1、Using Abbreviation and Symbols to Write Notes QuicklyCommon symbols used in note-takingend, stop, halt, etc.: say, speak, talk, marks, announce, declare.d yesterday.y last year.2m two months ago2y. two years laterwk. next week important, exemplary, best, outstanding, brilliant transition, turn / mal
2、e/female conference/meeting/negotiation/discussing countrySome common general abbreviations c. (or ca.) approximately, roughly, about (abbreviation for the Latin circa) e.g. for example i.e. in other words, that is c.f. compared to, by comparison with w/ with w/o without w/i withinv. very vv. extrem
3、ely ft. foot, feetpkg packageviz. namelyC century (e.g. C19 for nineteenth century) 1920s i.e. 1920-1929etc. and so on, and so forth, et cetera K or k a thousand (e.g. 50K for fifty thousand) m a million (e.g. $6m for six million dollars) vs against, as opposed to, versusb/4 beforeb/c becausere: reg
4、arding, aboute.g. example2 to, two, too4 forN.B. notewrt writert rightyr/yrs year/yearsch chapterwd/wds word/wordsdiff.(s) difficult(y)(-ies)excl. excludingincl. includingimp. important/importancelang. languageltd. limited1st, 2nd, 3rd first, second, thirdG.B., U.K. Great Britain, United KingdomEng.
5、 EnglishBrit. BritishQ. questionA. answerp./pp. page/pagesre- with reference to/concerningtho thoughthro throughs/t somethings/o someonef frequencyibid Latin, “the same work”H2O water degreeIT dept Information Technology departmentI/O instead ofR areSome abbreviation techniques 1. Symbols helpful in
6、 math - these are commonly used in texts and references. = sum f = frequency = not equal 2. Leave out periods in standard abbreviations. cf = compare eg = example dept = department 3. Use only the first syllable of a word. pol = politics dem = democracy lib = liberal cap = capitalism mar = marketing
7、 cus = customercli = client4. Use entire first syllable and only 1st letter of 2nd syllable. pres = presentation subj = subject ind = individual cons = conservative budg = budget5. Eliminate final letters. Use just enough of the word to form a recognizable abbreviation. assoc = associate bio = biolo
8、gy info = information ach = achievement ins = insurancechem = chemistry max = maximum intro = introduction conc = concentration prof = professormin = minimum/minute rep = repetition exch = exchange hist = history geog = geography6. Omit vowels; retain only enough consonants for a recognizable skelet
9、on of the word. ppd = prepared prblm = problem estmt = estimate bkgd = background gvt = government mkt = market mgr = manager msg = message std = standard rcv = receive tchr = teacherppl = people7. Use an apostrophe in place of letters. amt = amount contd = continued govt = government educatl = educ
10、ational 8. Form the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding “s.” chpts = chapters egs = examples fs = frequencies intros = introductions 9. Use “g” to represent ing endings, “m” to represent ism endings, “n” to represent tion endings, “o” to represent cian endings, “d” to represent ed endin
11、gs, “bl” to represent able/ible/ble endings, “mt” torepresent ment endings, “z” to represent to ize endings, and “fl” to represent ful endings.ckg = checking estg = establishing decrg = decreasing exptg = experimenting sm = socialismstdn = standardization techo = technician acptd = accepted avbl = a
12、vailable amdmt = amendmentregz = recognize mnfl = meaningful10. Spell out short words such as “in,” “at,” “to,” “but,” “for,” and “key.” Abbreviations or symbols for short words will make the notes too dense with shorthand. 11. Leave out unimportant words. Always use 1, 2, 3. instead of one, two, th
13、ree.12. Leave out the words a, an and the, and dot your i and cross your t later. 13. If a term, phrase, or name is written out in full during the lecture, substitute initials whenever the term, phrase, or name is used again. For example, Center for Aerospace Sciences becomes CAS thereafter. 14. Use
14、 symbols for commonly recurring connective or transitional words. & = and w/ = with w/o = without vs = against = therefore = = is or equal 15. Use technical symbols where applicable. zb = German, “for example” H2O = water ibid = Latin, “the same work” = degrees 16. Use the first few letters of the w
15、ord just enough to remember what the abbreviation stands for.imp for important info for information eval for evaluation 17. Remove all (or most of) the vowels from the word and use just the key consonants bunched together.mngmt for management mkt for market (and mkting for marketing) dvpt for develo
16、pment18. For words that have just one syllable, write just the first and last letter of the word. Here are some examples of words that have been abbreviated by writing just the first and last letter of the word.qt = quart ld = land tk = tick rd = round gl =girl pk = pack nt = night fd =field lk =lin
17、k ht = heartAn example of the use of symbols and abbreviations to take efficient notes Imagine you heard the following in a lecture: At the end of the twentieth century the United Kingdoms population, at around sixty million, was similar to that of Italy, but Italys population was shrinking because
