1、前 言：教习过好几门课程，深感写作这一课是最难教的， “危乎高哉！写作 之难难于上青天。一夫当关，万夫莫开。 ”学生学习英语写作多时，大多不能迥脱蹊径之外，工而入逸者更是寥寥。于是我悲观起来，认定“ 文不可以教而能” 。虽说文字和技法可以也应当教一些，俾学生邯郸学步，渐次入门，但就本质特征而论，写作远不只是一个章法和技巧的问题，而是“ 气之所行”，是皮相之下许多深层主观因素的综合，是一个厚积薄发的养成过程。这些主观因素，在我看来，体现在国内的英语写作考试当中只局限于素心烂读的积累。Reading makes a full man.这是英国学者的传世之言，我们的祖先说 “读书破万卷，下笔如有神”
2、。我们赞叹一篇文章，往往是因为我们被文章中的语言所吸引、所征服：语汇丰富、句式整齐、语言或精练或华丽，句式安排熟练自如，自然流畅；而者只能来自于 reading。但是我们已没有那么多的时间去“读”了，于是乎，语言的总结就变得极其必要！要归纳记叙文中漂亮、地道的语言是困难的，但是要归纳论说文这个各种英语考试的作文类型中的语言不是不可能的。论说文是由开头、结尾、启转、分析、举例、比较等部分所组成的，其中都有些固定而漂亮的句型来表达。由于这些句型都是地道的英语，是经过千锤百炼，且能表达论说文写作中的不同意思，若能把以论说文为主的当代英语essays中的这些句型摘录归纳成类，供读者参考，无疑是能有助于
3、提高英语写作的语言水平。模仿和学用漂亮和地道的英语表达法或句型并不是可耻的事。地道的英语不应是你用学过的词汇和语法规则按某个意思苦苦思索造出来的，地道的英语应是你把英美人对这个意思的习惯说法用到你自己的文章上来的。该讲义收集了论说文常用的一些句型，与六级考试的一些文章结构模式；希望同学们能以此为依据，Practice makes perfect，达到熟能生巧的境界，从而在六级考试作文部分获得理想的分数！写作原则内容简单化结构模式化（主题句-分论点-总结）语言要包装错误要回避万能理由 (Omnipotence)：1、方便：convenient/convenience2、效率：efficient/
4、efficiently/efficiency3、节省和浪费：save time/money/space; economical, thriftwaste time/money/space; costly, lavish4：人的心理健康：independent, cooperative, competitive, considerate, confident, creative, sociable, perseverance; selfish, isolated, conservative5、人的身体健康：health, disease, strong, strength, energetic6
5、、娱乐：colorful, pleasure, joy, recreation, entertainment, relaxtired, boring, lonely7、环境：environment, pollute, poisonous, dirty8、安全和危险：safe, danger, risk9：经验：experience, social experience, enter the society10、人际：humane, fair, unfair, help, assist, freedom, freely基本表达(Basic Elements of English Writing)
6、：越来越：be increasingly + adj., be on the rise, the growing number of人们认为：it is generally/widely believed/held/agreed that许多问题：a host of/a number of problems引起人们注意：claim call/attract general/public/world attention to sth.意识到：there is a growing awareness/realization of/that, awaken sb. to the fact/dange
7、r适应新的形势/变化：adapt/adjust/accommodate oneself to new environment/change接触各种思想/经历：be exposed to new ideas/experiences/problems接触社会：come into frequent/close contact with the world/society获得成功：achieve/accomplish success提出观点/建议：advance / put forward / come up with the arguments/ideas/suggestions作出努力：make
8、tremendous/persistent/sustained effort to do sth., take great pains to do(with work/study)影响学习/工作：interfere with studies/work产生影响：have/exert a profound influence on life/personality, have a dramatic/undesirable effect on较好地驾驭生活：be a better pilot of ones life剥夺机会/权力：deprive oneself of the chance/righ
9、t/opportunity取代就的方式：substitute for/take the place of the old way采取措施：take effective steps/measures to控制我们的环境：take/gain increasing control over our own environment躲避危险/挑战：shy/run away from the dangers/challenge满足要求：meet/satisfy/accommodate the demand of补偿损失：compensate for/make up for the loss/damage解
10、释某现象：account for/explain the phenomenon对很好的了解：have a better understanding/appreciation of, have a new perspective on. provide/gain an insight into把某因素考虑进去：take sth. Into account(consideration), give much thought to品位人生/自由/青春：savor the life/freedom/youth培养对的信心：develop/foster ones interest/confidence
11、in经历变化/困难/艰险：undergo/experience great changes/hardships/experience表现出自信心等：project ones confidence/feeling/image生活充满不公正的地方：life is full of minor irritation/injustice追求学习/职业：pursue ones academic interest/professional career学习知识/技术：pursue/acquire knowledge/technology/skill被看作学习的榜样：be held up as a good
12、example交流经验/知识：share experience/ideas/problems/knowledge发挥/起到重要作用：play an (important/active/great) role/part逃学/缺课：skip school/a class/a meeting/a lecture知识/经验丰富：rich in knowledge/experience确立/追求目标：set/pursue a goal/higher standard到达目标：achieve/accomplish/stain the goal/aim/objective克服困难：overcome obst
13、acles/difficulty面临危险/困难：be confronted/faced with/in the face of danger/difficulty阻碍了成功：stand in the way of success, be an obstacle/barrier to success/growth阻碍了发展：hamper/impede/stunt the development of持传统的看法：hold conventional wisdom发表看法：voice/express ones opinion持相反/合理的观点：take the opposite/fresh view
14、揭穿某种一贯的说法：shatter the myth of求得帮助：enlist ones support/help缩小差别：bridge/narrow/fill the gap/gulf (between city and country)把成功/错误归咎于：attribute/own the success/failure to对重要：be indispensable/important/vital to施加压力：put/exert a academic pressure on重视：assign/attach much importance/significance to强调：place/
