1、阅读综合辅导SAMPLE 1经济学类题目序号 题型归类第 1 题 中心主旨题型第 2 题 反推题型第 3 题 关键词语题型第 4 题 反论题型第 5 题 关键词语题型Recent years have brought minority-owned businesses in the United States unprecedented opportunities as well as new and significant risks. Civil rights activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why
2、Blacks, Hispanics, and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies. Now Congress, in apparent agreement, has required by law that businesses awarded federal contracts o
3、f more than $500,000 do their best to find minority subcontractors and record their efforts to do so on forms filed with the government. Indeed, some federal and local agencies have gone so far as to set specific percentage goals for apportioning parts of public works contracts to minority enterpris
4、es.Corporate response appears to have been substantial. According to figures collected in 1977, the total of corporate contracts with minority businesses rose from $77 million in 1972 to $1.1 billion in 1977. The projected total of corporate contracts with minority businesses for the early 1980s is
5、estimated to be over 53 billion per year with no letup anticipated in the next decade.Promising as it is for minority businesses, this increased patronage poses dangers for them, too. First, minority firms risk expanding too fast and overextending themselves financially, since most are small concern
6、s and, unlike large businesses, they often need to make substantial investments in new plants, staff, equipment, and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them. If, thereafter, their subcontracts are for some reason reduced, such firms can face potentially crippling fixed expenses. The
7、world of corporate purchasing can be frustrating for small entrepreneurs who get requests for elaborate formal estimates and bids. Both consume valuable time and resources, and a small companys efforts must soon result in orders, or both the morale and the financial health of the business will suffe
8、r.A second risk is that White-owned companies may seek to cash in on the increasing apportionments through formation of joint ventures with minority-owned concerns. Of course, in many instances there are legitimate reasons for joint ventures; clearly, White and minority enterprises can team up to ac
9、quire business that neither could acquire alone. But civil rights groups and minority business owners have complained to Congress about minorities being set up as “fronts” with White backing, rather than being accepted as full partners in legitimate joint ventures.Third, a minority enterprise that s
10、ecures the business of one large corporate customer often run the danger of becoming- and remaining-dependent. Even in the best of circumstances, fierce competition from larger, more established companies makes it difficult for small concerns to broaden their customer bases: when such firms have nea
11、rly guaranteed orders from a single corporate benefactor, they may truly have to struggle against complacency arising from their current success.1. The primary purpose of the text is toA present a commonplace idea and its inaccuracies.B describe a situation and its potential drawbacks.C propose a te
12、mporary solution to a problem.D analyze a frequent source of disagreement.2. The text suggests that the failure of a large business to have its bids for subcontracts result quickly in orders might causes it toA experience frustration but not serious financial harm.B face potentially crippling fixed
13、expenses.C have to record its efforts on forms filed with the government.D increase its spending with minority subcontractors.3. It can be inferred from the text that, compared with the requirements of law, the percentage goals set by “some federal and local agencies” (line 9, paragraph 1) areA more
