初中英语总复习资料——八年级下(人教版).doc

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1、 中考资源网中考资源网期待您的投稿!- 1 -初中英语总复习资料八年级下(人教版)一知识网络【重点内容概要】1应答与邀请2简单句的五种基本句型3情态动词 can,may,must 的用法4When,before ,after 等连词引导的时间状语从句和 if 引导的条件状语从句5Have to 的用法6系动词7不定式作宾语的用法8不定代词的用法9表示容量的词和食品名称连用,以说明食品的数量10交际项目:1)问路和指路 2)禁止和警告 3)看病11理解并运用并列句12形容词和副词的比较级,以及它们之间等级的转换13冠词的用法14过去进行时用法15表示祝贺、祝愿、劝告和建议的交际用语,以及表示“确

2、信”的基本句型常考题型:选择题、句型转换及用所给词的适当形式填空【句型、词组精讲】1. Could you ask him to call me, please? 请你让他给我回电话好吗?ask sb. to do sth. 请某人做某事, ask sb. not to do sth.请某人不要做某事。不定式在句中作宾语补足语。适用于该句型的动词还有 want, tell, like, would like, teach 等。如:The teacher asked Sam not to be late. 老师叫萨姆不要迟到。Liu Ying told me to wait for her at

3、 home. 刘英让我在家里等她。Mr. Zhang often teaches his Japanese friends to cook Chinese food. 张先生常常教他的日本朋友做中国菜。2. But there were not enough people to pick them. 但是他们没有足够多的人来摘苹果。enough 在此是形容词,意为“足够的” ,它修饰名词时,通常放在名词之前,有时放在名词之后。enough 作副词修饰形容词和副词时,放在它们的后面。如:The boy is old enough to go to school. 这个男孩到了上学的年龄了。He

4、didnt run fast enough to catch the bus. 他跑的不够快,没有赶上公共汽车。3. They needed to climb up the trees with ladders. 他们需要梯子来爬上树。need 在本句中为实义动词,其后可接不定式或名词。如:He needs to see a doctor. 他需要去看医生。We need some more water. Could you get some for us? 我们还需要些水。你能为我们弄些吗?climb up 意为“爬上” ,up 在此为介词。如:Dont climb up the hill.

5、 不要爬山。with 是“用,借助”的含义。如:We see with our eyes and hear with our ears. 我们用眼睛看,用耳朵听。4. Its best to wear cool clothes. 最好穿凉快的衣服。 中考资源网中考资源网期待您的投稿!- 2 -Its best to do sth. 意为“最好去做某事” 。这里的 it 为形式主语,真正的主语为 to do sth. 如:Its best to get there before 8 oclock. 最好八点钟以前赶到。5. The farmers are all busy getting rea

6、dy for the next year. 农民们正忙着为下一年做准备。be busy doing sth. “忙于做某事” 。如:The farmers are busy picking apples. (=The farmers are busy with the apple harvest.)get ready for“为做准备” ,类似的短语还有:get ready to do“准备做” ;get sth. ready“把某事准备好” ; be ready “准备好了” 。如: I m getting ready for the new lesson. 我正在为新课做准备。Get yo

7、ur books ready. 准备好你们的书。Supper is ready. 晚饭准备好了。6. “Im here!” said Jim. “And so is Polly!” “我在这!”吉姆说。 “波利也来了!”“so + be (have,助动词)+主语”结构为倒装语序,表示前句所述的情况也适合于另一个人或事。如:He can speak English, so can I. 他会讲英语,我也会。I watched the TV programme last night. 昨天晚上我看了那个电视节目。So did I. 我也看了。注意此结构中,前后两后的主语是两个人或物,后一句的时态

