1、- 1 -Part I Writing (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic of A Few Marks on Competition. You should write at least 120words following the outline given bellow: 1.竞争无处不在 2.竞争与合作之间的关系 3.由此我们应该. Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and
2、Scanning) (15 minutes)Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C), and D). For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the informati
3、on given in the passage.Beauty and Body Image in the MediaImages of female bodies are everywhere. Womenand their body partssell everything from food to cars. Popular film and television actresses are becoming younger, taller and thinner. Some have even been known to faint on the set from lack of foo
4、d. Womens magazines are full of articles urging that if they can just lose those last twenty pounds, theyll have it allthe perfect marriage, loving children, great sex, and a rewarding career.Why are standards of beauty being imposed on women, the majority of whom are naturally larger and more matur
5、e than any of the models? The roots, some analysts say, are economic. By presenting an ideal difficult to achieve and maintain, the cosmetic and diet product industries are assured of growth and profits.And its no accident that youth is increasingly promoted, along with thinness, as an essential cri
6、terion of beauty. If not all women need to lose weight, for sure theyre all aging, says the Quebec Action Network for Womens Health in its 2001 report. And, according to the industry, age is a disaster that needs to be dealt with.The stakes are huge. On the one hand, women who are insecure about the
7、ir bodies are more likely to buy beauty products, new clothes, and diet aids. It is estimated that the diet industry alone is worth anywhere between 40 to 100 billion (U.S.) a year selling temporary weight loss (90 to 95% of dieters regain the lost weight).On the other hand, research indicates that
8、exposure to images of thin, young, air-brushed female bodies is linked to depression, loss of self-esteem and the development of unhealthy eating habits in women and girls.The American research group Anorexia Nervosa & Related Eating Disorders, Inc. says that one out of every four college-aged women
9、 uses unhealthy methods of weight controlincluding fasting, skipping meals, excessive exercise, laxative (泻药) abuse, and self-induced vomiting. The pressure to be thin is also affecting young girls: the Canadian Womens Health Network warns that weight control measures are now being taken by girls as
10、 young as 5 and 6. American statistics are similar.Several studies, such as one conducted by Marika Tiggemann and Levina Clark in 2006 titled “Appearance Culture in Nine- to 12-Year-Old Girls: Media and Peer Influences on Body Dissatisfaction,” indicate that nearly half of all preadolescent girls wi
11、sh to be thinner, and as a result have engaged in a diet or are aware of the concept of dieting. In 2003, Teen magazine reported that 35 per cent of girls 6 to 12 years old have been on at least one diet, and that 50 to 70 per cent of normal weight girls believe they are overweight. Overall research
12、 indicates that 90% of 姓名：- 2 -women are dissatisfied with their appearance in some way.Media activist Jean Kilbourne concludes that, “Women are sold to the diet industry by the magazines we read and the television programs we watch, almost all of which make us feel anxious about our weight.”Unattai
13、nable BeautyPerhaps most disturbing is the fact that media images of female beauty are unattainable for all but a very small number of women. Researchers generating a computer model of a woman with Barbie-doll proportions, for example, found that her back would be too weak to support the weight of h
14、er upper body, and her body would be too narrow to contain more than half a liver and a few centimeters of bowel. A real woman built that way would suffer from chronic diarrhea ( 慢性腹泻) and eventually die from malnutrition. Jill Barad, President of Mattel (which manufactures Barbie), estimated that 9
15、9% of girls aged 3 to 10 years old own at least one Barbie doll.Still, the number of real life women and girls who seek a similarly underweight body is epidemic, and they can suffer equally devastating health consequences. In 2006 it was estimated that up to 450, 000 Canadian women were affected by
16、an eating disorder.The Culture of ThinnessResearchers report that womens magazines have ten and one-half times more ads and articles promoting weight loss than mens magazines do, and over three-quarters of the covers of womens magazines include at least one message about how to change a womans bodil
