1、莘莘学子，成就圣学 MBA 英语语法点语法概要英语句子：按用途分：陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句。按结构分：简单句、并列句、复合句(主从句) 。简单句 5 种：1. 主+谓。2. 主+系+表。3. 主+谓+宾。4. 主+谓+双宾。5. 主+谓+宾+ 宾补。双宾和宾补的判断方法：I gave her a Teddy Bear.We elected John monitor.句子成分 (9 种)：主、谓、表、宾、定、状、补、同位语、独立成分。基本成分：主、谓、表、宾、补。附属成分：定、状、同位语、独立成分。复合句(主从句)中的从句共分 3 大类：名从(4 种) 、形从( 定从)、副从(状从)。名从
2、：主从、表从、宾从、同位语从。主语从句 (谓语用单数)：引导词：连词 that/whether (不作成分，但不可省，whether 不能换作 if)。连接代词：what, who, whom, whose, which 以及 whatever, whoever, whomever, whosever, whichever.(均不可省)连接副词：when, where, why, how 以及whenever, wherever, however. (均不可省)如果以上从句过长，则用 it 替代，作形式主语。it 作形式主语的从句常见类型：1). It is+过去分词+thatIt is kn
3、own thatIt is believed thatIt is said that莘莘学子，成就圣学 It is expected thatIt is reported thatIt is alleged thatIt is rumored thatIt is estimated that2). It is+形容词+thatIt is easy thatIt is difficult thatIt is certain thatIt is possible thatIt is likely thatIt is important thatIt is obvious that3). It +不
4、及物动词+thatIt seems thatIt appears thatIt happens thatIt turns out thatIt occurs to sb that4). It is+名词 (短语)+thatIt is a shame thatIt is a pity thatIt is an honor thatIt is common knowledge thatIt is no wonder thatIt is no accident thatIt is no rarity thatwhether 与 if 的用法区别：whether:(1).无论，不管 引导让步状；(2)
5、.是否 引导名词从。if:(1).是否 引导宾从；(2).如果 引导条件从。因此，if 一般只用于引导宾从，而 whether 可用于包括宾从在内的其它名词从。另外，(1).if or not? ifor not?(2).We havent settled the question of if/whether? he will be fired.莘莘学子，成就圣学 同位语从句：引导词：that, whether, who, which, where, when 等。抽象名词在前, 表具体解释内容的从句在后。接同位语从句的名词：report, fact, idea, suggestion, ev
6、idence, conclusion, statement, knowledge, discovery 等有内涵的名词,如 building 则不行。同位语从句与定语从句区别：1. 前者是名词性质，后者是形容词性质；2. 前者的 that 不作成分，但不可省，后者的that 作成分，常省；同位语从句：引导词 that, whether, who, which, where, when 等；抽象名词在前 , 表具体解释内容的从句在后。句子后有逗号/冒号/破折号，且这些符号后是名词/动名词，则这些名词/动名词作同位语。定语从句：修饰限定名词或代词的从句，因此功能上定语从句相当于形容词，也称为形容词
7、从句；引导词有三大功能：1、引导定语从句；2、指代被修饰的词(即先行词)；3、在从句中作成分。引导词：关系代词：that, who/whom, which, whose.关系副词：when, where, why.限定性与非限定性定从：The people who get on in this world are the people who make every effort to fulfill their goal.（限定性，决定先行词的性质，无逗号间隔）“I struck gold,” said Roland, who emailed his resume to the employe
8、r and won a position. （非限定性，对先行词的补充说明，不决定先行词的性质，有逗号间隔）莘莘学子，成就圣学 a). Ill never forget the time _ we first met in the park. (which/when)b). Ill never forget the time _ I spent on campus. (which/when)a). The reason _ he gave for his being late was unacceptable.(that/why)b). The shop _ I told you about
9、before has closed down.(that/where)whose 引导的定从中，若 whose 指物时，可用of which 来替代，此时语序为：限定词+名词+of+which 或 of+which+限定词+名词。I had a meeting whose purpose was completely unclear.I had a meeting the purpose of which/of which the purpose was completely unclear.1. When one opens an account at a bank, he is lendi