8、必须和前一句保持一致,但人称和数则应与后句主语保持一致。比较:so+主语 +be 动词(助动词、情态动词) ,此结构常常就前面提到的事实予以确认或赞同,意为“的确如此” 、 “是呀”等。如:Its your turn. 轮到你了。So it is. 是的,轮到我了。7. Im going to get it back. 我准备把它取回来。get back为“动词+ 副词”类短语。代词作宾语时要放在动词与副词中间。类似的短语还有:pick up, ring up, find out, turn on (off, up, down)等。如:The radio is too noisy, pleas

9、e turn it down. 收音机太吵闹,请把它(声音)调低些。If you dont know the meaning of the word, please look it up in a dictionary. 如果你不知道这个单词的含义,请在辞典里查一下。8. It takes sb. some time to do sth. 这是一个重要句型,意思是“某人花费一些时间做某事” ,可根据需要用不同的时态。如:It took me half an hour to go to school by bike yesterday. 有时这个句型可以和 spend 句型转换。如上面这一句也可

10、以说:I spent half an hour (in) going to school by bike yesterday. 9. It is nice +V-ing. 这个句型也可以说成 It is nice to do. 意思是“做真好 ”。如:It was nice talking to you. (和你谈话真高兴。 )Its nice of you to ask me to your party. (谢谢你请我参加你的晚会).10. Theres something wrong with. 这个句型表示“出了毛病了” 。就等于 Something is wrong with. 句型。

11、如将something 换为 nothing, 则表示 “没出什么事儿” 。如:Theres something wrong with my nose. Theres nothing wrong with her. 11. There he is!这是个倒装句型,把所强调部分 there 提到了句首。如果主语是代词则用 There (Here) + 代词+谓语;如果主语是名词,则用 There (Here) +谓语+名词。如:Here comes Li Lei. (李雷来了) 。There goes the bell. (铃声响了。 )Here it is. (它在这儿。 ) 中考资源网中考资

12、源网期待您的投稿!- 3 -12. until 与 till 同义,既可用作介词又可用作连词。它常用于以下两种句型:(1)用于肯定句时,意思是“直到为止” ,句子谓语一般用延续性动词(如 stay, live, work, study 等) ,表示动作一直延续到 until 所表示的时间为止。如:He listened to the radio until his father came back. 他听收音机,直到他父亲回来为止。He will be here until Sunday. 他将在这儿一直呆到星期天。(2)用于否定句时,意思是“在以前(before) ”, “直到才” ,句子谓

13、语一般是短暂动词(如 come, die, leave 等) ,它所表示的动作直到 until 所表示的时间才发生。如:I didnt go to bed until eleven oclock last night. 昨晚我直到十一点才睡觉。The students will not begin the meeting until their teacher comes. 学生们等老师到了才开会。until 与 till 可换用,不过,口语中常用 till,正式文体中常用 until。3. Its a pleasure. 用于回答感谢之类的话的客套用语。意为“能帮上你的忙我很高兴;不客气;不

14、用谢。 ”它还可表达为 Its my pleasure/ My pleasure / A pleasure. 如:Thank you very much for passing the message on to him! 非常感谢你把口信传给了他!Its a pleasure! 请别客气!Thanks for helping me yesterday! 多谢你昨天帮助我! 中考资源网中考资源网期待您的投稿!- 4 -My pleasure! Nice to see you again. 不用谢!很高兴又见到你!4. Can I take a message for you? 询问对方是否愿意

15、留下口信可用此句式。意为“我给你带个口信,好吗?”类似的表达还有:May I take a message for you? / Would you like to leave a message? 5. by the way. 常用作插入语。用于提出一个新的话题或提起一件已经忘记的事,意为“顺便说一下,顺便问一下,且说,另外”等。如:By the way, there was a telephone call for you. 对啦,有你一个电话。6. Whats the weather like?此句式用于询问某地或某时天气如何,意为:“的天气如何?” 。还可表达为 How is (the

