地点状语从句地点状语从句一般由 where, wherever, everywhere 和 anywhere 引导。
15、例如：You should put the book where it was. 你应该把书放在原来的地方Wherever he went, he was warmly welcome. 无论他走到哪里，他都受到热烈的欢迎。Everywhere they went, they were kindly received. 他们所到之处，都受到热情款待。I will meet you anywhere you like. 我愿意在你所喜欢的任何地方见你。第三节 原因状语从句一、because, since 和 as 引导的原因状语从句、这三个词都可引导原因状语从句，其中 because 语气最强，
16、多表示所叙述的理由是本句的重点，故 because 所引导的从句多在句末，在回答由 why 引出的问句时，只能用because;在语气上 since 次之，as 最弱。since 和 as 表示的原因，多是既成事实，原因以外才是叙述的重点，因而两者多用于句首。例如：“Why were you late?”“Because the traffic was too heavy.”“你为何迟到了？” “因为交通太拥挤了”As it is raining, lets stay at home.因为下雨，我们就留在家里吧。Since you have no license, you are not al
17、lowed to drive.因为你没有驾驶执照，所以你不可以开车。、在强调句式中，若强调原因状语从句，只能用 because 引导的从句。例如：It was because he was careless that he failed.他是由于粗心而失败的。It was because he was ill that he didnt go with us. 正是因为他病了，他才没和我们一起去。、在 because 引导的从句中，如果主句为否定句，而主句和后面的从句之间又没有逗号分开，这时 not 修饰的是后面的整个从句。例如：The machine did not stop because
18、 the fuel was used up. 机器停了下来，并不是因为燃料用光了。You should not despise a man because he is poor. 你不应该因一个穷而轻视他。如果主句和从句之间用逗号分开，那么意思就不同了。例如：I was not kind to him, because he was rude. 我对他不友好，因为他无礼。二、for 和 because 的区别because 总是表示因果关系，而且语气最强；而 for 引导的是并列分句，它只是对前面的分句加以解释，说明推断的理由，并且只能后置。例如：We did not go out becau
19、se it was raining. 因为下雨，我们没有出去。It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet this morning.昨夜一定下雨了，今天早上地都是湿的。（该句不能用 because,因为现在地面湿不是导致昨夜下雨的原因）It is morning, for the birds are singing.天亮了，鸟儿在鸣叫。（鸟鸣不能引起天亮，所以本句不能用 because 代替 for）三、复合连词引导的原因状语从句复合连词 in that, now that, seeing that, considering th
20、at, not thatbut that, inasmuch as等可用来引导原因状语从句。例如：A gas differs from liquid in that it has no definite shape.气体不同于固体就在于它没有一定的形状。Now (that) you are ready, well start working at once.既然你们准备好了，我们马上开始工作。They did the job quite well, considering that they had no experience.考虑到他们没有什么经验，他们干得还是不错的。I havent fi
21、nished writing the report yet, not that Im lazy, but that I have no time.我还没有写完报告，不是因为我懒，而是因为我没有时间。Seeing (that) he is ill, he is unlikely to come. 他生病了，不可能会来。四、介词词组引导的原因状语从句有些介词词组加 by reason, for fear, for the reason, on the ground 等可直接跟 that，用来引导表示原因的状语从句。例如：I eat potatoes for the simple reason th
22、at I like them. 我吃土豆仅仅是因为我喜欢土豆I darent tell you what he did, for fear that he should be angry with me.我不敢将他的事告诉你，因为怕他对我发脾气。He was not severely punished for his crime on the ground that he was young.他没有受到严厉的惩罚是因为他年纪太小。第四节 结果状语从句一、sothat, such that, suchthat 引导的结构状语从句在由 sothat 和 such(a) that 引导的结果状语从句
23、中，要注意 so 和 such 之后跟的词。其常见的情况为：so+ adj. /adv.+ that; such a(n)+n. +that,such+ n.+ that,such+复数可数名词+that等结构。例如：He ran so fast that I couldnt catch up with him.他跑得了如此之快，以致我都跟不上他。It was such a bad accident that decades of people were killed.这次事故非常严重，有几十个人He painted such beautiful pictures that the visit
