1、第五章 虚拟语气虚拟语气是指所说的话只是一种与事实相反的主观愿望、假想或建议等。虚拟语气可用于条件状语从句、主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句以及其他结构中。第一节 非真实条件状语从句中的虚拟语气非真实条件状语从句所表示的假设则是不可能或不大可能发生或实现的，句中的主句与从句都用虚拟语气。一、if 条件状语从句中的虚拟语气形式在 if 非真实虚拟条件状语从句中，主句和从句谓语动词主要有下面几种形式：假设类型 条件从句谓语动词形式 主句谓语动词形式与现在事实相反 动词过去时（be 用 were） Should(would, could, might)+动词原形与过去事实相反 had+过去分词 Sho
2、uld(would, could, might)+have+过去分词与将来事实可能相反动词过去时（或 should+动词原形或者 were to+动词原形）Should(would, could, might)+动词原形二、if 虚拟条件句的基本用法1、表示与现在事实相反的假设。在与现在事实相反的非真实条件句中，从句中的谓语动词用动词过去时或 were。主句中的谓语动词用 should(第一人称)，would（第二、第三人称） ，但在美国英语中，主句所有人称都用 would。主句中也可用“could 或 might+动词原形” 。例如：If I knew the fact now, I wou
3、ld tell you.假如我现在知道事情真相，我就告诉你了。If there were no gravity, we should not be able to walk.假如没有引力，我们就不可能行走。If there were life on Mars, such life forms would be unable to survive on earth.假如火星上有生命，这种生命形式在地球上无法生存的。2、表示与过去事实相反的假设。在与过去事实相反的非真实条件句中，从句中的谓语动词用“had+过去分词” 。主句中的谓语动词用“should(第一人称)或 would(第二、三人称 )h
4、ave+过去分词” 。在美国英语中，条件从句中的谓语动词常用“would have+过去分词” 。例如：I wouldnt have known when these were for if I hadnt been told.假如别人不告诉我，我就不知道这些东西是干什么用的。If the art dealer had had the money, he would have bought the painting.假如那位画商有这么一笔钱，他就买了那幅画。3、表示与将来事实相反的假设。表示与将来事实相反非真实条件句，从句中的谓语动词用“过去时或 should+动词原形”或“were to +
5、动词原形” 。主句中的谓语动词用“should( 第一人称) 或 would(第二、三人称)+动词原形” ，主句也可用“could 或 might+动词原形” 。例如：If bargains were prohibited by law our standard of living would immediately rise.假如廉价商品受到法律的禁止，我们的生活水平就会马上有所提高。If you were to see Jane, what would you tell her?假如你要去看珍妮，你会告诉她什么？This kind of world is hard and dangerou
6、s. But if you should succeed, you would become rich.这样的世界艰难危险，但是假如你成功的话，你会很富有的。三、省略 if 的虚拟句的用法在正式文体中，有时可把虚拟条件句中的连词 if 省去，而将 were, had, should 等助动词（不包括行为动词）提到主语前面，形成主谓倒装。如果句中没有 were, had 或 should时，既不能省略 it，也不能倒装。例如：Were I to meet him tomorrow (=if I were to meet him tomorrow), I should ask him about
7、it.要是我明天见到他，我就会问他这件事的。Had I had the money last year(=if I had had the money last year),I would have bought the house.如果我去年有了这笔钱，我就买那栋房子了。Should there be any trouble with the boiler, the automatic controlling unit would cut off the fuel oil supply. 假如锅炉出问题的话，自控装置会自动切断燃油的供给。四、混合型虚拟条件句通常情况下，在非真实条件句中的主句
8、和从句所指时间是一致的，主从句中的谓语动词要么都是与现在实事相反，要么都是与过去实事相反等。但有时也可能指不同的时间，这时要根据上下文的意思采用不同的谓语动词形式。例如：If I were you, I would have taken his advice.我要是你，我就采纳了他的建议。 （从句指现在，主句指过去）If her husband had not been killed in the war, she would not be helping others with the housework now.如果她的丈夫没有在战争中死去的话，她现在就不会帮助别人做家务了。 （从句指过去
9、，主句指现在）五、含蓄虚拟条件句有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示出来，而是通过一个介词短语或其他方式表示。常用的词或短语有：without, but, for, but, that, otherwise, or, but 等。1.有时虚拟语气可用 but for, without, under, with 等介词短语引导。例如：Under such circumstances I would probably have done the same.在这样的情况下，我也可能做出同样的事情。With better equipment, we could have done it better.如果