16、) weather?如:Whats the weather like in Beijing now? 现在北京天气如何?Its nice and cool. 很凉爽。 7. I think so. 有保留地同意或赞同别人的意见或看法时,可用此语。如:Can you mend the bike? 你能修理这辆自行车吗?Yes, I think so. 我想可以。直截了当地表达不同意见,可用 I dont think so 或 I think not。如:Can you mend a clock? Sorry, I dont think so. 8. Would you like to? 发出邀请

17、的常见句式,带有商量、询问、试探性的口气,意为“你愿意吗?”应答时常用:Yes, Id love (like) to. 是的,我很乐意。I d love to, but 我很愿意,不过。如:Would you like to come for dinner tonight? Thank you, Id love to. Would you like to come to the party tonight? Id love to, but Im too busy. 9. What can I do for you? 商店售货员、报务员等招呼顾客的礼貌用语,也用于表示主动关心和愿意帮助别人用语。

18、不同场合可以有不同的译法。类似的表达还有:Can (May) I help you? / Is there anything I can do for you? 在向顾客打招呼时,后面还可以加“sir”或“madam” 。对它的应答可以说:Yes, please/ Yes, Id like to/ Yes, Im looking for/ Yes, I want to。如:What can I do for you? I want to buy a sweater for my son. Can I help you? Id like a new skirt. Please show me t

19、he red one. 10. Help oneself (to). 这是招待客人时常用的交际用语。意思是“请随便(吃) ”。如:Xiao Wang, help yourself to some bananas.(小王,请随便吃香蕉吧。 )Children, help yourselves to some apples.(孩子们,请随便吃些苹果吧。 )11. 问路与指路 (1) 问路:a. Wheres the (nearest),please? 中考资源网中考资源网期待您的投稿!- 5 -b. Is there anear there? c. Which is the way to, pl

20、ease? d. How can I get to? e. Do you tell me the way to? f. Can you tell me the way to? g. Can you tell me how to get to? h. I want to go to. Do you know the way? i. Im looking for. Where is it, do you know? (2) 指路:可根据具体情况,将下列有关句子组织起来。a. Its over there. b. Its behind (next to, in front of, near, out

21、side) thec. Walk along the road (street). d. Take the first (second 等) turning on the left. (right). e. Its aboutmetres along on the right (left). f. Walk on and turn right. (left). g. Turn right (left) at the traffic lights. Youll find theon your right (left). h. Go on until you reach the end of th

22、e road. You will see thein front of you. i. Go down this road until you reach the first traffic lights. Turn left at the end of the road youll see the. You cant miss it. 另外,在“问路”时,如对方不知道,问路人仍要向他表示谢意。如:Excuse me. Is there a post office near here? Sorry. I dont know. Youd better ask a policeman. Thank

23、 you all the same.【语法精讲】否定疑问句否定疑问句的结构一般为:助动词(或情态动词、连系动词)与 not 的缩写形式+主语+其它成分?也可写成:助动词(或情态动词、连系动词)+主语+ not + 其它成分?这种问句表达的含义主要有以下几种。一、表示惊讶或提出反问。译为:“难道不吗?”说话人指望对方作出肯定回答,或深信自己所说的话,以致不需要对方作出答复。如:Don t you believe me? (Do you not believe me?)你不相信我?Don t you hear of it? (Do you not hear of it?)难道你没听说过它?二、表示

24、试探性的建议或有礼貌的邀请。如:Don t you think it s too noisy? Please turn it down.你不觉得它太吵闹了吗?请把声音调低些。Won t you have a cup of tea? 请喝杯茶如何?三、表示提问人的怀疑。如: Isn t he going? (Is he not going) 他不去了吗?四、表示赞叹(相当于一个感叹句,朗读时一般用降调。 )如:Isnt it a nice day? (Is it not a nice day?)这天气多么好啊!Aren t the babies lovely? (Are the babies n