17、y appearanceby diet, exercise or cosmetic surgery.Television and movies reinforce the importance of a thin body as a measure of a womans worth. Canadian researcher Gregory Fouts reports that over three-quarters of the female characters in TV situation comedies are underweight, and only one in twenty
18、 are above average in size. Heavier actresses tend to receive negative comments from male characters about their bodies (“How about wearing a sack?”), and 80 per cent of these negative comments are followed by canned audience laughter.There have been efforts in the magazine industry to buck ( 抵制，反抗)
19、 the trend. For several years the Quebec magazine Coup de Pouce has consistently included full-sized women in their fashion pages and Chtelaine has pledged not to touch up photos and not to include models less than 25 years of age. In Madrid, one of the worlds biggest fashion capitals, ultra-thin mo
20、dels were banned from the runway in 2006. Furthermore Spain has recently undergone a project with the aim to standardize clothing sizes through using a unique process in which a laser beam is used to measure real life womens bodies in order to find the most true to life measurement.EthicsAnother iss
21、ue is the representation of ethnically diverse women in the media. A 2008 study conducted by Juanita Covert and Travis Dixon titled “A Changing View: Representation and Effects of the Portrayal of Women of Color in Mainstream Womens Magazines” found that although there was an increase in the represe
22、ntation of women of colour, overall white women were overrepresented in mainstream womens magazines from 1999 to 2004. Self-Improvement or Self-Destruction?The barrage of messages about thinness, dieting and beauty tells “ordinary” women that they are always in need of adjustmentand that the female
23、body is an object to be perfected.Jean Kilbourne argues that the overwhelming presence of media images of painfully thin women means that real womens bodies have become invisible in the mass media. The real - 3 -tragedy, Kilbourne concludes, is that many women internalize these stereotypes, and judg
24、e themselves by the beauty industrys standards. Women learn to compare themselves to other women, and to compete with them for male attention. This focus on beauty and desirability “effectively destroys any awareness and action that might help to change that climate.”1. Womens magazines are full of
25、articles to urge women to _.A) eat less sweet food C) marry a rich husbandB) lose weight D) have at least two kids2. The cosmetic and diet product industries gain profits by _.A) exaggerating the goodness about their productsB) targeting at children and femalesC) presenting an ideal image difficult
26、to achieveD) distributing free samples from home to home3. Canadian Womens health Network warns that weight control measures are now being taken by girls _.A) at age 5 or 6 C) at age 13 or 14B) at age 9 or 10 D) at age 16 or 174. In 2003, Teen magazine reported that _ percent of normal weight girls
27、believe they are overweight.A) 35 to 50 C) 50 to 70B) 50 D) 905. Researchers found that a real woman with Barbie-doll proportions would _.A) suffer from heart disease C) live a more rewarding lifeB) be very popular with males D) die from malnutrition6. Television and movies emphasize that a womans w
28、orth can be judged by _.A) the cosmetics she uses C) the thinness of her bodyB) the jewelry she wears D) the wealth of her husband7. Spain has recently undergone a project to _.A) include full-sized women in its fashion magazinesB) standardize clothing sizesC) ban ultra-thin models from the runwayD)
29、 promote weight loss among men8. In mainstream womens magazines from 1999 to 2004, _ were overrepresented.9. Jean Kilbourne concludes that many women judge themselves by _.10. The focus on _ destroys any awareness and action that might help to change the trend.Part IV Reading Comprehension (Reading
30、in Depth) (25 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the pas- sage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the ba
31、nk is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.- 4 -Questions 47 to 56 are based on the following passage.The economic costs of noise are several. Ai
32、rports are currently operating at less than 47 because of noise regulations which restrict their hours of operation. For instance, at Washingtons National Airport no jet traffic is allowed from 11 pm to 7 am. Other airports restrict the use of certain runway. One estimate is that noise 48 reduce pos
33、sible airport use by 20 percent.The 49 cargo trade is especially affected by night restrictions.In the case of airports, jet engines may be 50 to reduce their noise level, or insulation from air traffic noise may be provided by the purchase of land around airports or the insulation of buildings.One
