1、1外文翻译NONFINANCIALOBSTACLESTOSMEFINANCINGINSERBIAMATERIALSOURCEHTTP/SPRINGERLIBTSINGHUAEDUCN/CONTENT/W650005M16043511/FULLTEXTPDFAUTHORIGORBRKANOVICOWNERSANDDIRECTORSOFSMALLANDMEDIUMSIZEDENTERPRISESSMES,SOLETRADERS,REPRESENTATIVESOFSMEASSOCIATIONSANDENTREPRENEURSALLREPORTTHATTHEBASICOBSTACLETOACHIEVI
2、NGMORERAPIDDEVELOPMENTINSERBIAISTHELACKOFFINANCEANDMODERNMECHANISMSFORITSDEPLOYMENTTHEFINANCIALINFRASTRUCTURETHATSUPPORTSSMESINSERBIAISUNDEVELOPEDUPTONOW,SMESANDENTREPRENEURSHAVEFINANCEDTHEIROPERATIONSOUTOFTHEIROWNRESOURCESBECAUSEFINANCIALMARKETSINSERBIAWEREISOLATEDANDLACKEDTHESUPPORTOFINTERNATIONAL
3、FINANCIALINSTITUTIONSTHELOCALFINANCIALSECTORINTHEFORMERYUGOSLAVIAWASDESIGNEDTOSUPPORTLARGESCALE,SOCIALLYOWNEDENTERPRISESOTHERWISEKNOWNASTHE“PILLARSOFDEVELOPMENT”BANKS,ESPECIALLYLARGESCALESOCIALLYOWNEDBANKS,HADAREDISTRIBUTIVEFUNCTIONIMPOSEDONTHEMBYTHESTATE,ANDTHEYDEALTSOLELYWITHLARGESCALE,SOCIALLYOWN
4、EDENTERPRISESINADDITION,THEFUNDFORDEVELOPMENTOFTHEREPUBLICOFSERBIADISBURSEDITSFUNDSTOTHESAMETARGETGROUPCAPACITYTOREPAYTHEBANKSORTHEFUNDWASNOTACRITERIONFORCREDITAPPROVALTHEFORMERECONOMICANDPOLITICALSYSTEMDIDNOTSUPPORTTHEDEVELOPMENTOFFINANCIALINSTRUMENTSFORSMESCOOPERATIONWITHSMESFOCUSEDONAFEWSELECTEDC
5、OMPANIES,WHILESOLETRADERSWEREALMOSTCOMPLETELYEXCLUDEDFROMCREDITTRANSACTIONSWITHTHEBANKINGSECTORSMEOWNERSANDCITIZENSCOMPLETELYLOSTTHEIRTRUSTINTHEBANKSANDCHANNELLEDTHEIRSAVINGSINTOTHEGREYECONOMY,TOBANKSABROAD,ORKEPTTHEIRSAVINGSATHOMEONLYPAYMENTSEFFECTEDTHROUGHTHENATIONALPAYMENTBUREAUFUNCTIONEDPROPERLY
6、FORSMESSINCE2001,THENATIONALBANKHASBEENIMPLEMENTINGREFORMSINTHEBANKINGSECTORTHEOBJECTIVESARETOESTABLISHMARKETBASEDBANKINGPRACTICESTHATBOOSTTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHEREALSECTOR,STABILISETHECURRENCYANDGAINTHETRUSTOFCITIZENSANDSMESBANKBALANCESHEETSHAVEBEENCLEANEDUP,SOMEBANKSHAVEBEENCLOSED,ANDSTRICTCONTROLOFLO
