1、虚拟语气1）虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。虚拟语气在条件句中应用比较多。 2）条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。 真实条件句用于陈述语气，假设的情况有可能发生。各种结构参见下表： 条件从句 主句 shall/will + 动词原形 祈使句 句型 一般现在时 情态动词一般现在时 例如：If he comes, he will bring his violin. 如果他来，会带小提琴来的。 典型例题 The volleyball match will be
2、 put off if it _. A. will rain B. rains C. rained D. is rained答案 B。真实条件句主句为将来时，从句用一般现在时。 注意： 1）在真实条件句中，主句不能用 be going to 表示将来，该用 shall, will.（错） If you leave now, you are never going to regret it.（对） If you leave now, you will never regret it.2）表示真理时，主句谓语动词不用 shall （will） +动词原形，而直接用一般现在时的动词形式。 非真实条件
3、句 1）虚拟语气可以表示过去，现在和将来的情况，时态的基本特点是时态往后推移。 a. 与现在事实相反的假设 条件从句 主句 一般过去时（be 用 were） should（would）等 +动词原形 例如：If they were here, they would help you. 如果他们在这儿，会帮助你的。 含义：They are not here, they cant help you.b. 与过去事实相反的假设 条件从句 主句 过去完成时 should（would）等+ have+ 过去分词 例如：If he had come yesterday, I should / would
4、have told him about it.如果他昨天来的话，我会把这件事告诉他的。 含义：He did not come yesterday, so I did not tell him about it.c. 表示对将来不大可能发生的事情的假想 条件从句 主句 一般过去时 were+ 不定式 should+ 动词原形 should/would 等 + 动词原形 例如：If you succeeded, everything would be all right. 如果你将来成功了，一切都会好的。 If you should succeed, everything would be all
5、 right.If you were to succeed, everything would be all right.含义：You are not likely to succeed, everything will be what it is now.混合条件句 有时，主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间，主句从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同，这种条件句叫做混合条件句。例如： If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now. 如果你昨天问过他，今天就知道做什么了。 （从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。
6、） If it had rained last night（过去）, it would be very cold today （现在）.如果昨晚下过雨，今天就会很冷了。 虚拟条件句的倒装 虚拟条件句的从句部分含有 were, should, 或 had 时, 可省略 if，再把 were, should 或 had 移到从句的句首，实行倒装。例如： Were they here now, they could help us. =If they were here now, they could help us.他们现在在的话，就会帮助我们了。 Had you come earlier, yo
7、u would have met him. =If you had come earlier, you would have met him.你来得早一点，就碰到他了。 Should it rain, the crops would be saved. =Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.假如下雨，庄稼就有救了。 注意：在虚拟语气的从句中，动词be的过去时态一律用“were“，不用 was，即在从句中 be 用 were 代替。例如： If I were you, I would go to look for him. 如果我是你，就会去找他。
8、 If he were here, everything would be all right. 如果他在这儿，一切都会好的。 典型例题 _ to do the work, I should do it some other day.A. If were I B. I were C. Were I D. Was I 答案 C. 在虚拟条件状语中如果有 were, should, had 这三个词，通常将 if 省略，主语提前, 变成 were, should, had +主语的形式。但要注意，在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说 Were I not
9、to do, 而不能说 Werent I to do。 特殊的虚拟语气词 should 1）在主语从句中的应用 It is demanded / necessary / a pity + that等结构的主语从句，谓语动词用 should 加动词原形，should 可省略。 可用的词有三类 suggested, ordered, required, proposed, demanded, requested, insisted 等 important, necessary, natural, imperative, strange等 It is a pity, a shame, no wond
10、er 等 that （should）do2）在宾语从句中的应用 在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中，像 order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist + （should） do 等。例如： I suggest that we （should ） hold a meeting next week. 我建议下周召开个会议。 He insisted that he （should ） be sent there.他要求被派到那儿去。 注意：如 suggest, insist 不表示“ 建
11、议“ 或“坚持要某人做某事时 “，即它们用于其本意“ 暗示、表明“ 、“坚持认为“时，宾语从句用陈述语气。 判断改错： （错） You pale face suggests that you（should ）be ill.（对） Your pale face suggests that you are ill.（错） I insisted that you（ should）be wrong.（对） I insisted that you were wrong.3）在表语从句，同位语从句中的应用 suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice 等名
