1、第十三章 定语从句定语从句也称为关系从句或形容词性从句，由关系从句或关系副词引导。关系词除了起引导作用外，还在从句中指代前面的先行词，并在从句中担任一定的成分。第一节关系代词引导的定语从句一、关系代词 who, whom 引导的定语从句who, whom 用来代替人， who 是主格，在定语从句中作主语；whom 是宾格，在定语从句中作宾语，在限制性定语从句中可以省略。例如：The pupils who had been watching started to applaud. 一直在旁观看的小学生们开始鼓起掌来。The boy (whom) you saw yesterday is here
2、 now.你昨天见到的那个男孩现在就在这儿。注：口语中可用 who 代替 whom。但是如果关系代词作介词的宾语，只能用 whom，不用who。如果介词在句尾，两者都可以用。例如：This is the girl (who/whom)he worked with. This is the girl with whom he worked.这就是与他一起工作的女孩。二、关系代词引导的定语从句whose 多指人，也可指物，指物时可与 of which 互换使用。whose 是所有格，在定语从句中作定语。例如：People whose dogs bite other people should ke
3、ep them tied up.谁的狗咬了别人，谁就应该把它们拴起来。The house whose windows are broken is unoccupied.窗户破了的那所房子没人住。 （代替物，作定语）当 whose 代替物时，实际上就相当于 of which。上面这句可以改写成：The house of which the windows are broken is unoccupied.三、关系代词 which 引导的定语从句which 指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可以省略。例如：The car which (that) was stolen has been fo
4、und.偷走的车已被找到了。The few points (which/that)the president stressed in his report are very important indeed.院长在报告里强调的几点的确很重要。注：Which 除了指物以外，还可以婴儿、动物和表示单数意义和集合名词；另外还可指人的地位、职位或品格等。例如：The baby (which)the nurse brought in was born yesterday.护士抱进来的那个婴儿是昨天出生的。The audience which is composed entirely of student
5、s is larger than ever.全部由学生组成的观众人数比以前多。He is exactly the man (which) such an education was likely to form.他正是这样的教育所能造就出来的人。四、that 引导的定语从句That 指物或指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，还可作表语。作定语或表语时可以省略。例如：He is a man that (who) means what he says. 他是个说话算数的人。The people (that/whom) you met in the campus yesterday are from E
6、ngland.你昨天在校园里遇到的那些人是从英国来的。These are the pictures that I took in Shanghai. 这些是我在上海的照片。五、通常只用关系代词 that，不用 which, who 或 whom 的几种情况、当先行词是 all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much, none, few 等不定代词时，定语从句常用 that 引导。例如：Professor Li has told us something that we should do in the summer va
7、cation.李教授已经告诉我们暑假应该做的事。He knew everything that happened in the village.他知道发生在村子里的每一件事。Much that I learned in the book is very useful.我在那本书中学到的东西是非常有用的。Is there anything that I can do for you?有什么事要我做的吗？、当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时，定语从句常用 that 引导。例如：The first thing that I am going to do this evening is write
8、to my parents.我今晚要做的第一件事就是给我父亲写封信。This is the most interesting film that has been produced in recent years.这是近几年出品的最有意思的一部电影。、当先行词被 no, every, some, any, only, very, much 等限定词所修饰时，定语从句常用that 引导。例如：This is the very book that I have been looking for.这正是我在寻找的书。There is no person that doesnt make mistak
9、es.没有人不犯错误。Thats the only thing that we can do now.目前我们只能这样做了。、当并列的两个先行词分别表示人与动物或人与物时，定语从句常用 that 引导。例如：They are talking about the teachers and schools that they have visited.他们正在谈论他们访问过的老师和学校。Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up the street.瞧瞧从街道上走过来的那个男人和他的驴子。、主句是以 who 或 which 开头的特殊疑问
10、句时，定语从句只能用 that 引导。例如：Who is the person that is standing over there?站在那边的那个人是谁？Which of us that knows something about physics does not know this?哪一位懂得物理知识的人不知道这一点？注：先行词是人称代词和指示代词时，常用 who 引导。例如：他为人民作出了贡献应该受到尊敬。He who contributes to the people deserves respect.不愿意去的人不必去。Those who didnt wish to go need
11、 not do so.、当关系代词在从句中作表语时，常用。例如：The modern aeroplane is not the machine that it was when first invented.现代飞机不是刚发明时的那种飞机了。He does not seem to be the man that he was.他似乎和过去不一样了。、当定语从句为 there be 句型时，从句主语的关系代词只能为 that,但经常可以省略。例如：I know the different (that) there is between you.我知道你们之间的分歧。The number of m
12、istake (that) there are in this homework is simply surprising.这份课外作业中的错误简直多得惊人。六、关系代词 but 和 than 引导的定语从句、but 是具有否定意义的关系代词，代替人和物，相当于“that(或 which, who)not”, 用于 no 之后。例如：There is no rule but has some exceptions. 任何规则都会得有例外。There was no single student in my class but (who did not) learn a lot from him.