7、ANUSEHASBEENINSTIGATEDTOAVOIDTHERECURRENCEOFPREVIOUS2PRACTICESINORDERTORESOLVETHECONFLICTSOFINTERESTINHERENTINTHESOCIALOWNERSHIPOFCOMMERCIALBANKS,OWNERSHIPTRANSFERSWEREINITIATEDSEVERALNEWLYOPENEDFOREIGNBANKSAREVERYACTIVEINTHECOMMERCIALANDRETAILMARKETSSTARTINGIN2003,PAYMENTSARENOWMADEBYCOMMERCIALBANK
8、SRATHERTHANVIATHENATIONALPAYMENTBUREAUTHESEACTIVITIESHAVEHELPEDCITIZENSREGAINTHEIRTRUSTINTHEBANKSINTURN,THISHASLEDTOANINCREASEINSAVINGSDEPOSITEDINBANKSANDENCOURAGEDSMESTOREDIRECTTHEIRFUNDSINTOLEGALBUSINESSESANDTOESTABLISHRELATIONSHIPSWITHBANKSONEPRIORITYOFTHE“STRATEGYFORTHEDEVELOPMENTOFSMALLANDMEDIU
9、MSIZEDENTERPRISESANDENTREPRENEURSHIPINTHEREPUBLICOFSERBIA20032008”ISTOFUNDANDDEVELOPSMESANDENTREPRENEURSHIPSTRUCTUREOFTHESMESECTORINSERBIATHESERBIANECONOMYCOMPRISESABOUT270,000ECONOMICENTITIES,1OFWHICHAREMEDIUMSIZEDANDLARGESCALEENTERPRISES,WITHENTREPRENEURSANDMICROANDSMALLENTERPRISESACCOUNTINGFOR99T
10、HESTRUCTUREOFTHEENTERPRISESECTORISOVERWHELMINGLYSMALLSCALE96OFALLENTERPRISESARESMALL,3AREMEDIUMSIZEDAND1ARELARGESCALEIFSOLETRADERSAREINCLUDED,LARGESCALEANDMEDIUMSIZEDENTERPRISESACCOUNTFORONLY1OFTHETOTALNUMBEROFENTITIESTHEOFFICIALDEFINITIONOFSMESINSERBIADOESNOTINCLUDEAMICROCATEGORY,BUTIFMICROENTERPRI
11、SESAREDEFINEDASHAVINGUPTO10EMPLOYEES,99OFALLSMALLENTERPRISESAREACTUALLYMICROENTERPRISESBASICCHARACTERISTICSOFTHESMESECTORIN2002(1)THEAVERAGENUMBEROFEMPLOYEESINTHESMESECTOROVERALLIS5,AND3INTHESMEPRIVATESECTOR(2)SMESEMPLOY51OFTHEWORKFORCEINSERBIA(3)SMESOWN29OFTHETOTALFIXEDBUSINESSASSETSINTHEECONOMY(4)
12、PRIVATESMESPRODUCE34OFALLPROFITSINTHEECONOMYAND78OFTOTALSMEPROFITS(5)SMESINCUR47OFTHELOSSESINTHEECONOMY;(6)SMESAREBASICALLYFINANCEDTHROUGHTHEPRIVATEFUNDSOFTHEIROWNERS(7)CURRENTASSETSDOMINATESMESFINANCIALSTRUCTURERELATIVETOFIXEDASSETS(8)THEBASICASSETSOFMANYFIRMSAREOBSOLETEANDOFLITTLEECONOMICVALUE(9)S
13、HORTTERMBORROWINGINCREASESTHEPROPORTIONOFCURRENTASSETSRELATIVETOINVESTMENTINLONGTERMORFIXEDASSETSSTRUCTUREOFPRIORITIESANDFORMSOFSMEFUNDINGSMESSEEKFORMSOFCAPITALWHICHAREAPPROPRIATEFORFUNDINGTHEIRCURRENT3OPERATIONSANDNEWINVESTMENTSSHORTTERMFORCURRENTASSETS,MEDIUMTERMFOREQUIPMENTANDTECHNOLOGY,ANDLONGTE