10、ng the bank money, repayment of which he may demand at any time.2. This echo-location in bats is often compared with radar, the principle of which is similar.在下列情况中最好用 that:1). 先行词为指物的 all, little, few, much, none, the first。2). 先行词为不定代词 something, anything, nothing, everything。3). 先行词被 any, every,
11、no, only, all, some, much, few, little, 序数词，最高级，the only, the one, the very, the right, the last 修饰时。as 引导限定性定语从句时，只是用在一些固定结构中，即只用在 such、the same、as、so的后面。He will repeat such points as are discussed in the book.He is not the same playboy as we knew.莘莘学子，成就圣学 as 和 which 引导的非限定定语从句的区别：1. which 不能在句首；2
12、. which 的先行词可以是单个名词, 而 as 的先行词一般应是句子或短语；3. 如果主句和从句意思相顺时，用 as；如果从句和主句相悖或对主句削弱时，用 which。例：1). The young man cheated his friend of much money, which was disgraceful.2). She has married again, as was expected.3). She has married again, which was unexpected.介词+关系代词引导的定语从句:定语从句之前加介词，一般出于以下三种情况：1. 依照先行词的要求
13、。例：The age at which young people are allowed to drive any vehicle should be raised to at least 21.2. 由于从句中某个词的要求，通常是动词和形容词。It is a theory to which many economists subscribe.3. 一些固定的介词短语在定语从句中的使用，如：with ones help/with whose help; in ones honor/in whose honor; in this (that) case/in which case, 等。例：We
14、 extend our warm welcome to the visiting delegation in whose honor a grand banquet was given.状语从句（时状、地状、条件状、目的状、方式状、结果状、让步状、原因状、比较状）1. 时状特殊引导词：the moment, the minute, the instant, directly, immediately, instantly.hardly/scarcelywhen；no soonerthan ；（若描述过去状况，前半部分多用过去完成时，后半部分一般过去时）例：Hardly had he assum
15、ed the leadership role when he began to put on airs.2. 条件状特殊引导词：provided/providing; 莘莘学子，成就圣学 suppose/supposing；as (so) long as.3. 目的状引导词：so that, in order that, so as to, in order to, in the hope that, on purpose that, for the purpose that, lest, in case, for fear that.4. 方式状引导词：as；as though/as if；
16、the way；5. 结果状特殊引导词：so that, to the degree/extent that； to such a degree/extent that；6. 原因状引导词：Because, as, since, for, in that, now that, given (that), seeing that.so that 引导结果状从和目的状从的区别：前者中通常 so that 前有逗号，与主句分开，后者通常没有逗号。He turned the radio up, so that everyone heard the news.He turned the radio up
17、 so that everyone might hear the news.(1). as, for 引导的主、从句，二者处于平等位置。(2). because 引导的从句一般比主句重要，强调原因。(3). since 引导的从句一般次要，主句重要，以说明将要做什么。It rained last night, for the ground is wet this morning.Because it rained last night, the ground is wet this morning.Since everyone is here, lets get started.7. 让步状特
18、殊引导词：while；althoughyet/still；莘莘学子，成就圣学 adj/adv/Ved/n (不加冠词)+as+ 主+ 谓；V+as+主+助动词(may, might, can, could, will)例：Poor as he is, he is very generous.Much as I respect him ,I cannot agree with him.Praised as he was, he was modest.Child as he is, he knows common sense.Try as you will ,you wont manage it.