15、put much emphasis/stress/value on把注意力集中在：focus/concentrate ones attention/efforts/thoughts upon提供机会/信息：provide/offer/furnish an opportunity/information for sb.抓住机会：grab/seize/take the opportunity得到机会：enjoy/gain access to a opportunity/information有可能：there is (little/much) possibility/likelihood that
16、, chances/the odds are that展开竞争：compete against/with sb. for the prize/position/control/the mastery of开展运动：conduct(carryon/undertake/initiate/launch/wage) a (vigorous/nation-wide/publicity/advertising) campaign (for/against)对我很有/没有什么意义：make much/little sense to me带来无穷的幸福/满足：be a source of happiness
17、satisfaction/contentment/pride/complaint献身于：devote/dedicate/commit oneself to a cause/career大不（没什么）两样：make much(little/no) difference真正重要的是：what really matters/accounts is 改变生活旅程：change/alter the course of life建立在大量的学习/实践上：built on tremendous amount of study/practice进行调查/执行任务：conduct/carry out an st
18、udy/task/experiment辞去工作/学习：leave/quit ones job/work/school参加考试/竞赛等：enter (for) the examination/contest, race参加活动/讨论：take part/participate/be engaged in sports/activities/discussion影响思想/态度/事件的形成：shape ones thinking/attitude进入大学/社会/家庭/劳力市场/职业：enter a school/college/society/the work force/professionals
19、实现自己的理想/愿望：realize/fulfill/achieve ones dream(hops/wish/desire)减轻压力/紧张：reduce/alleviate/relieve the stress/pressure/tension提高社会地位：enhance/improve/upgrade social status/position/standing rise to the position of leadership提高技术/能力：sharpen (increase/improve/enhance/boost) ones skill/ability加快/促进发展：accel
20、erate/facilitate/advance/enhance/boost the development of随着生活节奏的加快：with the quickening pace/rhythm/tempo of modern life/society开阔眼界/兴趣：broaden ones interest/outlook, expand(broaden/enlarge) ones mental horizons有助于了解/发展/宣传/解决：contribute much/little/greatly/to a better understanding of/the popularity
21、of/the growth of/the solution of有助于解决问题：go a long way to(towards) solving the problem迷恋名利/分数：be obsessed/preoccupied with grades/fame/fortune把时间花/浪费在：spend/waste time doing sth., put in hours doing sth.利用机会/技术：make (full/better) use of/take advantage of opportunity/time, tap/harness technology poten
22、tial/skills/talent把知识/经验运用到：apply/put the theory/knowledge/experience to practice/daily life/good use取得进步：make much progress/strides/gains in充分发挥潜力/能力：develop ones ability/potential to the full, give full play to ones ability充满激情/渴望：have a burning desire/a great passion for实例二 99年6月真题Reading Selecti
23、vely Or Extensively?Outline: 1.有人认为读书要有选择2.有人认为应当博览群书3.我的想法11分When it comes to reading, some people think that reading selectively is a good way, but some other people do not agree with them, they think that reading extensively is better.Those people, who think that reading selectively is better, be
24、lieve that good books are as many as bad books. Those good books can give us pleasure and knowledge, while those bad books can only lead us to the wrong way. So, they suggest that we should only choose the good books to read and never touch the bad books.But, the other people, who hold that reading
25、extensively is better, think that one kind of books can only give us one aspect of knowledge. Even the best book only contains one field of information. So, they can easily come to the conclusion that “to know more, to read more”. So they believe that reading extensively is better.To my point, we sh
26、ould choose good books to read and read good books as many as possible. By this way, we can increase the quality and quantity of reading. 5分I think reading not only selectively but also extensively. Because the two sides are not contradict. Our time is limited. So we can not read every book in the w
27、orld. However, we will not be interested in every book. We should read those books may be useful to ours, read those books which we like. But those books which we choose must be extensively so it can give ours all kinds of knowledge, news and so on, it also make ours become a wise man. On the one ha