14、RMFORLAND,BUILDINGSANDINFRASTRUCTURERECENTEXPERIENCEINDICATESTHATSMESSEEKINGEXTERNALFUNDINGHAVEOBTAINEDCREDITMOSTLYFROMBUYERSANDSUPPLIERS,WITHONLYSPORADICANDVERYLIMITEDUSEOFOTHERSOURCESANDFORMSOFFUNDINGTHEREASONISTHATTHEBANKSHADFEWLONGTERMSOURCESOFFUNDINGANDHENCENOPRUDENTIALBASISFORMAKINGTERMLOANSAN
15、YSUCHFUNDSTOBEDISBURSEDWERECHANNELLEDTOASMALLNUMBEROFLARGESCALEENTERPRISESATSUBSTANTIALLYREDUCEDTRANSACTIONCOSTSANOTHERIMPEDIMENTISTHEABSENCEOFSPECIALISEDFINANCIALINSTITUTIONSDUETOALACKOFAPPROPRIATELEGISLATIONFORLEASINGANDINVESTMENTFUNDS,COUPLEDWITHTHELOWLEVELOFCONFIDENCEINTHELEGALSYSTEMWHICHTHUSDIS
16、COURAGESDIRECTFOREIGNINVESTMENTENTREPRENEURSANDSMES,ESPECIALLYTHESMALLESTSMESANDBUSINESSSTARTUPS,HAVEALMOSTNOACCESSTOFORMALFINANCIALMARKETSINSUMMARY,THEFINANCIALENVIRONMENTINSERBIAISGENERALLYUNFAVOURABLEFORSMESFORTHEFOLLOWINGREASONS(1)LACKOFINFRASTRUCTUREANDANUNDEVELOPEDFINANCIALMARKET(2)ACCESSTOTHE
17、FEWFORMSOFFINANCEAVAILABLETOSMESINTHEMARKETISLIMITEDANDPROBLEMATIC(3)THEFINANCIALMARKETISSMALLWITHVERYLIMITEDRESOURCESRELATIVETOPOTENTIALDEMANDINTHESMESECTOR(4)ASHORTAGEOFCOLLATERALDUETODEFICIENCIESINTHELEGALANDREGULATORYFRAMEWORKBANKSPERCEPTIONSOFSMESSMESANDBANKSDONOTHOLDEACHOTHERORTHEIRPROSPECTSFO
18、RCOLLABORATIONINHIGHREGARDWHENENTREPRENEURSAREASKEDABOUTTHEBIGGESTBARRIERTOTHEIRDEVELOPMENT,THEYCITEALACKOFFUNDINGANDTHEIMPOSSIBILITYOFOBTAININGCREDITFROMBANKSWHENBANKSAREASKEDABOUTLENDINGTOSMES,THEYCLAIMTHEYHAVESUFFICIENTFUNDSBUTTHATTHEREARETOOFEWGOODSMEPROJECTSACCORDINGTOTHEBANKS,THEPROBLEMISTHESM
19、ALLNUMBEROFGOODANDRELIABLECLIENTSWITHPROFITABLEPROJECTSANDACCEPTABLERISKSBANKERSPERCEPTIONSOFSMESINCLUDETHEFOLLOWING(1)SMESARENOTREADYFORBANKINGRELATIONSHIPSBECAUSETHEYARENOTFAMILIARWITHTHEPROCEDURESANDOPERATIONSOFCOMMERCIALBANKS(2)THEFINANCIALINFORMATIONPROVIDEDBYSMELOANAPPLICANTSISNOTRELEVANTTHERE
