1、语篇模式与高考阅读,语篇的定义及特征,语篇，又称篇章，也就是英文的text与discourse. 一般而言，语篇是指一段有意义、传达一个完整信息、逻辑连贯、语言衔接、具有一定交际目的和功能的语言单位或交际事件，既可以是一个单词（wait,stop)、一组句子、一段诗歌，也可以是一篇文章甚至一部小说。,语篇分析及其意义,据胡壮麟(1994)，语篇分析就是立足于整个篇章，重视分析篇章的建构和解读，通过还原作者组织语言表达思想内容的原始过程来实现理解的目的。具体来说，语篇分析包括语境分析、宏观结构分析、语篇的衔接与连贯和信息结构分析。,宏观结构分析及其意义,Van Dijk（1980）：宏观结构与知
2、识的组织有关，任何语篇处理如果不考虑信息的宏观结构及其过程都是不合理的。作为一个读者，在理解一个语篇时，并不是单纯地只依靠理解语句来实现其阅读的目的，尤其是在阅读一些行文跳跃，文字晦涩的作品时，更要立足于整个篇章，以其宏观结构为导线来解读。更何况，语篇的宏观结构也具有明确的语言表现(linguistic manifestation).,常见的语篇模式,概括-具体模式(general-specific)也称一般特殊模式(general-particular)或预览细节模式(preview-detailed)问题解决模式(problem-solution)含提问回答模式（question-answ
3、er pattern)主张反主张模式(claim-counterclaim)叙述模式(narrative),概括-具体模式图示,具体陈述1,具体陈述2,具体陈述3,具体陈述4,概括陈述,更具体陈述,更具体陈述,更具体陈述,更具体陈述,概括陈述,概括陈述A,概括陈述B,20025年全国高考浙江卷阅读理解C篇例析,概括陈述：Para 1 complaint of the work heavy work+ poor pay+ terrible working conditions 具体陈述1: Para 2 huge demands made by the job on my strength lo
4、ng hours+ heavy boxes+ great amount of work具体陈述2: poor paythe lowest pay+ extra work with still little money具体陈述3: Para 3 the terrible working conditions little rest+ laboring in low temperatures+ cleaning alone概括陈述: repetition of the top sentence in Para 1 in similar language.,金华十校高三联考卷阅读理解E篇,概括陈述:
5、 But how you can say it can be quite tricky (topic sentence)具体陈述1 Im sorry I got angry with you butYou shouldnt have expected an apology for my injuring you.具体陈述2 (another) Im sorry you are upset. You shouldnt have been upset by what the other has done.具体陈述3: (then) Im useless as a parent. It avoids
6、 recognizing a specific particularly hurtful act.概括陈述: evaluation of the tricky / false / covering apologies,Which would be the title of the passage?,A. Make sure that you dont make false apologies.B. How you should teach your children to say sorry.C. You should provide your children with necessary
7、aid in making real apologies.D. Many parents seem to apologize without being really sorry.,问题解决模式,(1)一篇组织完好(well-formed)的篇章由以下四个部分构成situation problemresponseevaluation / result(2)常见于科学论文、试验报告、新闻报道甚至文学作品中,example,I was on sentry duty. I saw the enemy approaching. I opened fire. I beat off the attack.
