1、Wireless e-BusinessRFID Introduction,LING Zong, Ph. D. IBM Software GroupSan Jose, California, U.S.A.,2,About Speaker,Routine Work:(60%) Research and DevelopmentOn E-Business Data Storage Management(25%) Critical Customer ServiceFor Special Weapon Attack Team (SWAT)(10%) Global TrainingAs Technical
2、Sessions or Academic Lectures(5%) ConsultationFor Venture Capital Investment in the Silicon Valley,http:/ Zong (凌棕), Ph. D. Senior Engineer/ScientistAlmaden Research Center/IBM Software GroupSan Jose, California, U.S.A.,3,Outline,General DescriptionMarket OverviewIndustry OverviewThe ITThe Future,4,
3、General Description,5,What is RFID?,Radio Frequency Identification, a means of identifying a unique object or person using a radio frequency transmissionRFID tags are affixed to objects and stored information may be written and rewritten to an embedded chip in the tagTags can be read remotely when t
4、hey detect a radio frequency signal from a reader over a range of distances Readers then either send tag information over the enterprise network to back-end systems for processing or display it to the end user,6,RFID Tag technologies,Components of a tag:ChipAntennaPackagingDifferent types of RFID ta
5、gsPower sourcePassive tagsActive tagsSemi-active tagsRead/write capabilityRead OnlyWrite Once/Read Many (WORM) Read/Write,7,RFID Reader technologies,There are three basic choices for reader technology based on the job or type of work to be performed,8,What are the advantages of RFID?,9,What are the
6、challenges?,Relatively high costLack of standardsOccasional no-reads and mis-readsSoftware integration hurdlesRequisite physical infrastructure,10,Where are we at?,RFID is small enough, fast enough, and cheap enough to do real work with today.A great deal of innovation has brought us to the point wh
7、ere the silicon core of an radio tag is now 0.4mm.The antenna can be printed onto a products packaging at time of manufacture.Currently radio tags can be purchased for less that $0.25 in quantity.,11,Examples of RFID tag products,Intellitag 915 Mhz tags from Intermec Technologies,Family of low-frequ
8、ency tags from Texas Instruments,2450 Mhz Backscatter tag from Alien Technologies,Spider 2450 Mhz tag from RFCode,Smallest 13.56 Mhz EPC tags from TagSys,13.56 Mhz tag with largest storage capacity (4KBytes) from Hitachi Maxell,12,Examples of RFID reader products?,1555 Handheld serial readers from I
9、ntermec Technologies,303.8 Mhz Mantis wireless LAN reader from RFCode,S6410 Serial reader from Texas Instruments,902-928 Mhz serial stationary reader from Matrics,915 Mhz Network stationary reader (with antenna) from Alien Technologies,13,The Electronic Product Code (EPC),What is ePCA product number
10、ing schemeAssign a number to each itemEPC resides in an RFID tag Real-time information related to each object is stored and accessed via the internetIt is an open, standards-based system that facilitates collaboration among partners in the value chainAdopted across industries (Coca-Cola, Wal-Mart, P
11、hilip, UPS),14,The Electronic Product Code (EPC),How does it work?,15,Market Overview,16,Source: RFID Journal.,Market trigger: Wal-Mart expands RFID mandate to include all suppliers by 2006,In June, Wal-Mart required its top 100 suppliers to have products on pallets employing RFID chips and in cases
12、 with RFID chips beginning in January 2005Pilot ramp-up in 2004 starting with 20 suppliers in Jan. 04. Regional implementation roll-out start with Texas region ( 3 DCs, 150 stores)By January 05 - ALL products flowing through Texas region for Top 100+DSD and DC, all impacted formats, including SAMS C
13、lubWal-Mart has indicated it would start deploying Electronic Product Code (EPC) technology in the United States and then quickly move to implement it in Europe, then the rest of the world.In August, Wal-Mart announced it would require all suppliers to implement RFID systems by 2006,RFID Journal: Wa
14、l-Mart Draws a Line in the Sand,17,Source: RFID Journal.,Market trigger: U.S. DoD will require suppliers to use active and passive RFID technology by 2005,DOD memo: “The DOD will be an early adopter of innovative RFID technology that leverages the Electronic Product Code (EPC) and compatible tags. O
15、ur policy will require suppliers to put passive RFID tags on lowest possible service part/case/pallet packing by January 2005. We also plan to require RFID tags on key high-value items”The new policy expands active RFID tracking of all:sustainment cargo unit movement cargoammunition shipmentspre-pos
16、itioned materials and supplies.,Military Usages!,18,What is RFID global market volume?,Source: IBM estimates using inputs from Venture Development Corp., ABIYankee Group, AMR,Based on estimates from Venture Development Corp., ABI, Yankee Group, and AMR, IBM estimates the RFID market compound annual