25、ot lovely?)这些婴儿真可爱啊!特殊形式的反意疑问句一、当陈述部分为am结构时,附加问句常用 aren t. 如:I am very busy , aren t I ? 中考资源网中考资源网期待您的投稿!- 6 -二、当陈述句部分是 there be 句型时,附加部分需用there。如:There isn t any bread on the plates, is there?三、陈述句谓语动词为 have 时,有以下三种情况:1.当 have 作“有”解时,用 have 或 do 的适当形式均可。He has a daughter, hasn t/doesn t he?2.当 hav

26、e 作“经历、遭受、得到、吃、喝”等解时,附加问句用 do 的适当形式。如:They had noodles for lunch, didn t they?3.当陈述句谓语动词含有 have to, has to, had to 时,附加问句用 do 的适当形式。如:We have to get there at eight tomorrow, don t we?Alice has to finish her work now, doesn t she?四、当陈述部分有:few/little/never/hardly/nothing 等表示否定意义的词时,附加问句通常用肯定形式。如:He ha

27、rdly hurt himself in the accident, did he?The Canadian girl knows little Russian, does she?Kate is never later for class, is she?注:如果陈述部分带有否定意义的前、后缀如:un-/in-/im-/dis-/-less 等构成的派生词,仍把该句看作肯定句,附加问句用否定形式。如:The girl is unhappy, isn t she?五、当陈述部分的主语是 anybody, anyone, somebody, someone, everybody, everyon

28、e, no one, none, neither 等词时,附加问句的主语一般用 they, 有时也可用 he。如: Everyone knows the answers, don t they? /doesn t he?六、当陈述句中主语是 this, that, everything, anything, something, nothing 等词时,附加问句的主语是 it。如: Something is wrong, isn t it?Nothing can stop us now, can it?七、当陈述部分含有 had better 时,附加问句的助动词用 had;陈述部分含有 wo

29、uld like 时,附加问句的助动词用 would。如:You d better have a rest, hadn t you?He d like to go, wouldn t he?八、当陈述部分含有情态动词 must 时,附加问句部分要视 must 所表示的意义来定,有四种情况:1当 must 表示推测时,附加问句不用 must,而是用 must 后面相呼应的助动词形式。如:You must be very hungry, aren t you?2当 must 表示 “应该“时,附加问句用 mustn t。如:We must work hard at Chinese, mustn t

30、 we?3当 must 表示 “必须”时,附加问句用 needn t。如:You must see the doctor, needn t you?4当 must 表示 “禁止”时,附加问句用 must。如:You mustn t do that again, must you?九、祈使句的附加问句主要有以下四种情况:以行为动词开头的祈使句,附加问句用 will you 或 won t you,有时也用 would you, can you 等。如Give me a hand, will you? 中考资源网中考资源网期待您的投稿!- 7 -2否定的祈使句,附加问句一般用 will you。如

31、:Don t play with the cat, will you?3以 Let s 开头的祈使句,附加问句用 shall we。如:Let s have a meeting, shall we?4以 Let us 或 Let me 开头的祈使句,附加句用 will you。如:Let us help you, will you?Let me do it for you, will you? (或 may I?)十、当陈述部分的主句是 I think, I guess, I believe 等结构时,附加问句的主谓语一般要与陈述部分宾语从句中的主谓语保持一致,并且要注意否定的转移。如:I d

32、on t think he can finish the work, can he? I guess she taught herself Japanese, didn t she?十一、陈述部分是省略形式的感叹句,附加问句的主语与感叹句的主语保持一致。如:What fine weather, isn t it?What a clever boy, isn t he?How cool the water is, isn t it?十二、陈述部分主语是不定式、动名词或从句时,附加问句部分的主语用 it。如:To learn English well is very important, isn

33、t it?Doing morning exercises is good for your health, isn t it?感叹句1感叹句由 what 或 how 引导,句末常用感叹号,用来表示喜、怒、哀、乐等强烈情感。2What 引导感叹句时,在句中作定语修饰句中的名词,名词前常有形容词修饰。其结构为:(1)What +a(an) + 形容词+单数名词+ 主语+谓语!(2)What +形容词+复数名词/ 不可数名词+ 主语+谓语!如:What a nice picture it is! 多么好的一幅画啊!What beautiful flowers they are! 多么漂亮的花啊!Wh