24、ors were lost in admiration.他的画非常美，参观的人赞叹不已。The shock was such that she was almost driven mad.因为打击太大，她差点发疯。He gave me such good advice that I finished the task easily.他给我的建议这样好，我很容易地完成了任务。注：so 或 such 位于句首时，主句需用倒装语序。例如：So fierce was their dog that no one dared come near.他们的狗真凶恶，没有人敢走近它。Such was his b
25、ehavior that everyone disliked him.他的行为那么坏，使得大家都不喜欢地。Such a good grammar book is this that you ought to have it.这是一本很好的语法书，你应该买。二、so ,that 和 so that 等引导的结果状语从句he made a wrong decision, so that half of his lifetime was wasted.他做了错误的决定，结果毁掉了半生。He didnt obey the contract, so he was fined.他没有遵守条约，因此被罚了款
26、。What has happened that all of them look so excited?发生了什么事情使他们显得那样激动呢？三、to such a degree that, t such an extent that, with the result that 等引导的结果状语从句The temperature rose to such an extent that the firemen had to leave the house.温度如此之高，以至于消防队员不得不离开那个着火的房子。I was in the bath, with the result that I did
27、nt hear the telephone.我正在洗澡，结果没有听到电话铃响。第五节 目的状语从句一、so that, in order that 等引导的目的状语从句So that, in order that 常与 many, can, should, might 等情态动词连用，引导目的状语从句。由 in order that 引导的从句一般用于正式文体，可在主句之前，也可在主句之后；而由 so that 引导的从句通常放在主句之后，有时也可放在主句之前。例如：We left early so that we could catch the first train.我们很早出发，以便能赶
28、上第一班火车。In order that he shouldnt wake up his wife, he came in quietly.他轻轻地进了屋，为了不吵醒他妻子。We must improve the farming method in order that we may get high yields.我们必须改进耕作方式，以便可以获得高产。三、lest, for fear that, in case 引导的目的状语从句lest, for fear that, in case 引导的目的状语从句通常要用虚拟语气结构，其形式为：should+动词原形，意为：“以防” ， “以免”等
29、。lest, for fear that 句中的 should 通常可以被省略 in case 引导的目的状语从句可用虚拟语气，也可用陈述语气（请参阅虚拟语气章节） 。例如：I hid the book for fear that/in case/lest she should see it.我把书收藏了起来，以防被她看见。Take a taxi in case you are late for the meeting.坐出租车去，免得开会迟到。He doesnt dare leave the house for fear that he (should) be recognized.他不敢离
30、开房间，以免被人认出来。He ran away lest he (should) be caught.他怕被抓，因而逃走了。三、so that 引导结果状语从句和引导目的状语从句的区别so that 引导的目的状语从句，可放在主句之前或之后，并常与 may, can, will, could, might, should 等情态动词连用；so that 引导的结果状语从句只能放在主句之后，并常有逗号和主句分开。例如：She was exhausted, so that she couldnt eat dinner.她疲惫得吃不下晚餐。 （结果状语从句）He spoke loudly so th
31、at everyone could hear him.他大声地讲话，以便每个人都能听见。 （目的状语从句）So that he can buy the books he wants, he has gone to the city.为了能买到他所需要的书，他去了城里。 （目的状语从句）第六节 条件状语从句条件状语从句可分为真实条件句和 if 引导的非真实条件句。此处只讲真实条件句，非真实条件句可查阅本书虚拟语气部分。一、if, unless 引导的条件状语从句Unless 在意义上相当于 ifnot。Unless 一般不用于非真实条件句。例如：If you have a good eating
32、 habit, you can stay healthy.如若你有良好的饮食习惯，你就能保持健康。I will not lend the book to you unless you can return it in time.我不会把书借给你的，除非你能及时归还。Unless 表示除外的惟一条件，通常不能用 and 连接两个 unless 从句，而 if not 却不受此限。例如：She wont lose weight if she does not keep a diet and if she does not take exercise every day.不能说：She wont l