12、词后面的表语从句、同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，即（should）+动词原形。例如： My idea is that we（should）get more people to attend the conference.我的想法是让更多的人来参加会议。 I make a proposal that we（ should）hold a meeting next week.我提了个建议，下周我们开个会。 wish 的用法 1）wish 后面的从句，表示与事实相反的情况，或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。其宾语从句的动词形式为：主句 从句 从句动作先于主句动词动作（be的过去式为 were） 现在时 过去时
13、 从句动作与主句动作同时发生（had + 过去分词） 过去时 过去完成时 将来不大可能实现的愿望 将来时 would/could +动词原形 例如：I wish I were as tall as you. 我希望和你一样高。 He wished he hadnt said that. 他希望他没讲过那样的话。 I wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望明天下雨就好了。 2）wish to do；wish sb / sth to do。例如： I wish to see the manager. = I want to see the manager. 我希望见一见经
14、理。 I wish the manager to be informed at once. （= I want the manager to be informed at once.）我希望经理能马上得到消息。 比较 if only 与 only ifonly if 表示“只有“ ；if only 则表示“如果就好了 “。If only 也可用于陈述语气。例如： I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。 If only the alarm clock had rung. 当时闹钟响就好了。 If only he comes ea
15、rly. 但愿他早点回来。 It is （high） time that It is （high） time that 后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用 should 加动词原形，但 should 不可省略。例如： It is time that the children went to bed. 孩子们该睡觉了。 It is high time that the children should go to bed.need “不必做“ 和“本不必做 “ didnt need to do 表示过去不必做某事 , 事实上也没做。 neednt have done 表示过去不必做某事, 但事实上做
16、了。例如： John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she didnt need to walk back home. 约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她不必步行回家了。 John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she neednt have walked back home. 约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她本不必步行回家了。 （Mary 步行回家了，没有遇上 John 的车。 ） 典型例题 There was plenty of time. She _. A.
17、mustnt have hurried B. couldnt have hurried C. must not hurry D. neednt have hurried答案 D。neednt have done. 意为“本不必“ ，即已经做了某事，而时实际上不必要。 Mustnt have done 用法不正确，对过去发生的事情进行否定性推断应为couldnt have done, “不可能已经“。 must not do 不可以（用于一般现在时） 。 第一部分：语气的定义和种类1 语气(mood)语气是动词的一种形式，表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。2 语气的种类、陈述语气：表示动作
18、或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。如：There are two sides to every question.每个问题都有两个方面。Were you busy all day yesterday?昨天一整天你都很忙吗？How good a teacher she is!她是多好的一位老师啊！、祈使语气：表示说话人对对方的请求或命令。如：Never be late again!再也不要迟到了。Dont forget to turn off the light.别忘了关灯。、虚拟语气：表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。如：I
19、f I were a bird, I could fly in the air.如果我是一只小鸟，我就能在空中飞行。I wish I could pass the examination.我希望我能通过考试。May you succeed!祝您成功！虚拟语气在语法里算得上是个难点。让我们就从最简单的开始吧。第二部分：简单句中的虚拟语气一、情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时，表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼貌、或委婉的语气，常用于日常会话中。如：.Would you be kind enough to show me the way to the post office?请你告诉我去邮局的路好吗？.It
20、 would be better for you not to stay up too late.你最好别熬夜到很晚。二、表祝愿。1、常用“may+动词原形”表示祝愿，但愿，此时 may 须置于句首（多用于正式文体中） 。、May good luck be yours!祝你好运！、May you be happy!祝你快乐！、May you do even better!祝你取得更大成就！、May you have a good time. 祝愿你玩的痛快。、May the friendship between us last long. 祝愿我们的友情天长地久。、May you be hap
21、py. (注意那个 be ) 祝你幸福。2、用动词原形。例如：(1).Long live the people! 人民万岁！(2).“God bless you,”said the priest.牧师说：“ 愿上帝保佑你！”(3).Have a good journey! 祝愿你旅途愉快！三、表示强烈愿望。 （该类型虚拟语气谓语仅用动词原形，第三人称单数也不加“s”）(1).God save me(2).Heaven help us四、表命令1.命令虚拟语气只能用在第二人称(you)，而且通常省略主语(也就是 you)。2.句子尾通常加上感叹号：！3.虚拟语气动词用一般现在时态(Simple