10、有更好的仪器设备，我们也许会做得更好些。In the absence of the keeper, the house would have been burned down.如果没有管理员的话，那栋房子也许就被烧毁了。Without your help (=if we had not had your help),we could have succeeded.要是没有你的帮助，我们是不会成功的。But for electricity (=if there were no electricity), there would be no modern industry.要是没电，就不会有现代工
11、业。2、有时虚拟语气可以由 otherwise, but, or 来引导。要注意 otherwise 暗含的虚拟条件句中，前一部分是陈述语气，后一部分是虚拟语气。But 暗含的虚拟句中，前一部分是虚拟语气，后一部分是陈述语气。另外，or 也可以用来引导虚拟语气，or 引导的虚拟语气，前一部分是陈述语气，后一部分是虚拟语气。例如：I ran all the way to school, otherwise I would have been late.我一路跑到学校，不然就迟到了。He felt very tired yesterday, or he would have helped you.
12、他昨天很累，不然他会帮助你们的。I ought to have remembered to tell them the decision this morning, but I was so busy that I forgot to do so.我本来应该记得今天早上告诉他们那个决定，但是我太忙了，把这个事给忘了。3、but that 也可用来引导虚拟语气，连词 but that(要不是)引导的虚拟语气结构，从句部分是陈述语气，主句部分是虚拟语气。例如：But that the soldier caught her (if the soldier had not caught her), t
13、he little girl would have fallen into the river.要不是那位战士把小女孩拉住，她就掉到河里去了。But that he was short of money at the time, he would have come to help us.要不是他当时缺钱，他也许就来帮助我们了。4、分词短语不定式短语也可引导暗含虚拟条件句。例如：You would have laughed to see him jump aside.(=If you had seen him jump aside, you would have laughed. )你要是看到
14、他跳到一边的样子会大笑起来。This same thing, happening in wartime, would amount to disaster.(=If the same thing happened in wartime, it would amount to disaster.)同样的这种事情，如果发生在战时，就等于一场灾难。5、在某些暗含虚拟条件的简单句中，虚拟语气可通过上下文表现出来。谓语动词用should/would be 型和 should/would have been 型虚拟形式。Any man in his position would have done lik
15、e that.任何人处在他的位置都会那么做的。You should (ought to) have returned the book earlier.你本应该早点归还那本书的。六、虚拟语气与祈使语气、陈述语气的混合使用在有些情况下，条件句中的谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，这时主句的谓语动词既可以是虚拟语气或陈述语气，也可以是祈使语气。例如：If it should rain, the excursion will be put off.如果下雨，旅行就要延期了。Should you (if you should) change your mine, let us know.万一改变主
16、意，就通知我们。Even if (If) it should get stormy, I will go.即使会有暴风雨，我还是要去。七、 “if it were( had been)not for”句型中的虚拟语气虚拟语气也常用于“if it were( had been)not for”句型中，意为 “要不是”例如：If it were not for peace, we could not be living a happy life today.要不是有了和平，我们今天就不可能过上幸福的生活了。If it had not been for your advice, I would no
17、t have accepted the job.要不是你的建议，我可能就不会接受那个工作了。第二节 名词性从句中的虚拟语气在名词性从句中，是否用虚拟语气主要取决于有关的一些词。这些词常用来表示命令、建议、要求、愿望等。一、宾语从句中的虚拟语气1、某些动词后的宾语从句中要求用虚拟语气结构，用来表示建议、命令、要求等。其形式为（should）+ 动词原形。例如：The general directed that the troops (should )attack.将军命令部队进攻。They demanded that the company (should) make compensation
18、for the loss.他们要求该公司赔偿损失。The moved that all civilians should be evacuated.他们提议所有居民全部撤出。常这样用的动词有：ask 要求 advise 劝告 determine 决定 decide 决定 command 命令 insist 坚持 intend 打算 move 提议 prefer 宁愿 propose 提议 order 命令 recommend 推荐 request 要求 require 要求 suggest 建议 urge 主张 demand 要求 desire 渴望 direct 命令注：suggest, i
19、nsist 等动词在不表示建议、要求等解释时，其宾语从句中的谓语动词不需要用虚拟语气形式。例如：Are you suggesting that I am not suited for the job?你是在暗示说我不适合那个工作吗？He insisted that he was innocent. 他坚称自己是无辜 2.在以 it 为形式宾语的复合宾语从句中可用虚拟语气，其形式为 (should)+动词原形。这一句型中使用的形容词（宾补）与主语从句中的虚拟语气所使用的形容词相同。例如：I consider it imperative that a meeting (should) be hel