33、ose weight unless she keeps a diet and unless she takes exercise every day.二、Only if 和 if only 引导的条件状语从句Only if 意为“只要”引导陈述语气的真实条件句，放在句首要用倒装结构；if only 引导虚拟条件句，引导感叹句，意为 “但愿，要是 就好了” 。例如：Only if you study hard will you pass the final-examination.只要你努力学习，就会通过期末考试。If only we had arrived at the station in
34、time, we could have met him.要是我们按时到达车站，我们也许就能见到他了。If only it would stop raining!但愿雨能停下来！If only I had not been late for work!要是我上班没迟到就好了！三、其他常用来引导条件状语从句的连词as(so) long as (只要),on condition that(条件是),suppose/supposing(假如),provided/providing that(假如 )，granted/granting(that)(假定),given(that)( 假设)等也常用来引导条
35、件状语从句。例如：Ill lend it to you as long as you handle it with care.只要你小心使用，我会借给你。So long as you need me, Ill stay.只要你需要我，我就留下来。Ill buy it on condition that the goods are of good quality.只要商品的质量好，我就买。Provided they think they are getting a bargain they will buy clothes they will never wear, furniture they
36、 have no space for.只要他们觉得他们捡了便宜货，就会买来永远不会穿的衣服和没地方放的家具。Given (that) he wont agree, what shall we do?假定他不同意，我们怎么办？He will come if (he is ) asked.如果请他，他会来的。Suppose (that)you had one million dollars, what would you do?假如你有一百万美金，你会怎么办？（可用于虚拟语气）Supposing (that) this is not the right way to the station, wh
37、at shall we do?假如这不是去车的路，我们该怎么办？（不用于虚拟语气）四、条件状语从句中用一般现在时代替将来时在使用条件状语从句时，若主句为一般将来时，从句谓语需用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如：If I have enough money next year, I will go to England.如果明年我有足够的钱，我打算去英国。If you are free tomorrow, I will go to see you.如果你明天有空我就去看你。但是，如果从句表示的是主语的意志、志愿或以 you 作主语表示请求时，则用 will, would.。例如：Id be ver
38、y glad if you would come.如果你肯来我会非常高兴。If you will go, Ill go with you.如果你愿意去，我也去。第七节 让步状语从句一、though, although 引导的让步状语从句though 与 although 同义，一般情况下可以互换使用，但 although 比 though 语气要重，且多用于句首。though 引导的让步状语从句也可以用倒装结构。例如：Although she may have told you, I still think she is not to be trusted.尽管她也许已经告诉你了，但我还是觉得
39、她不可信。Strange though it may seem (Though it may seem strange), he remained single all his life.他终生未娶，此事似乎令人觉得奇怪。I wont hire him though he is quite a capable man.他纵然是个能干的人，我也不想雇用他。 （此句中 though 相当于 even if）二、even if 和 even though 引导的让步状语从句even if 和 even though 用来引导让步状语从句，意为 “即使 ”。例如：I was persuaded to
40、do the job, even if/even though I didnt want to.我被说服去做那件工作，即使我并不想做。Even though I fail, Ill keep on trying.我纵然失败，我仍会继续尝试下去。三、as 和 though 引导的让步状语从句的比较1、as 和 though 引导的让步状语从句通常用倒装结构，as 必须用倒装结构，though 可用也可不用倒装。这种倒装通常是把从句中的表语、状语或谓语动词放在句首。例如：Bad as /though he is (=though he is bad), he is not without meri