22、Present)，如：work, be , go4.否定形式的命令语气，可用助动词 do，加上 not。(1). Work !(2). Work harder !(3). Be more alert ! (虚拟语气动词 Be)(4). You go out !(5). Do not work so hard. (do not 表示否定的虚拟语气)(6). Dont be afraid. (口语中常用 dont 代替 do not)五、在一些习惯表达中。如：(1).Youd better set off now.你最好现在就出发。(2).Id rather not tell you the se
23、cret.我情愿不告诉你这个秘密。第三部分：名词性从句中的虚拟语气第一节：宾语从句(Subordinate Clasue)中的虚拟语气一、在动词 wish 后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气在动词 wish 后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气，常省去宾语从句的引导词 that。一） 、对现在情况的虚拟（与现在的事实相反）：从句用过去式或过去进行式(时间上是同时的)。其句子结构为：宾语从句的谓语 be 和 were(was)，实义动词用过去式。例：1. I wish (that 可省略,下同)I knew the answer to the question.(wish, 动词过去式knew)我希望知道这个答案。(
24、 事实上是不知道)2. I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around.(wish, were)但愿我的家乡四季如春。(事实上不可能)3. I wish I were a bird.(wish, were)但愿我是只小鸟。(事实上不可能)4. When she was at the party,she wished she were at home.(wished,过去虚拟动词were)(事实上并不在家)5. Now that he is in China, he wishes he understood Chinese.(wi
25、shes,过去虚拟动词understood)现在他在中国，他希望能懂得中文。(事实上并不懂)6. When we begin the trip, they will wish they were with us.(will wish,过去虚拟动词were)(事实上并不和我们在一起)二） 、对过去情况的虚拟（和过去的事实相反）：用 wish 表示对过去事情的遗憾。其句子结构为：宾语从句的谓语用过去完成时，或 would, could, might+现在完成时。例：1. I wish (that 可省略，下同)I hadnt wasted so much time.我后悔不该浪费这么多时间。(事实
26、上已浪费了)2. He wishes he hadnt lost the chance.他真希望没有失去机会。(其实已失去)3. We wished he had spoken to us.(wished，had + spoken)(事实上他并没同我们讲)4. I wish you had called earlier.(wish, had + called)(事实上已迟了)5. They will wish they had listened to us sooner.(will wish,had + listened)(事实上并不如此)例题分析：I wish I _ longer this
27、 morning, but I had to get up and come to class.A. could have slept B. slept C. might have slept D. have slept动词 wish 后面接从句，表达不可能实现或与事实相反的情况时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气，即用过去式（表示现在发生的动作）或过去完成式（表示过去发生的动作） 。本题后半句谓语动词 have 用的是过去时 had to get up and come, 所以前面要用过去完成时表示过去发生的动作。所以, 选项A)could have slept 是答案三） 、对将来情况的虚拟(表示将来
28、的主观愿望)：从句动词“would/should/could/might + 动词原形“(时间上较后)(请注意：主句和从句的主语不相同)。用 wish 表示对将来事情的愿望。例：1. I wish it would stop raining.(虚拟动词 would+动词原形 stop)我希望雨能停止。(事实上雨还在下着呢)2. I wish you would be quiet.(would + be)我希望你安静一些。(事实上那家伙还在吵着呢)3. You wished she would arrive the next day.(would + arrive)你希望她第二天会到。(事实上她
29、还没到)4. I wish she would change her mind.(would + change)我希望她会改变主意。(呵呵，女孩子可没那么容易就改变主意喔)5. He will wish we would join him the following week.(would + join)(只是希望我们和他在一起，实际上还没在一起)四） 、注意：1.如果将 wish 改为过去式 wished, 其后 that 从句中的动词形式不变。例如：I wished I hadnt spent so much money.我要是那时没有花掉那么多钱就好了。2. 如果 that 从句中用 w
30、ould , 一般表示对现状不满或希望未来有所改变或请求I wish he would answer my letter.I wish prices would come down.I wish you would help me.I wish you would stop asking silly questions.二、在表示建议、命令、要求、忠告等动词的后面的宾语从句中的虚拟语气由于这些动词本身隐含说话者的主观意见，认为某事应该或不应该怎样，这些词语后面的“that” 从句应用虚拟语气，且均以“should+动词原形” 表示这种语气，但事实上“should”常被省略，故此从句中谓语动词用
31、原形，常用的此类动词有：表示“要求”的：ask, desire, request, demand, require, beg表示“提议、劝告、建议 ”的：move, prpose, suggest, recommend, advise, vote表示“决定、命令 ”的：decide, order表示“主张”的：maintain, urge表示“同意、坚持 ”的：consent, insist例如：1.The doctor suggested that he (should) try to lose his weight.2.He insisted that we (should ) tell