17、growth rate at approximately 34%IBM estimates total market to grow from $2.2 billion in global revenue in 2005 to more than $5.3 billion by 2008Recent market triggers such as Wal-Mart, Tesco, U.S. Dept. of Defence, Target decisions to implement RFID systems are expected to accelerate market adoption
18、,19,RFID global demand in 2002,20,Market drivers,21,Market Inhibitors,22,Industry Overview,23,Some players in the global industry,24,Standardization efforts,ISO 14443 Proximity cards (smart wallet security)ISO 15693 Vicinity cards (ID-only cards) http:/www.14443.orgGlobal TAG (GTAG) AutoID Inc.Auto-
19、ID Center AutoID Inc.http:/www.uc-council.org/autoidUbiquitous ID Center (Japan)http:/See the AutoID Inc. FAQ!,25,Which frequency should I use?,High frequency (13.56 MHz)Most governments have set aside this range for high frequency RFIDSuffers from short read rangesTI Laundry Tag12 inch read range50
20、 tags per second,26,Which frequency should I use?,“UHF is the only frequency band that provides the extended read range needed to track goods in a supply chain setting”. RFID Journal, June 30, 2003Concentrate on UHF for supply chain applications in the futureUSA and Canada915 MHzEurope868 MHz (with
21、a special license)Japan950-956 MHz (perhaps 902-928 MHz) Just announced!Much work is being done to achieve globally compatible frequencies in the UHF band.Active lobbying is in progress to encourage the EU to allow more power, longer duty cycles, etc. (EAN is leading this effort)Lobbying of Chinese
22、and Japanese government, etc.Future frequency agile tags and readers should operate on global basis in UHF band.,27,Which frequency should I use?,2.4 to 2.483 GHz (Ethernet/BlueTooth range)No license requiredLots of existing traffic in this rangeBatteries requiredTypical Read Range, Indoors .100 m (
23、350 ft)Typical Read Range, Outdoors.300 m (1000 ft)Typical Battery Life .7 yearsIf the blink rate is set to once every 6 minutes WhereNet is a big proponent of this technology,28,Which frequency should I use?,An RF site survey should be considered to determine which frequencies would operate best fo
24、r the product, operating environment and legal environment.Multiple readers may be required until all trading partners harmonize their RFID products!Metals and di-electric fluids pose problems and will require physics expertise.,29,What different tag technologies exist?,Read Onlye.g. Auto-ID Class 0
25、 tagImpractical for large manufacturingWrite Once/Read Many (WORM)e.g. Auto-ID Class 1 tagGood balance of price/performance w/ data securityRead/Writee.g. Auto-ID Class 2 tagPowerful, flexiblePotential security issues,30,What different tag technologies exist?,PassiveNo onboard power supply (battery)
26、Uses the power emitted by the reader limited read range (6 meters)Long lifetime (no moving parts, etc.)ActiveUses an onboard batteryBattery limits the tags lifetimeDid product disappear or did its battery die?Semi-Active (Semi-Passive)Like an Active tag but battery inactive until in presence of a re
27、aderSleep mode helps the battery last much longer,31,Right now, the market is more attractive for customers than suppliers.RFID is a technology solution in search of a problem, and there is also an industry problem in search of a solution.The general industry is chasing volume, hoping that with grea
28、ter volume comes much lower costs and prices.The market growth rate depends most on the price decline rate.The industry and market suffer from too few standards.Integration issues, from culture to software, are evident and often painful.Distribution channel problems are impeding growth.As of today,
29、there is no killer application but the killer app may ultimately reside in the homeland security market.Profitable niches do exist for suppliers.Customers will continue to benefit from the intelligent application of RFID technology.,What are the top 10 facts about the RFID market and industry?,32,Th
30、e industry is fragmented but showing some signs of consolidationThe barriers to entry are gradually increasing, but they are still low.Competitor rivalry is high in some segments.In general, customers have significant bargaining power over suppliers. RFID is a technology solution in search of a prob
31、lem.There is also an industry problem in search of a solution.Price pressure is severe and increasing.Over the past three years, segments of the industry have suffered from occasional overcapacity and oversupply.Too-few distribution channels continue as a major impediment to growth.There is growing
32、interest in RFID for homeland security applications.,What are the key trends in the RFID industry?,33,The IT,34,Linking Two Worlds,Tags on Product,Antennas,Reader,Edge Server,Information Technology,Middleware Server,Physics,RFID links the world of Physics tothe world of Information Technologyin orde
