1、第六讲 语法试题的干扰项分析和答题技巧2非谓语动词解题策略 1）正确判断非谓语动词 这类题一般出现在独立主格结构中，如果在选项与句子之间没有连词，则说明，所选为独立主格结构，既名词或主格代词 + 分词。 All things _, the planned trip will have to be called off. A. considered B. be considered C. considering D. having considered (1998.6) 句子没有连词，说明所选结构不属于从句，那么就是独立主格做状语，根据动词与其逻辑主语之间的关系为动宾关系，答案应该是 A。 _,
2、 a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.(1997.6) A. Other things being equal B. Were other things equal C. To be equal to other things D. Other things to be equal 做状语的可以是从句，但 B 的结构是虚拟条件，与这里不符，不表目的，C 不对，不表将来，独立主格中非谓语动词不能是不定
3、式，答案为 A。 4） 判断动名词复合结构的方式 主语位置上，或动词、介词后的“名词代词 + 非谓语动词 “，如果表示的是一个事件则是动名词复合结构，而不是“名词 + 定语。请看以下各例： He insisted on the windows _ open while he was sleeping. A. left B. being left C. leaving D . be left insist on 后不接从句， D 可以排除。这里表达的是坚持要求 “开着窗子睡觉“，所以应该是动名词复合结构，答案为 B。 The road _ caused us to be for our work
4、 for half an hour. A. blocked B. was blocked C. blocking D. being blocked 做主语的表示上班迟到的原因，自然应该是“交通堵塞“，而不是“被堵的道路“，所以还是动名词复合结构，答案为 D。 The concerned mother thrilled at the news of his son _ to college. A. had been admitted B. admitted C. having been admitted D. having admitted 消息表达的应该是个事件，说明不是“被录取的孩子“，介词
5、 of 后不可能接从句，说明of 后为动名词的复合结构，答案是 C。 3） 注意分析非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间的关系 正确判断非谓语动词与起逻辑主语之间的关系是正确选择非谓语动词形式的保证，不管是做什么成分的非谓语动词都体现以下特点： 如果非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间是主谓关系，则用现在分词； 如果非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间是动宾关系，则用过去分词； 如果表示将来，则用动词不定式。 这是非谓语动词运用的基本原则，然后再根据其不同的作用，掌握其更细的规则。如：(1)做定语时 做定语的可以是动名词、分词或不定式。动名词做前置定语，所构成的大多为固定短语，四级考试一般不涉及。主要考查分词和不定式做定语。分
6、词或不定式做定语一般做后置定语。 The project _ by the end of 2000, will expand the citys telephone network to cover 1,000,000 users. A. accomplished B. being accomplished C. to be accomplished D. having been accomplished Hard work _ on time will lead to better grades.(1995.1) A. done B. be done C. having done D. to
7、 have been done As early as 1647 Ohio made a decision that free, tax-supported schools must be established in every town _ 50 households or more.(1998.1) A. having B. to have C. to have had D. having had Those _ to the conference were mostly famous scientists. A. invited B. were invited C. inviting
8、D. to invite 做定语的非谓语动词有一下几种形式： “doing 结构“:分词与中心词之间是主谓关系, 表示正在进行 ,或状态。如 “being done 结构“：分词与中心词之间是动宾关系，表示被动和正在进行，如：No one is to enter the building being repaired. “to be done 结构“：不定式与中心词之间是动宾关系，表示将来和被动，如。 “done 结构“：分词与中心词之间是动宾关系，表示被动、完成或一般，如。 “to do 结构“：不定式与中心词之间是主谓关系，表示将来。如：The professor to give us a
9、 speech tomorrow is said to have compiled many scientific works. 完成形式不能做定语，包括分词的完成形式和不定式的完成形式。 (2)做状语 做状语的可以是不定式，也可以是分词。大体结构有： “doing 结构“ ：分词与句子主语为主谓关系，表示与谓语动词同时发生，或基本上同时发生，或是同时存在的状态。如： _ the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge of the earth. A. Having believed B. Beli
10、eving C. Believed D. Being believed “done 结构“：只要分词与句子主语间是动宾关系就可以用过去分词，可以表示完成，可以表示正在进行，也可以表示条件。如： _ in this way, the situation doesnt seem so disappointing. A. Too look at B. Looking at C. Looked at D. To be looked at (2000.1) He came in, followed by a group of reporters. “having done 结构“：分词与句子主语是主谓关
11、系，切发生在谓语动词之前。Having seen the film already, I declined his invitation to go to the cinema. “having been done 结构“：该结构表示完成被动，即分词与句子主语之间是动宾关系，且发生在谓语动词之前。如：Having been showed many times, he still didnt understand the operation of the machine. “to do 结构“ ：这是不定式结构，在句中可以做目的状语，也可以做结果状语，但不定式动作总是发生在谓语动词之后。如： _
12、 a teacher in a university, it is necessary to have at least a masters degree. A. To become B. Become C. One becomes D. On becoming 表结果时一般为固定结构，如 too to, enough to.，或是表示出乎意料的结果，常可加构成 only to 的结构。如： I did what I could to comfort her only to make her cry even more. The next day, she woke to find herse
13、lf in hospital. “being done 结构“：该结构表示被动与正在进行，一般置于句首，表示原因。如：Being chased by some spies, he hid himself in the grass. (2)做表语 测试中对表语的考查主要侧重在现在分词与过去分词的区别上，所以对于做表语的非谓语动词，主要看分词与句子主语之间的关系。做表语的分词一般只有 doing 和 done 两种形式。现在分词表示做表语的与主语是主谓关系；过去分词表示做表语的与主语之间是动宾关系。根据使用规律，如果主语是无生命名词，则表语分词为现在分词；如果主语是有生命名词，以过去分词居多，但也