13、我班上每一个学生都从他那里学到了许多东西。、than 可引导定语从句，代替带有形容词比较级修饰的名词，是具有比较意义的关系代词。在从句中兼当主语、宾语、表语用。例如：There were more casualties than were reported. 伤亡的人员要比报道的多。He spends more money than he earns. 他花的钱比挣的多。He looks far older than he is. 他看起来比实际年龄老得多。第二节 关系副词引导的定语从句一、关系副词 when, where, way 引导的定语从句When, where, why 引导的定语从
14、句分别修饰表示时间、地点、原因的先行词，并分别在从句中作时间、地点、原因状语。关系副词也可根据其在句中的搭配关系，转换成介词加关系代词的结构。例如：I shall never forget the day when (that/on which) I entered the university.我永远不会忘记上大学的那一天。In the years when (that/in which) food was not enough many people were starved to death.粮食缺乏的那几年，许多人都被饿死了。That is the factory where(in w
15、hich) I worked three years ago.那就是我年前工作过的那个工厂。The next day John went with me to the station, where I bought a ticket for Beijing.第二天我和约翰去了趟火车站，我在那里买了张去北京的火车票。The meeting will be put off next month, when we will have made all the preparations.会议将推迟到下个月，到时我们也许做好了一切准备。That is the reason why (that/for w
16、hich) I am not in favor of the plan.这就是我不赞成这个计划的原因。This is the time when brand loyalties may be formed that could last well into adulthood.这是个对商品牌子依赖的时候，而这种依赖感会一直持续到成年。注：time 作先行词，如前面有序数词或 last 修饰时，不能用 when 引导定语从句，要用that，或省去不用。但是，如果 time 之前无序数词或 last,则 when 和 that 皆可引导定语从句。例如：This is that last time
17、that I shall give you a lesson.这是我最后一次给你们上课了。The first time (that) I entered the college was in 1988我第一次进入这所学院是在 1988 年。二、that 作关系副词引导的定语从句、that 作关系副词常代替引导定语从句的关系副词 when, where 或 why,而且往往可以省略。例如：我们将找个好地方野餐。 （代替）他没有告诉我那么心烦意乱的原因。 （代替）那就是他写这个报告的那一天。 （代替）、当先行词是表示方式的时，关系从句通常不能用来引导，应该用或，或将它们全部省略掉。例如：我们钦佩他
18、解决那个问题的方式。我不喜欢他看我的那种方式。一般来说，人们看待自我的方式对他们生活的各个方面都有深刻的影响。第三节 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句定语从句就基与先行词的关系而言，可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从定语从句。一、限制性定语从句限制性定语从句和先行词之间没有逗号，是紧接着的，而且它们之间有着内在的密不可分的联系，如果省略了就会使整个主句没有意义。例如：The authors who (whom/that) he mentioned are well known.他所提到的那些作者都是非常有名的。He is the man who has strong personality.