34、estimate is that $5.7 billion would be required to 51 all existing jet engines with noise control devices. However, 52 the current state of the art, even taking this step will not reduce noise levels at all points to 53 values. Some combination of methods is probably necessary.If all aircraft were m
35、ade quieter by existing methods, there would be a number of economic benefits. An increase in airport capacity would 54 . Property values near airports might rise. Transportation costs to and from airports could be reduced since the airports now could be located closer to population center.Much rese
36、arch still needs to be done on the economic 55 of noise reduction and noise effects.Although some of the effects of nose pollution are known, more must be discovered about its effects on health, productivity, property values and the quality of life. 56 , the cost of noise pollution control to the ec
37、onomy as a whole needs to be investigated.A) identificationB) equipC) profitableD) capacityE) pollutionF) restrictionsG) transformedH) significantI) furthermoreJ) acceptableK) modifiedL) accordinglyM) consideringN) occurO) aspectsSection BDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passag
38、e is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter onAnswer Sheet 2 with a single line through the center.Passage OneQuestions 57 to 61 are based on the fol
39、lowing passage.Most people can remember a phone number for up to thirty seconds. When this short amount of time elapses, however, the numbers are erased from the memory. How did the information get there in the first place? Information that makes its way to the short term memory (STM) does so - 5 -v
40、ia the sensory storage area. The brain has a filter which only allows stimuli that is of immediate interest to pass on to the STM, also known as the working memory.There is much debate about the capacity and duration of the short term memory. The most accepted theory comes from George A. Miller, a c
41、ognitive psychologist who suggested that humans can remember approximately seven chunks of information. A chunk is defined as a meaningful unit of information, such as a word or name rather than just a letter or number. Modern theorists suggest that one can increase the capacity of the short term me
42、mory by chunking, or classifying similar information together. By organizing information, one can optimize the STM, and improve the chances of a memory being passed on to long term storage.When making a conscious effort to memorize something, such as information for an exam, many people engage in “r
43、ote rehearsal”. By repeating something over and over again, we are able to keep a memory alive. Unfortunately, this type of memory maintenance only succeeds if there are no interruptions. As soon as a person stops rehearsing the information, it has the tendency to disappear.When a pen and paper are
44、not handy, you might attempt to remember a phone number by repeating it aloud. If the doorbell rings or the dog barks to come in before you get the opportunity to make your phone call, you will forget the number instantly. Therefore, rote rehearsal is not an efficient way to pass information from th
45、e short term to long term memory. A better way is to practice “elaborate rehearsal”. This involves assigning semantic meaning to a piece of information so that it can be filed along with other pre-existing long term memories.Encoding information semantically also makes it more retrievable. Retrievin
46、g information can be done by recognition or recall. Humans can recall memories that are stored in the long term memory and used often. However, if a memory seems to be forgotten, it may eventually be retrieved by prompting. The more cues a person is given (such as pictures), the more likely a memory
47、 can be retrieved. This is why multiple choice tests are often used for subjects that require a lot of memorization.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡 2 上作答。57. According to the passage, how do memories get transferred to the STM?A) They revert from the long term memory.B) They are filtered from the sensory storage area
48、.C) They get chunked when they enter the brain.D) They enter via the nervous system.58. How do theorists believe a person can remember more information in a short time?A) By organizing it.B) By repeating it.C) By giving it a name.D) By writing it down on paper.59. Why does the author mention a dogs
49、bark?A) To exemplify poor memory.B) To analyze a type of interruption.C) To compare human memory with dogs memory.D) To illustrate the lack of efficiency of rote rehearsal.60. Which of the following is true about retrieving information?A) Elaborate rehearsal contributes to information retrieval.B) The most efficient way of retrieving information is to assign