8、situation: I was on sentry duty.problem: I saw the enemy approaching. response: I opened fire. evaluation: I beat off the attack.,大模式嵌入小模式,I was on sentry duty. I saw the enemy approaching. I tried to open fire. The guns bolt jammed. Staying calm, I applied a drop of oil. That did the trick. I opene
9、d fire. I beat off the attack.嵌入情景： I tried to open fire. 嵌入问题： The guns bolt jammed. 嵌入反应： I applied a drop of oil. 嵌入评价： That did the trick.,another example,Most people like to take a camera with them when they travel abroad. But all air ports have X-ray security screening and X rays can damage fi
10、lm. One solution to this problem is to purchase a specially designed lead-line pouch. These are cheap and can protect film from all but strongest X rays.,2005年全国高考浙江卷阅读理解B篇例析,Part 1/ Para 1- situation for the problem in the form of a joke.Part 2 /Para 2&3 - the problem of animals being killed while
11、crossing the road.Part 3 / Para 4,5&6 - solution to the problem.Part 4 / Para 7 - evaluation of the solution in a somewhat humorous way.,提问回答模式,(1)有时，先预设一个情景(situation)(2)总是在篇章开头设置一个显性的、用提问方式表达的问题，有时篇章的标题就是全文要回答探讨的问题(problem)(3)篇章的发展主要是寻求对这一问题的令人满意的答案(response)(4)不少篇章的作者都对会上述的可能反应作出评价(evaluation)广泛见
12、于多种语篇类型中，如演说、政论、说教、广告、报道等等,十校高三英语联考卷A篇,What would you think if you went back to school on Monday and there were no desks or chairs in your classroom?Thats what some fourth-and-fifth-graders at a school in Minnesota discovered earlier this year when they took part in a research project to see if chan
13、ging their classroom would make them more active.Researchers -were concerned about reports that as many as half of American kids could be overweight by 1000. So they set up a different kind of classroom-.,question,44. What would be the title for the text?No Desks or Chairs in the ClassroomNew Classr
14、ooms in the FutureSchool Takes a Stand against OverweightWashing Dishes by Hand in the Classroom,2005年湖北卷A篇,（1）Have you ever wondered why birds sing? Maybe you thought that they were just happy .After all ,you probably sing or whistle when you are happy. question（2）Some scientists believe that birds
15、 do sing some of the time just because they are happy .However ,they sing most of the time for a very different reason .Their singing is actually a warning to other birds to stay out of their territory. answer to the question as topic（3）Do you know what a “territory” is ?A territory is an area that
16、an animal ,usually the male, claims as its own .Only he and his family are welcome there .No other families of the same species are welcome .Your yard and house are your territory where only your family and friends are welcome . If a stranger should enter your territory and threaten you ,you might s
17、hout .Probably this would be enough to frighten him away. definition of “territory,（4）If so ,you have actually scared the stranger away without having to fight him .A bird does the same thing. But he expects an outsider almost any time ,especially at nesting（筑巢）season. So he is screaming all the tim
18、e ,whether he can see an outsider or not .This screaming is what we call a birds song ,and it is usually enough to keep an outsider away.sing all the time（5）Birds sing loudest in the spring when they are trying to attract a mate and warn others not to enter the territory of theirs.sing loudest in th
19、e spring（6）You can see that birds have a language all their own .Most of it has to do with attracting mates and setting up territories.main use for their singing,主张反主张模式,首先提出一个普遍认可或某些人认可的主张或观点然后进行澄清，说明自己的主张或观点，或者说提出反主张或真实情况是辩论类篇章的典型模式标志词：say, claim, state, false, in fact, in reality, etc.,微型的主张反主张模式
20、俯拾皆是,2001全国卷D篇If you ask people to name the one person who had the greatest effect on the English language, you will get answers like Shakespeare, Samuel Johnson, and Webster, but none of these men had any effect at all compared to a man who didnt even speak English-William the Conqueror.Para2&3-ill