33、r to allow computers to sensethe real world.The Physics challenges andIT challenges of building RFIDSystems are about equal.We should focus on the IT challengesand partner with others to overcomethe physics challenges,35,Sample RFID Network,Multiple Productsper Antenna,Item EPC,Multiple Antennasper
34、Reader,Item EPC, Antenna ID,Multiple Readersper Edge Server,Multiple Edge Serversper Middleware Server,Antenna Network,Reader Network,Edge Server Network,Item EPC, Antenna ID,Reader EPC, Timestamp,Coax cable,Serial, Dedicated Ethernet, 802.11,Dedicated Ethernet, 802.11,Significant ProductMovement Ev
35、ents,Middleware Server,36,RFID vs. Auto-ID,Auto-ID focused on cheap, interoperable tags and readersVery small read only tags with printed antennasVery inexpensive (dumb) readersThe tag should only contain a unique identifier which when used with a global system for fast database lookup, provides sec
36、ure data on the object.Interoperable multi-frequency tags and multi frequency readersFocus on IT issuesData capture at a massive scaleLeaving raw data close to readersQuickly turning data into actionable informationDistributed decision makingEnterprise integration,37,Definition of the IBM solution,“
37、Monitor, Decide, Take Action”Monitor (focus: cheap)Massive data acquisition at the edge of the network (think Wal-Mart)Low cost (Linux, OSGi) servers just upstream of the readersDecide (focus: distributed)Use rules engines and mobile agents to analyzeObject characteristicsObject locationObject histo
38、ryInformation from other enterprise systemsTake Action (focus: flexible integration)Notify users via actuators (warning lights, security gates, etc.)Send events to Enterprise Applications via Integration ServerSend transactions to trading partners (EDI, ebXML, etc),38,ONS Server,Data CaptureData Smo
39、othingData LoggingImmediate Response Tasks,RFID Physics,Edge Server Layer,Item EPC, Antenna ID,Reader EPC, Timestamp,Middleware Server Layer,PML Service,Auto-ID Services,SAP,Retek,Existing Enterprise Applications,Integration Server,etc.,IBM Data Synch,UCCnet(item synchronization),AS1 EDItransactions
40、,ebXMLtransactions,Trading Partners(Advanced Ship Notices),Product Catalog,39,ONS Server,Data CaptureData SmoothingData LoggingImmediate Response Tasks,RFID Physics,Edge Server Layer,Item EPC, Antenna ID,Reader EPC, Timestamp,Middleware Server Layer,PML Service,Auto-ID Services,SAP,Retek,Existing En
41、terprise Applications,Integration Server,etc.,IBM Data Synch,UCCnet(item synchronization),AS1 EDItransactions,ebXMLtransactions,Trading Partners(Advanced Ship Notices),Product Catalog,Monitor,40,ONS Server,Data CaptureData SmoothingData LoggingImmediate Response Tasks,RFID Physics,Edge Server Layer,
42、Item EPC, Antenna ID,Reader EPC, Timestamp,Middleware Server Layer,PML Service,Auto-ID Services,SAP,Retek,Existing Enterprise Applications,Integration Server,etc.,IBM Data Synch,UCCnet(item synchronization),AS1 EDItransactions,ebXMLtransactions,Trading Partners(Advanced Ship Notices),Product Catalog
43、,Decide,41,ONS Server,Data CaptureData SmoothingData LoggingImmediate Response Tasks,RFID Physics,Edge Server Layer,Item EPC, Antenna ID,Reader EPC, Timestamp,Middleware Server Layer,PML Service,Auto-ID Services,SAP,Retek,Existing Enterprise Applications,Integration Server,etc.,IBM Data Synch,UCCnet
44、(item synchronization),AS1 EDItransactions,ebXMLtransactions,Trading Partners(Advanced Ship Notices),Product Catalog,Take Action,42,Edge Servers monitor Readers,Edge Server Layer,Middleware Server Layer,Directory Service,Console for monitoringhealth of all Servers,Readers, and Antennas,Application I
45、ntegration Service,Management Service,Directory of allEdge Servers andAssigned Tasks,Connections toEnterprise Applicationand Trading Partners,RFID Physics,43,IBM RFID High-Level Architecture,44,IT: Big rules for success,It is essential that:Always architect for massive scale (Wal-Mart store)Devices
46、must bePlug and workAuthenticatedRemotely manageableRemotely upgradeableUsers must beAuthenticated around the globeAuthenticated across trading partners,45,The Future,46,What is the market opportunities for IBM across brands?,HardwareInexpensive Linux platforms for initial edge serversMassive redund
47、ant storage required for track and traceLarge server opportunities for Auto-ID MiddlewareEnterprise Application IntegrationAutomatic transactionsSoftwareMessage Queue (message routing between edge and data center)DB2 (massive data archiving for track and trace, data management)WebSphere (Enterprise
48、Application Integration and automatic B2B)Tivoli (remote monitoring, configuration, update of readers)ServicesBusiness CasesITS Deployment ConsultingEnterprise and B2B Integration ServicesDevice and User Security Services,47,Field truck,Command center trailer,30mph,Firefighting field team,User,Trailer,Firefighters,Graphic overlayof fire line,IR satelliteimageryof fire,Card,Truck,Winddirection/speedindicator,