19、 他是个个性很强的人。二、非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句和先行词之间有逗号分开，而且两者之间的关系比较松散，只起补充说明的作用，即使省略了也不影响主句意义的完整。例如：The clock, which my great-grandfather bought, is still in good order.这时钟是我曾祖父买的，现在还走得很准。My brother, who works abroad, is coming next week.我哥哥在国外工作，他下周将回来。The sports meet will be held in October, when the climate is
20、very congenial.运动会将在 10 月举行，那时气候非常宜人。He is going to the golf course, where he intends to put in some practice.他打算去高尔夫球场，在那儿进行一些练习。三、使用非限制性定语从句时应注意的问题，例如：、that 不能用来引导非限制性定语从句。例如：My brother, that had been on a visit to the Philippines, returned last week.A B C DA 错。应改为 who。that 不能用来引导非限制性定语从句。译文：我那去过菲
21、律宾的兄弟上周回来了。He spoke confidently, impressed me most.A. so that B. that C. in which D. which答案为 D. that 不能用来引导非限制性定语从句。Which 代替整个主句，在非限制性定语从句中作主语。译文：他说话非常自信，那给我留下了很深的印象。2、在限制性定语从句中，关系代词作宾语可以省略，但是在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词作宾语时不能省略。例如：The film (which) I saw last night is about a young teacher.我昨天晚上看的那部电影是关于一个年轻教师的
22、事。 （which 可以省去）The shed in our garden, which my father built many year ago, has lasted for a long time.花园里的棚子已经有很发时间了，这是我父亲在很多年前搭的。 （which 不能省去）She introduced me to her husband, whom I hadnt met before.她把我介绍给她的丈夫，我以前没有见过他。 （whom 不能省去）第四节 as 引导的定语从句以及与其他关系代词的比较一、as 与其他词连词连接引导的定语从句as 引导的定语从句时，可指人也可指物，
23、通常与 the same, such, so 等连用，形式为：the sameas, suchas, asas, soas。As 在定语从句中可作主语、宾语、表语等。例如：I lend you such books as will interest you.我借给你使你感兴趣的书。 （as 代替物，作主语）She knew he felt just the same as she did.她知道他的感觉与她自己的一样。 （as 代替事，作宾语）Such people as you describe are rare nowadays.你描绘的这种人现在已很少见了。(as 代替人，作宾语)Mas
24、s is mot the same thing as weight is.质量并不等于重量(作表语)From this library we can borrow as many books as we want to read.从这个图书馆我们能够借到许多我们想要读的书。 （作宾语）Here is so big a stone as no man can lift.这儿有一块大石头，没有人能举起来。 （宾语）二、the sameas 和 the samethat 的用法不同在“the sameas 和 the samethat”中，as 引导的定语从句表示其内容与主句所讲的事物“相似” ，指
25、同类事物；that 引导的定语从句表示其内容与主句讲的事物是“同一个”指同一事物。例如：This is the same (kind of ) pen as I lost yesterday.这和我昨天去丢的笔一样。 （类似的笔）This is the same pen (the very pen) that I lost yesterday.这支笔就是我昨天丢的那支。 （同一支笔）三、as 和 which 引导非限定性定语从句的用法比较、which 和 as 都可引导非限制性定语从句。在非限制性定语从句中， which 和 as 都可指代整个主句意思，也可指代主句中的部分内容。例如：A ro
26、cket carries oxygen with it, which makes it possible for the rocket to travel in space.火箭携带着氧气，这样可以使它在太空中运行。 （代替整句的意思）He married her, as (which) was natural. 他与她结婚了，这是很自然的事。 （代替整句的意思）He was not sick, as (which) some of the other passengers were.他没病，而其他一些旅客却病了。 （代替表语）、which 引导的非限定性定语从句不能位于句首，而 as 引导的
27、非限定性语的位置比较灵活，可在句首、句末或句中。例如：As was usual at the weekend, the club was almost empty.像往常的周末一样，俱乐部里是空的。Her performance was wonderful, as we had expected.正如我们预料的那样，她的表演非常精彩。3、当关系代词 as 在其引导的从句中充当主语时，其谓语动词通常是 be 或其他系动词以及被动语态，此时，如果 as 引导的定语从句不在句首， as 和 which 可互换。例如：The man was a teacher, as (which) was evid
28、ent from his way of speaking.从那男人说话的样子可看出来，他是个老师。She was absent, which(as) is often the case.她没有到，这是很经常的事。She changed her mind again, which made us all very angry.她又改变了主意，这使我们大家都很生气。 （通常不能用 as 来替代）、as 引导的定语从句常常含有 “正如”之意，而 which 引导的定语从句常有归纳概括的意思，常译作“这” 。例如：As was expected, he performed the task with