21、ustration of his influencePara 4-comment/conclusion of the result,question,70. What is the subject discussed in the text?A. The history of Great Britain.B. The similarity between English and French.C. The rule of England by William the Conqueror.D. The French influences on the English language.,2006
22、山东卷D篇,Increasingly, Americans are becoming their own doctors, by going online to diagnose their symptoms, order home health tests or medical devices, or even self-treat their illnesses with drugs from Internet pharmacies(药店). Some avoid doctors because of the high cost of medical care, especially if
23、 they lack health insurance. Or they may stay because they find it embarrassing to discuss their weight, alcohol consumption or couch potato habits. Patients may also fear what they might learn about their health, or they distrust physicians because of negative experiences in the past. But playing d
24、octor can also be a deadly game.,Every day, more than six million Americans turn to the Internet for medical answers most of them arent nearly skeptical enough of what they find. A 2002 survey by the Pew Internet & American Life Project found that 72 percent of those surveyed believe all or most of
25、what they read on health websites. They shouldnt. Look up “headache”, and the chances of finding reliable and complete information, free from a motivation for commercial gain, are only one in ten, reports an April 2005 Brown Medical School study. Of the 169 websites the researchers rated, only 16 sc
26、ored as “high quality”. Recent studies found faulty facts about all sorts of other disorders, causing one research team to warn that a large amount of incomplete, inaccurate and even dangerous information exists on the Internet.,The problem is most people dont know the safe way to surf the Web. “The
27、y use a search engine like Google, get 18 trillion choices and start clicking. But thats risky, because almost anybody can put up a site that looks authoritative(权威的), so itd hard to know if what youre reading is reasonable or not,” says Dr. Sarah Bass from the National Cancer Institute.68. Accordin
28、g to the text, an increasing number of American _.A. are suffering from mental disordersB. turn to Internet pharmacies for helpC. like to play deadly games with doctorsD. are skeptical about surfing medical websites71. Which of the following is the authors main argument?A. Its cheap to self-treat yo
29、ur own illness.B. Its embarrassing to discuss your bad habits.C. Its reasonable to put up a medical website.D. Its dangerous to be your own doctor.,叙事模式,组成部分,摘要(abstraction),定位(orientation),叠合事件(complicating events),评价(evaluation),解决(resolution),结尾(coda),Labov(1992) 摘要(abstraction)对要说的事的简要概括定位(orien
30、tation)对时间、地点、人物所作的交代，以过去进行式和时间、地点、方式状语为语言标记。叠合事件(complicating events)对构成故事的主要事件的发展安排，以一般过去式和时间顺序为语言标记。评价(evaluation)分外部评价与内部评价解决(resolution)对人物、情节或事件结局的交待。结尾(coda)故事世界与当时的现实世界之间构建的一种联系。,叙事模式例析,2005高考浙江卷篇,摘要定位 3. 叠合事件：4. 评价：5. 解决：6. 结尾：,An experience last weekend showed me this is true.,who: I, thes
31、e old people, one aged,where: supermarket,when: last Sunday,He asked for food on trust; I refused his request; A man offered to pay for the food.,I was sorry but not compassionate.,I paid for the food for the old man.,Ive learnt to be compassionate.,text of a variety of patterns,（1）2002高考全国卷A篇例析,主要篇
32、章模式：问题（提问）解决（回答）模式,Part 1 (Para1)-the surprise expressed by both the earth people and moon people serves as the situation for the topic.Part 2 (Para 2) the question asked by the moon people is still of significance-the topic.Part 3 (Para 3 & 4) underground development is exemplified.Part 4 Remarks b
33、y some supporters are quoted as a positive evaluation.,次要篇章模式：概括具体,A growing number of scientists are seriously thinking about it.-概括陈述Para 3&4 具体陈述1+具体陈述2其中，Para 3&4两段在微观意义上亦为概括具体模式，分别为topic sentence（概括陈述）+3 illustrating sentences(具体陈述).,最后的话,.几乎所有的语篇，都可通过语篇分析来达到对其宏观结构的把握。.要特别重视文章的首尾段落，如果篇章由几段组成的话。.除了叙事篇章外，说理或议论性篇章，topic,大多出现在首段的后半部分，而且往往以but, however引出。.结尾段或是通过内部或外部评论或是重复首段的topic或是以幽默或调侃的口吻来结束全文。,参考书目,刘辰诞,1999,教学篇章语言学，上海外语教育出版社。黄国文,1988, 语篇分析概要，湖南教育出版社。胡壮麟，1994，语篇的衔接与连贯，上海外语教育出版社。高清风，2006,将语篇分析引入高中英语课文教学，华中师范大学学报,