34、at bad weather it is! 多么糟糕的天气啊!3How 引导感叹句,在句中作状语修饰形容词、副词。其结构为:(1)How+ 形容词 /副词+ 主语+ 谓语!(2)How+ 形容词 + a(an)+单数可数名词+ 主语+谓语!如:How delicious they are! 它们多么好吃啊!How well she is singing! 她唱得多么好啊!How nice a day it is! 多么好的天气啊!4感叹句中主语和谓语总是放在句末,且为陈述句语序,即主语在前,谓语在后,放在前面的是强调的部分。在口语中,只要能将句意表达清楚明白,可将句中的主语、谓语省略,甚至 H

35、ow 后面的强调部分也可省略。如:What a happy baby (it is)! 多么快乐的婴儿啊!How cold (it is)! 多冷的天气啊! How (fast) time flies! 时间过得真快啊!5陈述句变感叹句时可按下列步骤进行:(1)首先将陈述句在谓语后面断开。如:The tree is/ very tall. Lily is/ a good girl.(2)在后一部分前加 how 或 what。判断的依据是:如果后一部分的中心词是形容词或副词则加 how,如果后一部分的中心词是名词要加 what。然后将前后两部分位置进行调换,注意大小写及标点符号的调整。如:How

36、 tall the tree is! What a good girl Lily is!注意:如果陈述句中的形容词或副词前有 very, quite, so, too 等程度副词修饰,变成感叹句 中考资源网中考资源网期待您的投稿!- 8 -后一定要去掉。简单句 并列句 复合句分解1. 简单句 由一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)构成的句子叫做简单句。I go to school at 7:00 every day.(一个主语和一个谓语)Wang Nan and Wang Fan sing and dance.(二个主语和二个谓语)在初中阶段,我们应该掌握简单句的五种基本结构:(1)

37、主语谓语()We study hard for the people.在这种结构中,谓语动词是不及物动词(vi. ) ,其后不跟宾语。(2)主语谓语宾语()She speaks English.They play basketball after class.(3)主语连系动词表语()Wang Hongji is a good student.连系动词除 be 外,还有 look(看上去) ,get(逐渐变得) ,turn(变成) ,feel(感觉) ,become(变成)等等。(4)主语谓语间接宾语直接宾语(In O+DO)She bought me a pen yesterday.He h

38、as taught us English for 3 years.这种结构可转化为“主语谓语直接宾语for (或 to) +间接宾语” 。如:She bought a pen for me yesterday.(5)主语谓语宾语宾语补足语(OC)We can keep it warm. They call me Lao Wang.He asked me to help him with his English.注意:在此结构中,宾语与宾语补足语之间的关系是逻辑上的“主谓”关系。另外,有些简单句结构比较特殊,包含一个字 或一个成份。如:Good morning! Hello! Thanks! H

39、appy New Year.等。2并列句 由并列连词(and, but, so, or 等)把两个(或两个以上)简单句连在一起而构成的句子叫并列句。He helps me and I help him.We bought granny a present, but she didn t like it.This is our first lesson, so I don t know all your names.3.复合句 由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句所构成的句子称复合句。所谓“从句”就是充当一个句子成份的“主谓结构” 。这个“主谓结构”在主句中作什么成份,就叫什么从句。比如,这个“结构

40、”在主句中做状语,我们就把它叫做状语从句。这个“结构”在主句中做宾语,我们就把它叫做宾语从句,等等。从句须有一个引导词来引导。如:You must see the doctor if you re ill.主句 从句此句中含有 if(如果)引导的从句,表示条件,因为它在主句中作状语,所以,我们就把它叫做“条件状语从句” 。在初中阶段,我们应该掌握状语从句和宾语从句。下面对状语从句作一归纳总结。(1)时间状语从句:由表示时间的连词引导:when (当 时) , while(当时候,与同时) ,before (在之前) ,after(在之后) ,until (直到为止) , 中考资源网中考资源网期