20、ISAHUGEGAPBETWEENOFFICIALBUSINESSRESULTSANDTHE4DATAPRESENTEDWHICHINCLUDEACTIVITIESANDRESULTSFROMINFORMALECONOMICACTIVITY(3)THEQUALITYANDPERFORMANCEOFMANAGEMENTISDIFFICULTTOASCERTAINBECAUSETHEMAJORITYOFSMESARENEWANDHAVENOPRIORCONTACTSWITHBANKS(4)CREDITHISTORIESAREUNRELIABLEANDTHEMAJORITYOFSMESDONOTHA
21、VEACREDITHISTORYASTHEYHAVENEVERBORROWEDFROMABANK(5)COLLATERALISINADEQUATEENTREPRENEURSVERYRARELYHAVELEGALLYREGISTEREDFIXEDASSETS,ANDEVENFEWERCANPROVIDEREGISTEREDIMMOVABLESTHEREVOLVINGFUNDDONATEDBYTHEEUROPEANAGENCYFORRECONSTRUCTIONATTRACTEDOVER1,300APPLICATIONSBYMID2003,OFWHICHABOUT1,000WEREREJECTEDB
22、YTHEBANKS,LARGELYFORTHEFOLLOWINGREASONS(1)BUSINESSPLANSWERENOTREALISTIC(2)LACKOFADEQUATECOLLATERAL(3)FINANCIALDATADIDNOTREPRESENTREALPERFORMANCEAND(4)DEBTBURDENSWEREALREADYTOOHIGHSMESPERCEPTIONSOFBANKSTHEMAINSMECOMPLAINTISTHATTHECOMMERCIALBANKSDONOTDOENOUGHTOSUPPORTTHEIRBUSINESSDEVELOPMENTTHISATTITU
23、DEREFLECTSTHE“SOCIALIST”VIEWTHATBANKSAREDEVELOPMENTINSTITUTIONSANDOBLIGEDTOFUNDSMEDEVELOPMENTINMUCHTHESAMEMANNERASTHEYPREVIOUSLYDISBURSEDFUNDSTOTHELARGESCALEENTERPRISESTHE“PILLARSOFDEVELOPMENT”SMESGENERALLYLACKTRUSTINCOMMERCIALBANKSANDARENOTREADYTOENTERINTOOPENRELATIONSHIPSWITHTHEMTHEREASONSFORTHISB
24、OILDOWNTOTHEFOLLOWING(1)LACKOFCONFIDENTIALITYREGARDINGBUSINESSINFORMATIONANDPROFITABLEIDEASBANKSTAFFDONOTKEEPCONFIDENTIALINFORMATIONTOTHEMSELVES(2)SMEPARTICIPATIONINTHEGREYECONOMYISEXTENSIVEHENCE,THEBASISFORCOOPERATIONANDBUILDINGMUTUALTRUSTISYETTOBEDEVELOPEDSMECOMPLAINTSABOUTTHETREATMENTTHEYRECEIVEW
25、HENAPPLYINGFORCREDITINCLUDETHEFOLLOWINGBUSINESSPLANS(1)NONSTANDARDISEDALMOSTEVERYBANKHASITSOWNMETHODOLOGY(2)SOMEBANKSCHARGEFOREVALUATINGBUSINESSPLANS,EVENIFTHELOANAPPLICATIONISREJECTED(3)SOMEBANKSCOLLECTBUSINESSPLANSTOATTRACTDEPOSITORS,EVENTHOUGHTHE5PROPOSALSARENOTCREDITWORTHYORWILLNOTBEFUNDEDBECAUS
26、ETHEBANKSPRIORITIESLIEELSEWHEREEVALUATIONOFCREDITAPPLICATIONS(1)SLOW,COMPLICATEDANDEXPENSIVE(2)CREDITAPPLICATIONSAREOFTENACCEPTEDANDAPPROVED,BUTTHELOANSARENOTISSUEDBECAUSETHEBANKHASNOFUNDSAVAILABLEFORLENDINGASSESSMENTOFBUSINESSANDCREDITCAPACITIESTHESAMECRITERIAANDMETHODOLOGYAREAPPLIEDTOLARGESCALEENT