14、 popular with large corporations.B more concrete.C less controversial.D less expensive to enforce.4. Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the authors assertion that, in the 1970s, corporate response to federal requirements (line 1, paragraph 2) was substantial?A Corporate contracts wit
15、h minority-owned businesses totaled $2 billion in 1979.B Between 1970 and 1972, corporate contracts with minority-owned businesses declined by 25 percent.C The figures collected in 1977 underrepresented the extent of corporate contracts with minority-owned businesses.D The $1.1 billion represented t
16、he same percentage of total corporate spending in 1977 as did $77 million in 1972.5. The author would most likely agree with which of the following statements about corporate response to working with minority subcontractors?A Annoyed by the proliferation of “front” organizations, corporations are li
17、kely to reduce their efforts to work with minority-owned subcontractors in the near future.B Although corporations showed considerable interest in working with minority businesses in the 1970s, their aversion to government paperwork made them reluctant to pursue many government contracts.C The signi
18、ficant response of corporations in the 1970s is likely to be sustained and conceivably be increased throughout the 1980s.D Although corporations are eager to cooperate with minority-owned businesses, a shortage of capital in the 1970s made substantial response impossible.答案与考点解析1. 【答案】B【考点解析】本题是一道中心
19、主旨题。破解本题的关键在于考生是否完全理解本文第一段首句的内容，尤其是第一句中破折号后面的内容。破折号后面的内容和选项 B 中的 “its potential drawbacks”是相互吻合的。望考生注意培养捕捉全文中心主旨句的能力。2. 【答案】A【考点解析】这是一道逻辑思维上的反推题，也可以说是逆向思维题。本题反推即逆向思维的信息依据在第三段的最后一句。该句在谈论小的企业，大概内容是“一个小企业的投资要马上在定货中反映出效果，否则其士气和财政前景都将深受影响” 。根据小的企业的状况，我们可以推导出大的企业所面临的处境。希望考生加强逆向思维即反推的解题能力。3. 【答案】B【考点解析】本题是
20、一道关键词语的理解题目，其答案信息来源在第一段的尾句，原文当中的 “specific”一词是本题的答案所在。考生要加强对原文中重点形容词和副词的理解。4. 【答案】D【考点解析】这是一道反论题。这种题的关键在于利用原文的信息否定原文所要表达的观点。原文讲“少数民族企业签订的合同金额由 1972 年的 7700万美元升至 1977 年的 11 亿美元” 。原文所要表达的观点是合同金额的增长。选项 D 正是利用原文的信息否定了原文所要表达的观点。选项 D 所表达的信息是变化增长数字背后的不变。这种题属于较难的题型，希望考生加以重视。5. 【答案】C【考点解析】这是一道关键词语理解题。本题的答案信息
21、在第二段的尾句，句中 “letup”一词决定了本题的正确答案是 C，因为该词的含义是“停顿，减弱” 。考生在备考过程中要尽力扩大自己的词汇量。参考译文最近几年美国少数民族所有的企业可以说是空前的机会和重大风险并存。人权活动家早就指出过：黑人，拉美裔美国人，以及其他少数民族难以在生意场中立足的主要原因是他们缺少能得到有规模的订货或与大公司分合同的机会。现在议会以一致意见通过法律，要求企业获得价值 50 万美元以上的联邦合同后要尽最大可能来寻找少数民族合作者，并且需将他们在此点上的成效如何在政府中存档立案。实际上，一些联邦和地方机构走得更远，它们甚至规定了公共合同有多少比例要分给少数民族公司。企业
22、对此的反应是强烈的。从 1977 年统计的数据看，与少数民族企业签订的合同金额由 1972 年的 7700 万美元升至 1977 年的 11 亿美元。预计此金额要在 80 年代前期达到每年 30 亿美元以上，在下一个 10 年中看来也不会停止。尽管这对少数民族企业来说前途光明，这种增加的财源也给它们带来了危险。首先，少数民族企业冒着过快膨胀和财政上力不从心的危险，因为它们大部分是小企业，和大企业不同之外在于它们为履行合同常需要在厂房、人员、设备（以及诸如此类）等上做一大笔投资。如果其后由于某种原因其合同量减少，它们将会遇到潜在的财政危机。对于被要求做正式评估和投标的小企业来说，市场供求情况有可
23、能令人非常沮丧。评估和投标都消耗时间、资源，而且一个小企业的投资要马上在定货中反映出效果，否则其士气和财政前景都将深受影响。第二个危险是有些白人企业想通过和少数民族企业合资也能享受更好的待遇。当然，在许多时候，合资是有正当理由的；显然，白人和少数民族企业可以联合起来做成任何一方都无法单独完成的事业。但是人权组织和少数民族企业主已经向议会报怨：少数民族企业常在合资中成为白人操纵者的前台傀儡，而不是平等的合作伙伴。第三，已获得一个大客户的生意的少数民族企业常会有陷入依赖性的危险。即使在最好的环境下，来自更大、更完备的对手的竞争常使一个小企业很难扩展自己的客户；当这样的企业已拥有来自一个客户的近乎稳
24、定的定货时，它们确实需要和眼前的胜利所滋生出的自满做斗争。SAMPLE 2生物学类题目序号 题型归类第 1 题 审题定位题型第 2 题 句间关系题型第 3 题 审题定位题型第 4 题 归纳推导题型第 5 题 段落结构题型The fossil remains of the first flying vertebrates, the pterosaurs, have intrigued paleontologists for more than two centuries. How such large creatures, which weighed in some cases as much
25、as a piloted hang-glider and had wingspans from 8 to 12 meters, solved the problems of powered flight, and exactly what these creatures were reptiles or birds are among the questions scientists have puzzled over.Perhaps the least controversial assertion about the pterosaurs is that they were reptile