41、待您的投稿!- 9 -since(自从 以来) ,as soon as (一就)等。如:When she reached home, she had a short rest.(2)条件状语从句:由连词 if 引导。如: If you eat old food, you may be ill.需要说明的是,上述两种从句,如果主句是一般将来时(或含有将来的意思) ,那么,这两种从句中的谓语动词应用一般现在时。如:不能说 If I will be free tomorrow, I will go to the cinema. 而应说 If I am free tomorrow, I will go

42、 to the cinema. (3)原因状语从句:由 because 等词引导。如:The children went to the farm, because the farmers needed some help.注意:不能因为汉语中有“因为,所以”这样的关联词而译成英语“Because,so”,两者只用其中之一便可。如:不能说 Because he is ill, so he can t come to school.而应说 Because he is ill, he can t come to school.或 He is ill, so he can t come to scho

43、ol.(4)比较状语从句:由连词 than, asas等引导。如:Jim is older than I (am).He runs as fast as Li Ping (does).注意:由 than, asas引导的状语从句中的谓语动词常常省略(5)结果状语从句:由 sothat(如此以致)引导。如:He became so angry that he couldn t speak.另外,在 sothat引导的复合句中,如果 that 后的从句为否定句或含有否定意义,则常用“tooto(太而不能) ”改写为简单句。如上一句可改写为 He became too angry to speak.

44、情态动词特点(1)本身有一定的词义。(2)必须与后面动词原形一起构成谓语。(3)无人称和数的变化。(4)各种句式变化与含 be 动词句式变化相同。1. can(1)表示能力。如:He can do it by himself.Two eyes can see more than one.(谚语)(2)表示允许。如:Can I come in? You can go now.在这种情况下,它与 may 意思接近,可换用,但问句中用 may 比用 can 语气委婉。(3)与 be able to 在表示能力上意思接近,可换用,但 be able to 有更多的时态,而 can 只有现在时和过去时。

45、如:No one can do it. (=No one is able to do it.)Will you be able to come tonight? (不能说:Will you can come tonight?)(4)其过去式 could 可用来比较委婉客气地提出问题或陈述看法。此时,could 和 can 没时间上的差别。如:Could (Can) you lend me your bike?2. may(1)请示许可。如:May I take this seat?但在回答这种问句时,常避免用 may 这个词,而用其它方式。如: 中考资源网中考资源网期待您的投稿!- 10 -肯

46、定回答:Yes, please. Certainly.否定回答:Please don t. No, you mustn t.(2)谈论可能性。如:He may know the answer.She may not be there today.3. must (1)表示一种揣测(只有在肯定句中) 。如:That must be Xiao Li.(2)表示必要性。如:I must go now.(3)与 have to 很接近,但 have to 强调客观需要,must 说明主观看法。比较:I must tidy the room. (主观看法) I have to tidy the room

47、.(客观需要)(4)在回答 must 的一般问句时,否定用 needn t。如:-Must we do it?-Yes, you must. (No, you needn t)4. have to 必须,不得不这个情态动词与上述个不同,它有第三人称单数形式 has,并且各种句式的变化与含有行为动词的句式变化相同。如:They have to go there.否定结构为:They don t have to go there.He has to look after his little brother.一般问句为:Does he have to look after his little brother?二考试热点1通过大量的有关邀请、应允、打电话谈论天气、季节、喜好的对话,学会交际用语,此内容常见于中考的口语运用题。2掌握一般将来时 will 的用法,形容词与副词的用示及反意疑问句等,此内容常见于中考的书面表达题中。3要求掌握情态动词(can, may, must, ne

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