20、d immediately.我认为必须马上开个会。We think it advisable that he (should) think deeply before acting.我们认为他在行动之前好好考虑是非常明智的。3.在 expect, believe, think ,suspect 等动词的否定式或疑问式后面的宾语从句中也可用虚拟语气形式，表示惊奇，怀疑，不满等。其形式为：should+动词原形或 should + have+过去分词。例如：I never thought that he should be such a brave young soldier.我从来没想到他是个如
21、此勇敢的小战士。I never expected that the problem should have been solved that way.我从来没想到这个问题会那样解决。4. 在表示感情、意志等的 that 从句中也可用虚拟语气，常常意为“竟然，居然”其形式为： (should)+动词原形或 should + have + 过去分词。例如： I am surprised that you (should) speak in such a way.我很惊异，你居然用那种口气说话。I am glad that your story should have won the first p
22、rize.我很高兴，你的小说居然赢得头奖。5.wish 后面跟宾语从句中虚拟语气。wish 后面如果跟宾语从句的话，要求接虚拟语气结构，其主要形式有三种：表示对现在情况的虚拟：wish + 主语+动词过去式或 were表示对过去情况的虚拟：wish + 主语 + had + 过去分词表示对将来情况的虚拟：wish + 主语 + would + 动词原形 例如：I wish I knew the answer to the question.要是我知道那个问题的答案就好了。They wish they had not lost the chance.他们为失去这个机会感到惋惜。I wish I
23、were a bird. 我要是一只鸟就好了。注：在表示对过去情况的虚拟时，有时也可用下列形式：wish+主语+would(could)+have+过去分词I wish I could have seen her last night.要是我昨天晚上能够见到她该多好。二、主语从句中的虚拟语气在主语从句中也可以用虚拟语气，用来表示建议、命令、要求、惊异、失望等。其形式为：（should）+动词原形。例如：it is imperative that you (should) take the medicine.你一定要吃这个药。It is essential that you (should) w
24、in the voters hearts.赢得选民的心是绝对必要的。It was suggested that he should join the club activities.有人提议他应该参加俱乐部的活动。It is strange (surprising, disappointing ) that she shouldnt have been invited.她竟然没有被邀请，真是奇怪（令人惊异，令人失望） 。常这样用的形容词有：appropriate 适当的 advisable 适当的，合理的 better 较好的 desirable 理想的essential 必要的 impera
25、tive 迫切的 important 重要的 insistent 坚持的natural 自然的 necessary 必要的 preferable 优越的，较好的strange 奇怪的 urgent 紧迫的 vital 极其重要的过去分词有；desired, demanded, ordered, requested, suggested, recommended, required, etc.三、表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟语气在表示建议、命令、主张、目的、愿望等名词后面的表语从句和同位语从句中谓语动词要求用虚拟语气。其形式为：（should）+动词原形。例如：He gave orders th
26、at the guests (should) be hospitably entertained.他下令热情款待这些客人。 （同位语从句）The proposal that he be invited was rejected.那项邀请他来的建议被否决了。 （同位语从句）Her suggestion is that we (should) give up the plan.她建议我们应该放弃这个计划。 （表语从句）His proposal is that we (should) get rid of the bad habits.他提议我们应该戒除这些不良习惯。resolution 决心、决议
27、 pray 恳求 decision 决议 motion 提议 suggestion 建议 preference 选择 proposal 提议 advice 劝告 recommendation 推荐 desire 愿望 demand 要求 requirement 要求order 命令 necessity 必要性 request 要求 idea 主意，想法第三节 其他句型中的虚拟语气一、句型中的虚拟语气在 would rather, would sooner, would just as soon, might as well 和 would prefer 等后面所跟的从句中，也可用虚拟语气，表示
28、愿望，意为“宁愿” 、 “但愿” 。其形式为：（1） “would rather (would sooner)+ 主语+谓语动词过去式”表示现在或将来的情况。（2） “would rather (would sooner)+ 主语+had+过去分词”表示过去的情况。例如：Id rather we didnt go to see a film this evening.我倒希望我们今晚不去看电影。Id just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.我宁愿你昨天归还那本书。注：would rather 等短语后面也可以直接跟动词。其后谓语动词用动