27、ERPRISESANDTOSMES,ANDBANKSARENOTHELPFULTOENTREPRENEURSWHOAREUNFAMILIARWITHTHEBANKSREQUIREMENTSANDEXPECTATIONSCOLLATERALISATION(1)MOVABLESARENOTACCEPTEDASCOLLATERAL,NOTEVENTHEEQUIPMENTWHICHISTOBEFINANCED(2)UNREGISTEREDIMMOVABLESAREALSONOTACCEPTED,EVENWHENTHEYAREURBAN,LEGALLYREGISTEREDANDTHEIROWNERSHI
28、PISUNDISPUTEDSUMMARYTHEOBSTACLESTOANDPOTENTIALFORSMEFINANCINGMAYBESUMMARISEDASFOLLOWS(1)SMESAREVERYIMPORTANTGENERATORSOFECONOMICDEVELOPMENTINSERBIATOESTABLISHANADEQUATEENVIRONMENTFORTHERAPIDGROWTHANDDEVELOPMENTOFTHISSECTOR,THE“STRATEGYFORTHEDEVELOPMENTOFSMALLANDMEDIUMSIZEDENTERPRISESANDENTREPRENEURS
29、HIPINTHEREPUBLICOFSERBIA20032008”WASADOPTEDINJANUARY2003ONEOFTHEPRIORITYTASKSDEFINEDINTHESTRATEGYISTOPROVIDEFINANCEFORSMESLACKOFFUNDINGISTHEGREATESTHINDRANCETODEVELOPMENTINTHISSECTORACCORDINGTOSMESANDENTREPRENEURS(2)INTHEPAST,THEFINANCIALSECTORFUNDEDLARGESCALEENTERPRISES,WHICHWERECONSIDEREDTHE“PILLA
30、RSOFDEVELOPMENT”THEFINANCIALINFRASTRUCTUREBASEDONTHISPATTERNISNOTABLETOSERVESMES(3)DESPITECERTAINREGULATORYIMPROVEMENTS,THEDEFICIENCIESREMAININGINTHELEGALFRAMEWORKHAMPERTHEDEVELOPMENTOFANEWMARKETTHATWOULDFUNDSMESTOOVERCOMETHESEBARRIERS,ASOUNDLEGALBASISISNEEDEDFORTHEPROVISIONOFMICROFINANCEFORTHEESTAB
31、LISHMENTOFREGIONALCREDIT,GUARANTEEANDINVESTMENTFUNDSANDFORTHECREATIONOFNEWFINANCIALINSTRUMENTSANDSCHEMESOVERCOMINGANDREMOVINGREGULATORYBARRIERSWILLFACILITATEPUBLICPRIVATEPARTNERSHIPFINANCINGINTHESMESECTOR(4)MEASURESANDACTIVITIESIMPLEMENTEDTOIMPROVESMEFUNDINGSHOULD6TAKEINTOACCOUNTTHEOBJECTIVES,MODELS
32、ANDSOURCESOFFUNDINGFORPOTENTIALANDEXISTINGSMESANDENTREPRENEURSMACROECONOMICPROJECTIONSOFTHEFINANCINGREQUIREMENTSFORDEVELOPINGTHESMESECTORAREESSENTIAL,ASISINFORMATIONONTHESOURCESOFFUNDING(5)THEBANKSLACKLONGTERMSOURCESOFFUNDING,ANDTHEIRLENDINGCAPACITYISGREATLYLIMITEDBYALACKOFLIQUIDITYLOANDECISIONMAKIN