26、s. Their skulls, pelvises, and hind feet are reptilian. The anatomy of their wings suggests that they did not evolve into the class of birds. In pterosaurs a greatly elongated fourth finger of each forelimb supported a winglike membrane. The other fingers were short and reptilian, with sharpclaws. I
27、n birds the second finger is the principal strut of the wing, which consists primarily of feathers. If the pterosaurs walked on all fours, the three short fingers may have been employed for grasping. When a pterosaur walked or remained stationary, the fourth finger, and with it the wing, could only
28、turn upward in an extended inverted V shape along each side of the animals body.The pterosaurs resembled both birds and bats in their overall structure and proportions. This is not surprising because the design of any flying vertebrate is subject to aerodynamic constraints. Both the pterosaurs and t
29、he birds have hollow bones, a feature that represents a savings in weight. In the birds, however, these bones are reinforced more massively by internal struts.Although scales typically cover reptiles, the pterosaurs probably had hairy coats. T. H. Huxley reasoned that flying vertebrates must have be
30、en warm-blooded because flying implies a high rate of metabolism, which in turn implies a high internal temperature. Huxley speculated that a coat of hair would insulate against loss of body heat and might streamline the body to reduce drag in flight. The recent discovery of a pterosaur specimen cov
31、ered in long, dense, and relatively thick hairlike fossil material was the first clear evidence that his reasoning was correct.Efforts to explain how the pterosaurs became airborne have led to suggestions that they launched themselves by jumping from cliffs, by dropping from trees, or even by rising
32、 into light winds from the crests of waves. Each hypothesis has its difficulties. The first wrongly assumes that the pterosaurs hind feet resembled a bats and could serve as hooks by which the animal could hang in preparation for flight. The second hypothesis seems unlikely because large pterosaurs
33、could not have landed in trees without damaging their wings. The third calls for high waves to channel updrafts. The wind that made such waves however, might have been too strong for the pterosaurs to control their flight once airborne.1. It can be inferred from the text that scientist now generally
34、 agree that theA enormous wingspan of the pterosaurs enabled them to fly great distances.B structure of the skeleton of the pterosaurs suggests a close evolutionary relationship to bats.C fossil remains of the pterosaurs reveal how they solved the problem of powered flight.D pterosaurs were reptiles
35、.2. The author views the idea that the pterosaurs became airborne by rising into light winds created by waves asA revolutionary.B unlikely.C unassailable.D probable.3. According to the text, the skeleton of a pterosaur can be distinguished from that of a bird by theA size of its wingspan.B presence
36、of hollow spaces in its bones.C anatomic origin of its wing strut.D presence of hooklike projections on its hind feet.4. The ideas attributed to T. H. Huxley in the text suggest that he would most likely agree with which of the following statements?A An animals brain size has little bearing on its a
37、bility to master complex behaviors.B An animals appearance is often influenced by environmental requirements and physical capabilities.C Animals within a given family group are unlikely to change their appearance dramatically over a period of time.D The origin of flight in vertebrates was an acciden