14、可以用现在分词，但意思不同。如： How disappointed he felt at the result of the election. (他感到失望) How disappointing he is. He should have failed in such an election. (他令人失望）可接表语的系动词很多，除 be 外还有 remain, feel, look, appear, seem, get, become, go。 (3)做补足语 一般做宾补的非谓语动词动词的形式选择与其它成分中的非谓语动词形式选择规则基本相同。 doing 结构：分词与宾语构成主谓关系，表正
15、在进行。 When I caught him _ me I stopped buying things there and started dealing with another shop. A. cheating B. cheat C. to cheat D. to be cheating done 结构：分词与宾语构成动宾关系，表示被动与完成。 Dont get your schedule _;stay with us in this class.(1996.1) A. to change B. changing C. changed D. change to do 结构：不定式表示将来
16、，如 wish somebody to do, expect somebody to do, arrange for somebody to do 等等。 being done 结构：表示被动和正在进行, watch the flag being raised Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe until Columbus found it _ in Cuba.(2000.1) A. being cultivated B. been cultivated C. having cultivated
17、D. cultivating to be done 结构：用语表示将来与被动，一般用语主谓关系时可用 to 做宾补的动词后，如：want something to be done, order something to be done 完成形式不能做宾补。 4） 注意分析非谓语动词做什么状语 不同的状语对非谓语动词的要求不同，如表示目的只能是不定式，另外，测试中也常有选择非谓语动词前连词的试题。因此，同学们应注意根据状语与句子间的关系，判断连词的使用。 5） 注意不定式的特殊句式 不定式在做定语和做状语时都有其特殊句式，注意这些句式的特点，考试中就会少走一点弯路。如： have somethi
18、ng to do 类： 这类结构相当于汉语的连动结构，即“有事要做“，“买东西吃“，“借书看“等。 a room in which to live 类： 该类结构是 a room to live in 的变体。但如果不熟悉这个结构，考试中则难以决断。如：You will want two trees about ten feet apart, from _ to suspend your tent.(1998.1) A. there B. them C. which D. where The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds _ hi
19、s arguments in favor of the new theory.(2000.6) A. to be based on B. to base on C. which to base on D. on which to base the first to do 该结构表示如果名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或序数词、最高级本身做名词用，其后应不定式做定语。 the ability to do 该结构表示，形容词变了的名词后用不定式做定语。 the need to do 该结构表示由动词变来的名词后用不定式做定语。 the way to do 该结构表示，在一些特定的名词后面常用不定式做定
20、语，应注意记忆，如 means, reason, time, pressure, moment。 6） 熟记固定搭配，分清不定式与 to 加动名词 其实容易产生不定式符号与介词混淆的只是为数不多的某些句式，只要平时注意积累即可。 prefer doing something to doing something look forward to doing something be used to doing something (习惯于做某事) stick to doing something object to doing something/ have objection to doing
21、 something be opposed to doing something admit/confess to doing something I have no objection _ your story again.(2000.6) A. to hear B. to hearing C. to having heard D. to have heard The man in the corner confessed to _ a lie to the manager of the company. A. have told B. be told C. being told D. ha
22、ving told 从出题人的心理来看，如果有 to do something 和 to doing something 的对比项，一般答案是 to doing something。 7） 分清宾补的类别 (1)感官动词后的宾补可以是 doing, do, done, being done 的结构，其中 being done 只用于少数动词后面， 如find, smell, feel 等。 (2)have somebody do something 让某人做某事 have somebody doing something 让某人一直做某事 wont have somebody do somet
23、hing 不许某人做某事 have something done 使某事被做 have something + ving 让一直 (3)catch,smell,keep,set,等只能接 doing 的结构,表示主动和正在进行。 (4)leave somebody doing something 让某人一直做某事 leave something undone 使某事只做了一半 leave something to be done 事情有待于解决 leave somebody to do something 让某事做某事，表示将来 (5)with somebody to do something
24、 宾补与宾语是主谓关系，表示将来。 with somebody doing something 宾补与宾语之间是主谓关系，表示正在进行。 with something to do 宾补与宾语间是动宾关系，表示将来，动作执行者在句中找的着。with something to be done 宾补与宾语是动宾关系，表示将来，但动作执行者在句中找不着。 with something done 宾补与宾语之间是动宾关系，表示完成。 8) 注意下列结构中非谓语动词的体 pretend/appear/seem/happen/ be said to do something 不定式动作一般为状态动词，也可是
25、终止性动词，表示与谓语动词同时存在或发生。 pretend/appear/seem/happen/ be said to have done something 不定式动作发生在谓语动词之前。 pretend/appear/seem/happen/ be said to be doing something 不定式动作与谓语动词同时进行 9)熟记哪些动词后接不定式,哪些接动名词, 如果两者都可，又有什么差别。 既可接不定式,又可接动名词, 用法有别的动词常考的有: forget,remember, regret, mean, try 等。 10）注意 want/need/require 表示“需要“时的特殊句式 want/need/require 表“需要“时，后接主动的动名词或被动的不定式，即 doing 或 to be done 的形式。不可混淆。 3. 自我测试 以上我们简要分析了四级英语测试中非谓语动词的考查特点和应对策略，下面，请同学们做语法分册第八、九两章中的自测练习。