29、success.正如所预料的那样，他成功地完成了任务。As he hoped he would, he saw the girl.正像他所希望的那样，他看到了那个女孩。He said that he had never met her, which was not true.他说他以前从未见过她，但这不是真的。第五节 “介词关系代词”引导的定语从句一、介词与关系代词连用引导的定语从句“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句是目前各类考试中常出现的测试点。通常情况下，介词放在关系代词前引导定语从句。但在口语或非正式文体中，介词位于句末，这时关系代词也可省略。例如：In which I am working
30、Which I am working in The company that I am working in is a large one.I am working in 我工作的那家公司是一家大公司。With whom you talkedWhom you talked withThe person Who you talked with is a famous writer.That you talked withYou talked with与你谈话的那个人是一位有名的作家。注：）只有当介词放在从句尾时，that 才可替换 which,而且常省略,which 和 whom 也可省略（可参
31、考上面的例句） 。）具体选用什么样的介词完全取决于某种习惯搭配或上下文所表达的意义。例如：For which we have been working in the lab.In which fires burns burn much better.This colorless gas is called oxygen on which we are experimenting.With which we can rescue patients.Without which we could not live.二、含有介词的短语动词与关系代词连用引导的定语从句虽然定语从句中的介词可在关系代词之前
32、，也可在关系代词之后，但是含有介词的短语动词一般不可拆开，介词仍放在动词之后，紧靠短语动词。例如：Your inefficiency, which we have put up with far too long, is beginning to annoy our customers.你慢慢吞吞地，这我们早就受够了，又要来惹怒我们的顾客。The paper he is looking for is very important.他正在找的那个文件非常重要。三、of 与关系代词连用引导的定语从句当介词 of 与关系代词所构成的介词短语在定语从句中作定语时，of 不可移到句末。例如：Of whi
33、ch the roofWe found a house the roof of which had been damaged.我们发现了一所屋顶被破坏了的房子。Of which the minute handThis is the largest clock in the world, the minute hand of which is six meters long.这是世界上最大的钟，其分针长达米。但是，当与 of 与关系代词所构成的介词短语不作定语时，介词既可移到前面，也可放在句末。例如：(which) I was speaking of.This is the program (o
34、f which I was speaking ).这就是我所说的节目。四、 “名词/代词/形容词比较级或最高级/数词词等介词关系代词”引导的定语从句“名词/代词/形容词比较级或最高级/数词等介词关系代词”结构常用来引导定语从句，而且这一结构多用于非限制性定语从句。例如：The teacher asked us several questions, the answers to which proved very illuminating.老师问了我们几个问题，这些问题的答案都很有启发性。At he scene there were two cigarettes left. One of whi
35、ch was stained with lipstick.现场留有两支香烟，其中的一支沾有口红。There are over 100 natural elements, some of which are very familiar.有 100 多种天然元素，其中有一些是非常熟悉的。Air is mixture of many different gases, of which the largest amount (the largest amount of which) is nitrogen, and next largest amount is oxygen.空气是许多不同气体的混合物
36、，其中含量最大的是氦，其次是氧。The twenty passengers were killed in the accident, ten of whom were students.在那次事故中有二十名乘客遇难，其中有十个是学生。第六节 关系代词和关系副词的选择同样的先行词，由于在从句中担任的作用不同，需选用不同的关系词，在选择关系词中，应注意下列几个问题。、要看代替先行词的关系词在从句中担任什么成分。、要看先行词表示的是人、物、时间、地点还是原因。、要看所引导的是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句。例如：This is a place which Ive long wanted to v
37、isit.这是我长期以来想去的地方。 （which 在从句中作宾语）I know of a place where we can swim.我知道一个可以游泳的地方。 （where 在从句中作状语）我不能接受他所给的理由。 （在从句中作宾语）答案为 B。在从句中作状语。译文 :我写信是要告诉你星期六晚上有个晚会。1、选择题：1. Hes the man I supposed was capable of doing such a thing.A. who B. to whom C. it D. which2. The state oil or water is commonly in is a
38、 liquid state.A. that B. which C. in which D. what3. She was very patient towards the children, her husband seldom was.A. that B. who C. which D. so that4. is mentioned above, a lot of work has been done to create man-made materials.A. That B. Whether C. As D. if5. I know someone else father works i