29、词原形表示现在或将来的愿望，用现在完成式表示过去的愿望。例如：Id rather stay the home.我宁愿呆在家里。They would rather not have been to the party.他们宁愿没去参加那个晚会。二、It is (high/about) time (that)句型中的虚拟语气在句型“It is (high/about) time”后面也可跟虚拟语气，从句中常用过去式。有时也用“should + 动词原形” ，意为“该是的时候了” 。例如：It is time (that) we went home.我们该回家了。It is high time (t
30、hat) the weather improved.天气真该好起来了。It is time that the boy (should) go to school.这个小孩该上学了。三、if only 引起的感叹句中的虚拟语气在“if only”引起的感叹句中，要求用虚拟语气，表示愿望。用过去时或“would/could+动词原形”表示与现在或未来事实相反的愿望；用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反的愿望。例如：If only he were here!要是他在这儿就好了。If only you would listen to reason.要是你听从道理就好了。If only I had not b
31、een ill last week!要是上周我没病该多好啊！If only she could marry me.但愿她能与我结婚。注：if only 也可用于虚拟条件句中。例如：if only I had more money, I could buy a car.要是我有更多的钱，我就可以买辆车了。四、in case, lest, for fear that 等引导的虚拟语气连接词“in case, lest, for fear that”可用来引起虚拟语气。其形式通常为:lest(in case, for far that)+主语+should+动词原形。Lest, for fear t
32、hat 句中的 should 可以省去，in case 句中的should 通常不省去，但是 in case 句中可以不用虚拟语气，而用陈述语气。lest，for fear that后面也可以接其他形式。例如：He took his coat with him in case it case it should rain.他带着雨衣以防下雨。He bought several bottles of beer in case his friend came.他买了几瓶啤酒，以防他的朋友来。He handled the instrument with care for fear that it (
33、should) be damaged.他小心地弄那仪器，生怕把它弄坏。Care must be taken in using this method lest overflow (should) occur. 在使用一方法时要谨慎小心，以免会发生溢流现象。She hid her jewelry for fear that it would be stolen.她把宝石藏起来，以防被偷。五、as if 和 as though 引导的虚拟语气1、as if (though)连接的状语从句，如果主句中的谓语动词为实义动词，要用虚拟语气结构。既可表示对现在、将来时间的虚拟，又可表示对过去时间的虚拟。其
34、形式如下：were/was(或动词过去式 )表示与主句动作同时发生主句+as if(though)+主语+could(would)+ 动词原形表示动作可能在将来发生had+过去分词表示从句谓语动作发生在主句动作之前例如：她总是以我姐姐的语气跟我说话。他慢慢地走，好像腿受伤的样子。她反复谈论那件事，好像永远谈不完的样子。他们说话很亲热，就像多年的老朋友似的。2、在引导的从句中，如果主句的谓语动词为系动词（如等）那么从句中既可用虚拟语气，也可用陈述语气，用陈述语气居多。常用 as if.例如：看起来她似乎要哭了。看起来我们只好走路回家了。它闻起来好像坏了。六、had hoped 后面所跟虚拟语气h
35、ad hoped 表示过去未实现的愿望，意为“想要，希望” 。其从句的谓语动词常用“would+动词原形”例如：We had hoped that you would stay with us for some time. 我们曾希望你能和我们在一起呆一段时间。I had hoped that I you by talking about my children.A. shouldnt bore B. wouldnt bore C. didnt bore D. hadnt bored答案为 B.译文：但愿我谈论我的孩子没有使你厌倦。七、动词 be, intend, mean, plan, wa
36、nt, hope 等后面所跟的虚拟语气、动词 be, intend, mean, plan, want, hope 等的过去式加动词不定式的完成式，表示过去想做而没有做的事。例如：I intended to have told him the matter, but I forgot.我本来要告诉他那件事，但我却给忘了。I was to have come yesterday, but I couldnt.我本来想昨天来，但我却来不了。2、be, intend, mean, plan, want, hope 等这些动词的过去完成式加动词不定式也可表示过去想做而没有做的事。例如：She had
37、meant to see you last week, but she was ill.她上周本打算要来看你，但却病了。1、选择题1、A safety analysis the target as a potential danger. Unfortunately, it was never done.A. would identify B. will identify C. would have identified D. will have identified2.The millions of calculations involved, had they been done by ha