18、its birth rate had fallen below its death rate. The UKs population was still growing, albeit very slowly at a rate of 0.09% between 1995 and 2000. Your notes on this part of the lecture might look like this:缩略符号the more mo most m-for f all l can knthat -t they -y my m.from fr but bt new nwand & this
19、 -s some smif .f would (d any anare r there -r could kdis z which (c thing -,he e has hs well (elbe b what (t think -nkor o had hd do dyou u was (s next nxto t have hv lie l.your ur whom (m until tlin n she )e time t.man a will (l cannot kntof v shall )l send s+so s when (n easy ez部分英语缩略词表acc accoun
20、t/accountant imp import/imperialacdg according imps impossibleacpt accept impt importantad advertisement in. inch/inchesadmn administration ind industrial/independentads address inst. instant/instituteadv advice int. interior/interest (兴趣；利息)agr agriculture intsd interestedagt agent I/O instead ofal
21、t altitude IOU I owe youa.m. ante meridiem/before noon I.Q. intelligence quotientAMAP as much/many as possible IVO in view of (鉴于，考虑到 )amb ambassador is. islandamt amount J judge/justiceanal analysis jour journal/journalistanc ancient jr. junior (大学三年级学生；年少的；初级的)anon anonymous lat. latitudeapp appen
22、dix lb. pounds (磅；英镑 )apt apartment L/C letter of credit (信用证)apv approve leg legalarch architecture lib library/librarianarr arrive/arrival liq liquidASAP as soon as possible lit literatureass/assn assistant/association long. longitudeat atmosphere/atomic M.A. Master of Artsatt/attn attorney/attent
23、ion mach machineryaux auxiliary mag magazineav average man. manualanc ancient manuf manufacturebal balance math mathematicsbldg building MDL model (型号；模特 )cert certificate Mdm Madamcfm conform med. medicine/medicalcmi commission mem member/memoir (回忆录)cmp complete memo memorandum (备忘录)cmpe compete/c
24、ompetitive mgr mangercmun communication mid middlecncl cancel mod moderate/modernconc/concn/concdconcern/concerning/concerned mph mile per hour (每小时英里数；车速)co. company MS manuscripts(手稿)c/o care of (转交) Mt Mount/mountaincol college/color mus music/museumcom commentary/common/community n north/noon/na
25、me/normalcomm commission nat national/native/naturalcomp/compn computer/competition ncry necessarycon conclusion n.d. no date (无日期)condn condition NLT not later than (不迟于)cont/contd continent/continued nr nearcorpn corporation obj object/objectivecust customer/custom/customs obs obsolete (过时的)/obser
26、vedef defender/defense obt obtaindeg degree off. office/officialdep deposit op. opera/operation/oppositedept department ord ordinarydiff difference org organizationdisc discount orig originaldist distance/distinguish oz. ounce (盎司)div/divd divide/divorced p. page/power/pressuredorm dormitory para pa
27、ragraphdpt departure part particular/partnerdz dozen pass passive/passengere east/earth/engineering PAT patentecon economics/economy paymt paymented. editor pc piece/personal computeredu education pd. paid (钱款) 已付encld/encl enclosed/enclosure perf perform/performanceesp. especially pkg packingex. ex
28、ample/exception/extra pl peopleexp. export prob/probs problem/problemsexpln explain pls pleaseext extend/extension posn positionFAX facsimile poss possible/possiblyff. following prob probable/probablyfig figures prod productfin finance/financial pt patientfl fluid qlty qualityFLT flight qnty quantit
29、yfnt Final ref referenceFOB free on board (船上交货；离岸价格 ) regl regularfor foreign/forestry rep representativefp freezing point res researchfr frequent respon responsiblefrt freight (货物；货运 ) resn reservationft foot/feet (脚；英寸 ) rpt repeatfut future sitn situationFYR for your reference (仅供参考) st/sts stud
30、ent/studentsg gold/grain/gram/guide/gender/gravity tel telephoneG.A. General Assembly (联合国大会 ) temp temporarygd good tgm telegraphgen. generally tks thanksgent gentleman/gentlemen trd tradegm gram/general manager trf trafficgov government ttl totalgs general secretary (秘书长) T.U. Trade Union (英)工会gua
31、r guarantee ult ultimateh harbor/hundred/husband/hydrogen univ universityhd head (头部；首脑) up upperhf half usu. usuallyH.O. home office vil villagehonbl/hon honorable/honorary V.P. Vice PresidentH.Q. headquarters v.v. vice versa (反之亦然)hr hour wel welcome/welfareht height wl willhwy highway wt weighthy
32、poth hypothesis/hypothetical XL extra large (特大号)i.a. in absence/absentib. ibidem/in the same placeID identity/identity card缩略字母Z 表示 “人“people/person，因为“Z“ 看上去像个人头，它通常被写在一个词或符号的右上角。例如：日本人：JZ。C 表示政府，统治：government，govern 希腊字母 C 读/ga:ma/,近似 government, 所以就用 C 来表示 govern, government。governmental officia
33、l 可以表示为 CZP 表示政治：politics, political 希腊字母 P 读/pai/,近似 politics, political。那么 politician 就可以表示为 PZE 表示总数：total, totally, entire, entirely, on the whole, all in all, to sum up, ect. E 数学符号表示总值。G 表示效率：efficient, effective。G 为效率符号。Q 表示“通货膨胀“：inflation 因为这个符号酷似一个上升的气球。A 表示农业: agriculture. agriculture 经常用到，所以用首字母代替。