39、n Beijing.A. that B. which C. who D. whose6. All can be done by the doctor is prolong the patients life.A. that B. which C. who D. whom7. The hours the children spend in their one-way relationship with television people, undoubtedly affect their relationships with real-life people.A. in which B. on
40、which C. when D. that8. The day will surely come all the people in the world enjoy freedom and live in happiness.A. when B. how C. then D. why9. In the nuclear power station we use generator is used in the common steam power station.A. the same as B. such as C. so as D. as as10. All this leads to a
41、population in the twenty-first century that is smaller years ago.A. than was B. that was C. than that D. it was11. No current can flow when, is sometimes the case, the fuse is blown.A. as B. as if C. that D. just as12. An element is a substance all of atoms have the same atomic number.A. that B. who
42、se C. what D. which13. Listening is not a simple thing as it appears to be.A. so B. too C. as D. such14. He never stopped trying to do a thing to do.A. which he decide B. that he had decided C. he decides D. he would decide15. When Alma was nine years old he read a school book about science, contain
43、ing some experiments at home.A. which can be done B. that could do C. that could be done D. which could do16. Thus, if you have a taste for exciting adventures you may want to join the group of men is to explore the mysteries of the deep sea.A. their work B. who work C. who D. whose work17. Can you
44、name a few more electrical appliances electricity is used to produce heat?A. where B. which C. when D. as18. The explosion of a hydrogen bomb is the result of uncontrolled unclear fusion, It is the most terrible weapon of war man has invented.A. which B. that C. as D. since19. Edison had one suit ve
45、ry little money, and which he wore until it was thin.A. which cost B. which costs C. which was coat D. which had cost20. Matter is anything .A. that take up space and have weightB. which take up space and have weightC. that takes up space and has weightD. those take up space and have weight21. We we
46、nt to the industrial exhibition, we saw two man-made satellites.A. where B. there C. when D. in that place22. I hope that the little Ive been able to do has been of some use.A. which B. what C. whose D. that23. The pilot lost contact with the military base, the plane crashed in the desert.A. by mean
47、s of which B. for which C. because of that D. as a result of which24. , television has played an important role in modern life.A. As long as it is known B. What is known to all C. Since it is known D. As is known to all25. Beer is the most popular drink among male drinkers, overall consumption is significantly higher than that of women.A. that B. what C. which D. whose26. Such electronic devices we use in a radio set are also found in a TV set.A. that B. as C. which D. such as27. The day is not far off people can travel under the sea.A. for B. that C. when