33、GISSTILLRIGIDLYBUREAUCRATICBANKMANAGEMENTSANDEMPLOYEESARENOTTRAINEDTODEALWITHSMESBANKINGISSTILLORIENTEDTOWARDSLARGESCALEENTERPRISES,ANDTHEPERTINENTDECISIONMAKERSREGARDSMESNEITHERASANATTRACTIVETARGETGROUPNORAPARTNERFORLONGTERMBUSINESSRELATIONSHIPSSMESARENOTSUFFICIENTLYINFORMEDABOUTTHEPOSSIBILITIESAND
34、PROCEDURESANDTHUSNOTGEAREDUPTOOBTAINEXTERNALFUNDINGCOMMUNICATINGANDESTABLISHINGWORKINGRELATIONSHIPSWITHBANKSISAMAJOROBSTACLEFORSMESAVERYSMALLPROPORTIONOFSMESSUCCEEDINOBTAININGGRANTS,EQUITYANDLEASINGSERVICESASAGENERALCONCLUSION,ITAPPEARSTHEREISAHIGHLEVELOFRESISTANCETHROUGHOUTTHESMESECTORTOSEEKINGDIRE
35、CTFORMSOFFUNDINGFROMTHISPERSPECTIVE,SMESREQUIRETRAININGINORDERTOIMPROVETHEIRABILITYTOATTRACTFUNDINGFROMABROADRANGEOFSOURCES译文塞尔维亚中小企业融资的非金融性障碍资料来源HTTP/SPRINGERLIBTSINGHUAEDUCN/CONTENT/W650005M16043511/FULLTEXTPDF作者伊戈尔独立经销商的中小型企业主和中小企业的企业家协会,他们代表全体中小企业声称要实在塞尔维亚更快速发展的基本障碍是其资金及部署的现代机制不足。在塞尔维亚,支持中小型企业的金
36、融基础设施不发达。截至到现在,中小型企业和企业家只能自给自足,因为在塞尔维亚金融市场是分离的,它们缺乏国际金融机构的支持。当地前南斯拉夫的金融部门是为了要支持规模大且国有的企业而成立的。作为发展的支柱,特别是大型的国有银行,他们只处理大规7模国有的企业。此外,有能力偿还银行或基金的一般不是信用审批标准。以前,经济和政治体制不支持中小企业的发展。与中小企业的合作主要集中在几个选定的公司,而唯一的交易商几乎完全被排除在与银行部门信贷交易外。中小企业业主和市民完全是去了对银行的信任,他们宁愿把自己的积蓄引导到灰色经济,到海外银行,或留在家里。只有有影响的中小型企业,才能通过国家支付局进行正常运作。自
37、2001年以来,国家银行已实施对银行部门的改革。其目标是建立以市场为基础,促进实体经济的发展,稳定货币的银行,他们旨在获得市民和中小企业的信任。银行资产负债表已被清理,一些银行已经关闭,严格控制贷款的使用已被启动等等的措施都已实施,以避免再次发生类似事件。为了解决在商业银行的社会所有制所固有的矛盾,所有权转移已经开始实施了。几个新开的外资银行都有非常活跃的销售和零售市场。从2003年起,支付款项由商业银行登记,而不是通过国家支付局。这些活动已经帮助市民重拾对银行的信心。其次,这导致了储蓄的增加存入银行,并鼓励中小企业重点向到合法企业的进行融资,并建立与银行的关系。一个关于在20032008年期
38、间塞尔维亚中小企业发展的先进战略被提出就是为了积累和发展中小企业和企业家精神。塞尔维亚中小企业的结构塞尔维亚的经济包含大约27万个经济实体,其中1是中型、大规模的企业,99的企业是小型企业。企业规模的结构绝大多数是小规模,其中96的企业规模小,3是中型和1的大型。中小企业在塞尔维亚官方的定义并不包括微观范畴,但如果有微型企业有多达10名员工的定义,所有小企业的99都是微型企业。在2002年中小企业的特征得以提出(1)在中小企业部门的受雇人员的平均来说是5个;(2)中小企业雇佣的劳动力有51在塞尔维亚;(3)中小企业资产有29是固定营业的;(4)私营中小企业生产34所有的利润其中有78是占中小企
39、业的利润;(5)中小型企业需要承担47的经济损失;(6)中小企业融资基本上是通过其自有资金;(7)目前资产中占优势的中小企业金融结构相对固定;(8)许多公司的基本资产已过时,没有多大的经济价值;(9)短期借款增加流动性资产的比例相对投资于长期或固定资产。中小企业资金的结构中小企业寻求资本形式的资金是他们根据目前的行动作出适当新的投资如短期流动资产,中短期的设备和技术,长期的土地,建筑物和基础设施。8最近的经验表明,中小企业获得信贷主要来自买家和供应商,只有少数的,非常有限的其他形式资金来源能利用,因为银行很少有长期的资金来源,因此他们缺少没长期贷款审查的基础。任何这样的资金发放渠道都为大型企业