19、whatever, whoever, whichever 既可作关系代词引导定从，也可作连词引导让步状从, 区别是：Take whatever you want.whatever=anything that.We have decided to do so, whatever happens.whatever=no matter what.试比较：Whoever may trouble you, I will help you to the last.Whoever has finished the test may go out.8. 比较状语从句：(1). 倍数比较：A is N time
20、s 形比 than B.A is N+1 times as 形 as B.A is N+1 times the n of B.(2) The more., the more.结构(3). not A so much as Bnot so much A as Bnot so much A but B(If) the more you know, the more you know you dont know.(If) the longer we stay together, the more passionately attached we are to each other.莘莘学子，成就圣学
21、 (If) no pains, no gains.(If) no money, no honey.(If) no representation, no taxation.(4). A is no morethan B neither norA is not morethan B lessthanA is no lessthan B bothandA is not lessthan B morethanno more than only, justnot more than at mostno less than as much asnot less than at least1. She is
22、 no more pleased than I.2. She is not more pleased than I.3. What he did was no less than a miracle.4. He is no more than 10.5. He is no less than 10.非谓语结构：V-ing, V-ed, to do.语法功能: V-ing: 定，表，状，补。V-ed：定，表，状，补。to do：主，宾，定，状，补，独立成分。独立成分：to be honest, to begin with.等.问题：Sb+is+adj+to do 的 to do 做什么成分？It
23、+is+adj+to do 的 to do 作什么成分？不带 to 的不定式：1.感官动词之后：see, hear, watch, notice, find 等。2.使役动词之后：let, make, have 等。注意：若以上结构转为被动语态，则必须加 to。Her innocence made me feel guilty.变为：I was made _guilty by her innocence.3.一些固定搭配：make do, make believe, let drop, let fall, let slip, let fly, let go of, leave go of，等。
24、莘莘学子，成就圣学 4. 在下列句型中：1).had better, 2).would rather/would sooner/would just as soon 3).might as well4).cannot but/cannot choose but5).cannot help butThe only thing to do was ask them to come half an hour later than the other guests. For years, doctors have advised their patients the only thing taking
25、 multivitamins does is give them expensive urine.现在分词与动名词的区别：现在分词: 定，表，状，补。动名词: 主，宾，表，定。两者作表语的区别：现在分词作表语多表示主语的特征；而动名词作表语多表示主语的内容。These results are most satisfying.Her hobby is collecting stamps.两者作定语的区别：现在分词作定语表被修饰名词的行为状态，一般可改为定语从句；动名词作定语表被修饰名词的用途，一般不可改为定语从句。a sleeping car/a sleeping childa reading
26、room/a reading girl后接动名词的动词：admit, advise, anticipate, appreciate, authorize, avoid, consider, contemplate, delay, deny, detest, discuss, dislike, encourage, endure, enjoy, escape, excuse, face, fancy, feel like, finish, forbid, forgive, give up, cant help, 莘莘学子，成就圣学 imagine, involve, mention, mind,
27、 miss, overlook, permit, postpone, practice, prohibit, put off, recommend, resent, risk, cant stand, suggest, tolerate, understand, 等。注意：allow doing allow sb to do.advise doing advise sb to do.forbid doing forbid sb to do.encourage doing encourage sb to do.authorize doing authorize sb to do.remember
28、/forget/regret/stop+doing，其中的 doing 表先于这些动词之前发生的事。remember/forget/regret/stop+ to do，其中的 doing 表这些动词之后发生的事。比较：He forgot to pay me back.He forgot paying me back.I regret letting slip that opportunity.We regret to inform you that we cannot offer you employment.to doing:look forward to doing, object to
29、 doing, be/get used to doing, prefer doing to doing, in addition to doing, be accustomed to do/doing, amount to doing, take to doing, devoteto doing, get round to doing.have difficulty/trouble/problem/ (great) fun/ (great) pleasure/a hard time/a good time (in) doing.cant help doing, cant resist doing, cant keep from doing, cant refrain from doing, cant hold back from doing, cant keep back from doing.注意：cant help but do, cant but do, cant choose but do.be worth doing, be worthy of being
