1、1. This is a Circular Reasoning.2. This is a biased-sample fallacy.3. This is an insufficient sample fallacy.4. Ad hominen “to the man”. 对人不对事。5. This is a faulty analogy.6. Straw Man7. The arguer commits the “After this, therefore, because of this” fallacy. (Post hoc ergo propter hoc)8. The Either-
2、or Thinking. This is a black-or-white fallacy. False dilemma9. The arguer commits the fallacy of “all things are equal”.10. The fallacy of equivocation 一词多义11. No Sequitur = “does not follow” The house is white, so it must be big. It may be big, but it has nothing to do with the house being white.12
3、. The arguer commits the fallacy of hasty generalization. 合理性，有效性 validity = soundness = reliability = legitimacy = authority 不可信的 doubtful = unconvincing = incredulous = dubious = in doubt = skeptical = suspectable评估 assess = evaluate = judge = appraise = weight up回应者 respondent削弱 undermine = weake
4、n = cripple易受攻击 vulnerable = weak = susceptible可靠的，可信的 informative = reliable = sound = flawless = compelling = convincingtoo * to be adj.glean data 搜集资料、数据insufficient = inadequate支持 support = prop up = sustain = uphold = defend = endorse = advocate = approve = back = promote提出 provide = offer = pr
5、esent = put/bring forward没有理由的，没有根据的 unwarranted = gratuitous = unjustified = ungrounded = groundless = unsubstantiatedfallacious = erroneous = unproven充足 adequate = sufficient = ample错误地 falsely = incorrectly = erroneously = fallaciously假定，假说，假想 assumption = postulation = supposition = hypothesis排除
6、 rule out = exclude = eliminate possibility = scenarioassume reasoning = ratiocinationcoincide = concur证明，证实 prove = confirm = verify = attest = substantiate= validate = authenticate= corroborate = certifycompelling/convincing/sound evidence以为基础 rest on/upon = base on/upon = rely on/uponanalogous =
7、similardissimilarity = differencewithout justification超过，抵消 outweigh = offset = balance = counterbalancelost-benefit analysis; supply-demand analysisin all likelihood = it is highly possible = there is good chance that = there is every chance that 很有可能in any event = at all events 无论怎样，不管怎样if that is the case = in that event 如果是那样的话in either event 无论是这样还是那样trivialize = belittlegiven that = granted that