38、tal development rather than the outcome of specialization or adaptation.5. Which of the following best describes the organization of the last paragraph of the text?A New evidence is introduced to support a traditional point of view.B Three explanations for a phenomenon are presented and each is disp
39、uted by means of specific information.C Three hypotheses are outlined and evidence supporting each is given.D Recent discoveries are described and their implications for future study are projected.答案与考点解析1. 【答案】D【考点解析】这是一道审题定位题型。该题的答案信息在第二段的第一句，根据本句的内容即可得出本题的正确答案是 D。考生要加强对题干的理解和认识，并且要善于找到原文和题干相吻合之处，
40、否则就会失去解题思路。2. 【答案】B【考点解析】本题是一道句间关系题型。本题的答案信息在尾段的第一、二句和尾段的倒数第一、二句。从尾段的第二句 “Each hypothesis has its difficulties” (每种假设都有缺陷) 可以判断：作者认为 “从浪尖上伴轻风飞起”是不可能的。考生要加强对句子之间语意关系的理解。3. 【答案】C【考点解析】本题是一道审题定位题。其答案信息在第三段。题干中问翼龙和鸟类骨骼方面的“不同” 。原文第三段中涉及两者相同与不同。第三段的尾句暗示本题的正确答案是 C。考生在解题时应加强审题定位的能力。4. 【答案】B【考点解析】这是一道归纳推导题。本
41、题的正确答案在第四段的第一、二、三句。这三句话的内容暗示本题的正确答案是 B，即动物的外型通常受环境要求和生理能力的影响。考生在解题时应注意提高对原文信息的归纳推导能力。5. 【答案】B【考点解析】本题是一道段落结构识别题。尾段的第一句对所谈现象提出了三种解释，然后针对每一种解释进行科学上的否定。可见本题的正确答案是B。考生在复习中应该加强对段落结构的识别能力。参考译文第一批会飞的脊椎动物翼龙的化石，已经让古生物学家感兴趣达两个多世纪了。这种有时和大型滑翔机一样重，而且翅膀展开达 812 米宽的庞然大物是如何克服飞行时的重力，以及这种生物到底是属于鸟类还是爬行动物，对科学家们来讲仍旧是个谜。可
42、能，最少引起争论的意见就是翼龙是爬行动物。它们的头盖骨、骨盆以及后腿都是爬行动物类型。对它们翅膀的解剖学研究证明它们尚未进化为鸟。翼龙每个前肢的大大延长的第四指支撑一个翅膀状的薄膜，其它指头小，而且是典型的爬行动物式，有尖爪。而鸟类的第二指进化成为翅膀的主要支架，翅膀也主要是羽毛构成的。当翼龙四肢爬行时，其它指可以用来抓取。而当它行走或不动时，第四指，连同翅膀，只能向上伸展，在身体两侧呈倒转的 V 字型。翼龙和鸟类以及蝙蝠在总体结构及比例上很相似。这并不奇怪，因为任何飞翔脊椎动物都要受空气动力的约束。翼龙和鸟都有中空的骨头，这是为了节省重量。不过在鸟类中，这种骨头受内部支柱影响，重量大大增加。
43、尽管爬行动物通常全身鳞片，翼龙却可能拥有毛发。赫胥黎对此解释说，飞翔脊椎动物肯定已经是热血动物，因为飞翔要求一个高新陈代谢率，后者要求一个较高的体温。赫氏设想一层毛发覆盖物可以隔绝身体热量的损失，从而使身体在减轻飞行重量方面更为有效。最近一些有又长又密且厚的毛发的翼龙化石的发现，终于明白无误地证明赫氏的观点是对的。解释翼龙怎样起飞的努力产生以下设想：它们从悬崖上起跳，或从树上起跳或者甚至从浪尖上伴轻风飞起。每种假设都有缺陷。第一种错误地设想翼龙的后爪象蝙蝠一样，钩子似的挂着为飞行做准备。第二种看来也不可能，因为大型翼龙不可能降在树上而不伤害它们的翅膀。第三种假设必须要有高浪来形成上升气流才能实
44、现。然而，能产生此种大浪的风可能对翼龙来说过于猛烈，以至于它一旦升空，就无法控制自己。SAMPLE 3历史学题目序号 题型归类第 1 题 中心主旨题型第 2 题 细节推导题型第 3 题 段落间关系题型第 4 题 审题定位题型第 5 题 段落间关系与指代词题型Between the eighth and eleventh centuries A. D., the Byzantine Empire staged an almost unparalleled economic and cultural revival, a recovery that is all the more striking
45、 because it followed a long period of severe internal decline. By the early eighth century, the empire had lost roughly two-thirds of the territory it had possessed in the year 600, and its remaining area was being raided by Arabs and Bulgarians, who at times threatened to take Constantinople and ex
46、tinguished the empire altogether. The wealth of the state and its subjects was greatly diminished, and artistic and literary production had virtually ceased. By the early eleventh century, however, the empire had regained almost half of its lost possessions, its new frontiers were secure, and its in
47、fluence extended far beyond its borders. The economy had recovered, the treasury was full, and art and scholarship had advanced.To consider the Byzantine military, cultural, and economic advances as differentiated aspects of a single phenomenon is reasonable. After all, these three forms of progress
48、 have gone together in a number of states and civilizations. Rome under Augustus and fifth-century Athens provide the most obvious examples in antiquity. Moreover, an examination of the apparent sequential connections among military, economic, and cultural forms of progress might help explain the dy
49、namics of historical change.The common explanation of these apparent connections in the case of Byzantium would run like this: when the empire had turned back enemy raids on its own territory and had begun to raid and conquer enemy territory, Byzantine resources naturally expanded and more money became available to patronize art and literature. Therefore, Byzantine military achievements led to economic advances, which in turn led to cultural revival.No doubt this hypothetical p