32、him the news.3.When I suggested that he try shaving cream, he said, “The razor and water do the job. ”(当我建议他用刮胡膏时，他说“ 剃刀和水就行了” 。)4.He pursued various theories for several days until I suggested we take the toy apart to see how it did work. (他费了几天功夫寻找理论根据，直到我建议拆开看看它是如何转动的。)5.One can suggest that stud
33、ents should spend two or three years in an Englishspeaking country. (我们建议学生应在说英语的国家呆上两三年。)在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中虚拟语气很普遍，其结构如：order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist +. (should) do 6.I suggest that we (should) hold a meeting next week.7.He insisted that he (should )
34、 be sent there.但注意：在 insist 后的从句中, 如果是坚持自己, 用陈述语气, 坚持别人做什么事情, 用虚拟语气.8.she insists that she is right.9.she insisted that I should finish the work at once.或者说，suggest, insist 不表示建议或坚持要某人做某事时，即它们用于其本意暗示、表明、坚持认为时，宾语从句用陈述语气。10.The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules. 判断改错:(错)11. You pale
35、 face suggests that you (should) be ill. (对)12. Your pale face suggests that you are ill.(错)13. I insisted that you ( should) be wrong.(对)14. I insisted that you were wrong.例题分析：15.It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios _ after 11 oclock at night.A. were not played B. not be pl
36、ayed C. not to play D. did not play全句意思是：“ 旅馆管理部门恳请客人晚上 11 点后不要打开收音机” 。句中的谓语动词 request（请求）所引出的从句应当用虚拟语气，即动词原形或“should动词原形”。本句的主语从句中，主语 radio 是谓语动词 play 的客体，谓语应当用被动语态。所以，答案是 C) not be played。在上述这类句子中不能用动词过去时形式表示虚拟语气，所以 A)不正确。选项 B) not to play 是动词带 to 的不定式，不能在句中作谓语。选项 D)did not play 也是动词 play 的过去时形式，同
37、样不能在本句中作为虚拟语气来使用。而且，它是主动语态形式，而本题要用被动语态。练习：16). The chairman requested that .Athe members studied more carefully the problemB the problem was more carefulnessly studiedC with more carefulness the problem could be studiedDthe members study the problem more carefully17). The committee recommends that t
38、he matter at the next meeting .Awould be discussedB will be discussedC be discussedDmay be discussed18). The doctor insisted that his patient .Athat he not work too hard for three monthsB take it easy for three monthsC taking it easy inside of three monthsDto take some vacations for three months三、在
39、expect, believe, think, suspect 等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气在 expect, believe, think, suspect 等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中，我们经常用“should动词原形(或完成形式)” ，表示惊奇，怀疑，不满等。I never thought that he should be such a brave young soldier. 我们从来没想到他是个如此勇敢的小战士。练习：1) that the time will soon be ripe for intervention in Iran，they would
40、 be faced by a large army?AIt is believedB Should they believeC They would believeDIf they would believe2) I think it advisable that he for Tokyo soon.Awill leaveB may leaveC leaveDleaves四、would rather ， would sooner，had rather， would (just) as soon ，would prefer 之后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气would rather , would so
41、oner, had rather, would (just) as soon，would prefer（希望）也用来表达主观愿望，它们之后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去式表示现在或将来，用过去完成式表示与过去事实相反。表示”宁愿做什么” 或“对过去做的事的懊悔“。(1).I would rather he came tomorrow than today.(2).John would rather that she had not gone to the party yesterday evening.(3).Don t live in the world, I would rath
42、er( I would just as soon) you die.(4).I would rather you go tomorrow.(5).I would rather everything hadn t happened in the past.(6).The manager would rather his daughter did not work in the same office经理宁愿她女儿不与他在同一间办公室工作。(7).To be frank，Id rather you were not involved in the case坦率地说，我希望你不要卷入这件事。(8).