41、ts.尽管他坏，但不是没有优点。Much as I admired his courage (=though I admired his courage very much ), I dont think he acted wisely.尽管我欣赏他的勇气，但我认为他的行为并不明智。Search as they would, they could find nobody in the house.尽管他们要搜查这房子，但他们不会在房里找到任何人的。2、作表语的名词前加有不定冠词，在倒装结构中，前面不能再加冠词。例如：Teacher as/though Mary is (though Mary
42、is a teacher), she is not capable of teaching all subjects.尽管玛丽是老师，但她不是所有的科目都会做。Fool though/as he is (though he is a fool), he did not accept Toms proposal.虽然他很傻，但他不会接受汤姆的建议。四、while 引导的让步状语从句While 在引导的让步状语从句时，意义上相当于 although,只能放在句首。例如：While (although) he has some shortcomings, he has also some good
43、points.虽然他有一些缺点，但他也有一些优点。While I understand you viewpoint, I dont agree with you.虽然我理解你的观点，但我还是不同意。五、 “whetheror”， “wh-词ever”,“no matter +wh-词”等结构引导的让步状语从句由“whetheror” ， “wh-词ever”和“no matter +wh-词”结构引导的让步状语从句，意为“无论” 。whatever 后接名词，however 后接形容词或副词。例如：Whatever (no matter what) may happen, we will no
44、t change our plan.无论发生什么事，我们决不改变计划。However often you ring, no one will answer.无论你打多少次电话，都不会有人接。All matter, whether it is a gas, a liquid or a solid, expands as the temperature rises.不管是气体、液体或固体，所有的物体遇热都会膨胀。Well never give in whatever they may do or say.不管他们做什么或说什么，我们决不屈服。六、be 引导的让步状语从句be 也可引导让步状语从句，
45、但要将 be 提到主语之前，用倒装结构。例如：all magnets behave the same, be they large or small.所有磁体，无论大小，性质都一样。Be he friend or enemy (=whether he may be a friend or an enemy=whether he is a friend or an enemy),the law regards him as a criminal.不管他是朋友还是敌人，法院认定他是罪犯。Be it rainy or shiny, I must go.不管天晴还是下雨，我必须去。七、granted
46、that, for all that 等引导的让步状语从句granted that, for all that, in spite of the fact that, regardless of the fact that 等结构也可以引导让步状语从句。例如：Granted that he has enough money to buy the house, it doesnt mean he is going to do so.即使他有足够的钱买这栋房子，也不能说明他要买。They are good people, for all that their ways are not the sa
47、me as ours.他们是好人，尽管他们的生活习惯和我们不同。In spite of the fact that she has a bad cold, she still worked.尽管她得了重感冒，但她仍然上班。He bought her what she wanted, regardless of the fact that they were costly.尽管东西很贵,但她要什么他就给她买什么。第八节 方式状语从句一、as, just as (so)引导的方式状语从句as, just as (so)可引导方式状语从句，意为“就像，像样”例如：You should do (jus
48、t) as I tell you. 你要照我所说的去做。Just as there is life, so there must be death. 有生必有死。二、as if 和 as though 引导的方式状语从句as if 和 as though 两者意义相同，引导方式状语从句时，意为“似乎” “好像” ，从句谓语动词常用虚拟语气（参看虚拟语气章节）例如：He paused as if he were expecting her to speak.他停顿了一下，好像是等待她说话似的。He speaks English as if/ as thought he were an Engli
49、shman.他说起英语来好像他是英国人一样。注：as if 和 as though 也可以引导表语从句，从句可以是陈述语气，表达某事是事实或实现的可能性较大。例如：It looks as if/as though it is going to rain.看上去要下雨了。I feel as if/as though I have a fever.我觉得好像发烧了。三、the way 引导的方式状语从句在非正式文体中，也可用 the way(that)引导方式状语从句。例如：Do it the way (that) you were told.要照告诉你的去做。The way you are studying now, you wont make much progress.像你这样学习，你是不会有多大进步的。第九节比较状语从句一、asas 和 than 引导的比较状语从句1、 “asas”引导的是同级比较，意义相当