38、nd, all practical value by the time they were finished.A. could lose B. would have lost C. might lost D. ought to have lost3.There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened, a sudden loud noise.A. being there B. should there be C. there was D. there having been4.if she in this uni
39、form, she wouldnt feel so conspicuous.A. wasnt dressed B. didnt dressed C. werent dressed D. dont dress5.They the problem easily if they had not acquired much fundamental scientific knowledge.A. hadnt solved B. wouldnt have solved C. solved D. solve6. If we had not got everything ready by now, we a
40、terrible time tomorrow.A. have had B. had been C. were working D. should be having7.If we hard in the past few year, things wouldnt be going so smoothly.A. hadnt been working B. are working C. were working D. worked8.You are making a lot of noise. If only you down.A. will quiet B. have quieted C. wo
41、uld quiet D. should quiet9.If only we a phone! Im tired of lining up outside the public phone box.A. have B. had C. will have D. are to have10. Things might have been much worse if the mother on the right to keep the baby.A. has been insisting B. had insisted C. would insist D. insisted11. today, he
42、 would get there by Friday.A. Would he leave B. Were he to leave C. Was he leaving D. If he leaves12. He was holding a consultation with his students. Otherwise he over to help us.A. had come B. would come C. would have come D. was coming13.Electronic computers must be made very small. Otherwise it
43、impossible for them to be put in a satellite.A. be B. is C. would be D. was14. But that he came to help me, I A. could not have succeeded B. could not succeed C. did not succeed D. cant but succeed15. His parents didnt want to buy him a motor cycle he might have an accident sometime.A. in order that
44、 B. unless C. so that D. lest16. But for the leadership of the party, we such great achievements.A. shall not make B. could not have made C. should not make D. can not have made17. you be interested, I have a book on the subject you might like to see.A. Should B. Would C. Will D. Shall18. I realized
45、 the consequences, I would never have intended to get involved.A. When B. If C. Had D. Unless19. Given more time and money, he better than what it is .A. did B. had done C. would have done D. would do20.Your examination results were quite satisfactory, but if you had spent less time in playing footb
46、all? A. wouldnt they be better B. wont they be betterC. wouldnt they have been better D. wont they have been better21. I know it will be difficult to pick him out in such a crowd, but if you happen to see him, give him this note.A. might B. could C. should D. would22. I would have asked him to attend our gathering but I his address.A. didnt know B. hadnt know C. dont know D. wouldnt known23. The stubborn young man did not follow the advice that he on his behavior since he refused to refused to believe he had done anything wrong. A. reflect B. had reflected C. would reflect D. must reflec