43、You dont have to be in such a hurryI would rather you went on business first你没有必要这么着急，我宁愿你先去上班。(9).Id rather you didnt make any comment on the issue for the time being我倒希望你暂时先不要就此事发表意见。(10).Frankly speaking ，Id rather you didnt do anything about it for the time being坦白地说，我宁愿你现在对此事什么也不要做。(11).Wouldnt
44、 you rather your child went to bed early？为什么你不愿让你的孩子早点上床呢？(12).I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday我真希望你昨天把这本书还了。注：若某人愿自己做某事，would rather 后用动词原形I would rather stay at home todaywould rather than 中用动词原形I would rather stay at home than go out today五、 “had hoped”后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气用“had ho
45、ped”表示原来希望做到而实际上未能实现的事情，其宾语从句的谓语用“would+动词原形”。I had hoped that she would go to the U.S. and study there, but she said she liked to stay in China.我原本希望她到美国去念书，但她说她喜欢留在中国。第二节：主语从句中的虚拟语气一、 “It is (was)+形容词（或过去分词）+that”结构中的虚拟语气在形如“It is (was)+形容词（或过去分词）+that”结构中，使用某些表示愿望、建议、请求、命令、可能、适当、较好、迫切、紧近、重要等形容词后的
46、主语从句的谓语也用虚拟语气。其表达形式为 should 动词原形或省略 should 直接用动词原形（美国英语中省去 should）常用的形容词：* natural (自然的), appropriate (适当的),advisable (合适的), preferable (更可取的), better (更好的)* necessary (必须的), important (重要的), imperative (急需的), urgent (急迫的), essential (本质的), vital (必不可少的)* probable (很可能的), possible (可能的)* desirable (
47、极好的)advisable （合理的） ，compulsory（必须的） ，crucial （紧急的） ，desirable（理想的） ，essential（必要的） ，imperative （迫切的） ，incredible （惊人的） ，necessary（必要的） ，possible（可能的） ，strange（奇怪的） ，urgent（紧迫的） 。常用的过去分词(Past Participle):* required (需要的), demanded (要求), requested (被请求的), desired (要求)* suggested ( 建议), recommended (推
48、荐)* orderd (命令)1. It is necessary that we (should 可省略,下同）have a walk now.(necessary, should + have) (表示有需要去散步)2.It was necessary that we (should) make everything ready ahead of time.(necessary, should + make) (表示有必要事先做好准备)3. It is required that nobody (should) smoke here.(required, should + smoke) (
49、表示要求不要在此抽烟)4. It is important that every pupil (should) be able to understand therule of school.(important, should + be) (表示重要的是学生都能了解校规)5. Its important that we (should) take good care of the patient.(important, should + take) (表示重要的是照顾好病人)6. It is natural that she should do so. (形容词 natural, should+动词原形 do)7.It is essential that these application forms be sent back a