40、的融资在大幅度上降低了交易成本。另一个障碍是专门的金融机构由于对租赁公司和投资机构缺乏适当的法律,从而阻碍了直接投资,导致了信用水平低下。企业家和中小型企业,尤其是最小的中小企业创业,几乎没有正规的金融市场被准许。小型企业和个体户往往没有任何抵押品。如果他们自己的房地产,通常是没有登记的。总之,在塞尔维亚的金融环境,一般不利于中小型企业由于以下原因(1)基础设施不足和金融市场不发达;(2)融资渠道有限;(3)非常有限的金融市场资源相对于中小企业部门的潜在需求小;(4)缺乏抵押品银行对中小企业的看法中小企业与银行之间缺乏高度的协调。当被问及中小企业发展的最大障碍时,他们认为缺乏资金和贷款银行。银
41、行询问中小企业发展的趋势,他们宣称他们有足够的资金,但需要一些好的中小企业的项目。银行家对中小企业的看法(1)中小企业银行还没有准备好人际关系。(2)中小企业贷款申请人所提供的财务信息的不相关。(3)管理的质量和性能难查明原因,因为大多数中小企业是新的。(4)信用记录并不可靠、绝大部分中小企业没有信用历史,有些企业从来没有从银行借过款。(5)抵押不足企业家很少有合法注册的固定资产、甚至更少的可以提供注册不动产。周转金由欧洲重建机构捐赠的,在2003年年中,它吸引了1300多个企业,其中约1000名被拒绝银行的主要理由如下(1)业务计划是不现实的;(2)缺乏足够的抵押品;(3)财务数据并不能代表
42、真正的表现;(4)债务负担已经过高。中小企业对银行的看法中小企业对银行的抱怨主要是商业银行不采取足够措施支持他们的业务发展。发展机构和银行不得不在许多中小企业发展基金中以同样的方式提供资金。中小企业在商业银行普遍缺乏信任。归结于以下原因9(1)缺乏对商业信息的保密性和盈利思路银行职员不能保密。(2)在灰色经济中小企业的参与是广泛的。因此,合作和建立相互信任的基础是尚待开发。关于当申请信用包括下列各项时,他们接受的处理中小企业的诉苦(1)非标准化几乎每个银行有它自己的方法学;(2)一些银行为了评估商务计划要价,即使贷款申请也被拒绝;(3)部分银行收取的业务计划,以吸引存户,即使建议并非信用或将不
43、获资助,因为银行的重点在其它地方。在审核信贷申请中,也存在着问题(1)缓慢,复杂,价格昂贵;(2)信用申请时常被接受而且核准,但是贷款是不因为银行没有借贷可用基金,评估业务和信贷的能力同样的标准和方法应用到大型企业和中小企业,银行对企业家是谁。是否熟悉银行的要求没有期望。在处理抵押的时候,银行对中小企业有些时候不能接受(1)不接受动产作为抵押;(2)未登记的不动产,也不能接受,甚至当他们城市,依法登记其所有权是无可争议的。总结中小企业融资的障碍和潜在可归纳如下1中小企业是塞尔维亚共和国的经济发展的非常重要的作用。建立适当的环境的快速增长和经济领域的发展,发展中小企业是非常有必要的。其中在200
44、3年非常重要的一个策略是为中小企业提供资金。但是,没有足够的钱时最大的障碍。2在过去,金融部门资助的大型企业,被认为是“发展的重要支柱”。金融基础设施基于对这种模式不能为中小企业服务。3尽管特定的管制进步,缺乏留在合法的结构阻碍一个新市场的发展要克服这些障碍,一种健全的合法基础是的需要被建立。为了克服这些障碍,完善的法律基础是需要对小额信贷的重新规定;为区域信贷机构,担保和投资资金,并为新的金融创新文书和计划。克服和消除监管障碍将促进公私部门的伙伴关系在中小企业融资。(4)实施的措施和活动,以增加中小企业的资金应考虑到潜在的和现有的中小企业和创业者的目标,模式和资金来源。为发展中小企业部门的融
45、资需求宏观经济预测是必须的,是对资金来源的信息。(5)银行缺乏资金的长期来源,他们的贷款能力有较大的局限性是资金流动性不足。贷款决策仍然是严格官僚。银行管理层和员工都没有受过处理的中10小型企业。银行业仍然是面向大型企业和相关决策者视为一个有吸引力的目标群体,也不是一个长期的业务关系的合作伙伴中小企业也没有。中小企业没有充分了解融资的可能性和程序,从而没有作好准备,以获得外部资金。沟通和建立与银行的工作关系成为中小企业的融资主要障碍。一个非常小的比例中小企业能成功获得资助,公平和租赁服务。普遍来说,似乎有一种抵抗整个中小企业高层寻求资金的直接形式。从这远景,中小企业需要教育是为了要改善他们的能力来吸引资金的来源。