28、nd reading selectively let ours not waste our time which it is limited. Moreover it can emphasis among all books that we can read. On the other hand reading extensively can deal with all kinds of need in our life. They are all useful to ours.失分原因：分段太少，语法错误太多2分Most people thought that read books shou
29、ld have been selective. But others believed reading extensively was correction.Selective books or reading extensively?Sure, you can choice one from previous ideas, on one hand, There are too book to read for us. We should choose those which we interested, and it would be helpful for us. On another h
30、and. Someones interesting was wide. Each book could bring you specific contain we couldnt reading at only one level.I confirmed all of these ideas were good but werent wise.As a reader, the main task is to discover more and more books the second task is to held some which wonderful and helpful for u
31、s. Dont treat these books with reckless abandon.The best technology of reading is connect.失分原因：分段太多，语法错误太多14分How should we read? Should we read selectively or extensively? Everyone has his own view.Some people think we should read selectively. They argue that with the development of modern science a
32、nd technology, more and more books are published. It is impossible for us to read all the books. Whats more, there are many bad books that are poisonous to our mind, and we shouldnt read them. Since we cant read all the books and we shouldnt read bad books, we must read selectively.But others may no
33、t agree, they emphasize that todays society is not what it was. If one man has many kinds of knowledge, he will have more chances to succeed. If a man knows much in one field but knows nothing in other fields, he may be useless. Since we must have many kinds of knowledge, we must read extensively.Wh
34、os right? I think both of them have something right. But I think we should read extensively first. We should read books in many fields, and read selectively in one field.8分Some people think reading shall be chosen. Because some books are good to human beings and some books are harmful to people.Some
35、 people think that men should read books widely. Because wide reading can help man get much knowledge. And man can use it to change the world.It is my point that reading must be selectively. Because reading is important to man. Some books can help man but some books can lead some people to crime. It
36、 can be seen in the newspapers and watched on TV. We can make full use of some good books and gain more useful knowledge. It can make our life more beautiful. We must give up those unhelpful books. They are not good to us. Reading them is wasting time and money. So reading selectively is an importan
37、t part in reading.失分原因：结构失调，表述方式单一典型的对比观点选择题的文章逻辑结构：（启）Paragraph I：（1）引出将要评论的事物或者是观点；（2）简明扼要的提出人们在这个问题上的两种不同看法。（承）Paragraph II：（1）提出一种观点或优点；（2）本段的支持性分论点；（3）本段总结（可以省略） 。（转）Paragraph III：（1）承上启下的过渡句；（2）提出另一种观点或缺点；（3）本段的支持性分论点（4）本段总（可以省略） 。（合）Paragraph IV：（1）平衡两种看法；（2）给出自己的观点。14分How should we read? Sho
38、uld we read selectively or extensively? Everyone has his own view.（启）注：1.第一句提出问题，第二句提出两种见解Some people think we should read selectively. They argue that with the development of modern science and technology, more and more books are published. It is impossible for us to read all the books. Whats more,
39、 there are many bad books that are poisonous to our mind, and we shouldnt read them. Since we cant read all the books and we shouldnt read bad books, we must read selectively.（承）注：1.本段总分总结构2.they argue that = they think that3.with the development of.4.whats more 递进关系，moreoverBut others may not agree
40、, they emphasize that todays society is not what it was. If one man has many kinds of knowledge, he will have more chances to succeed. If a man knows much in one field but knows nothing in other fields, he may be useless. Since we must have many kinds of knowledge, we must read extensively.（转）注：1 .B
41、ut 转折词2.they emphasize that = they think that3.todays society is not what it was 现代社会今昔非比4.许多知识 a wide range of/a large scope of/much；获取知识 acquire/get knowledge5.knows nothinglittle；he may be uselesshe may not be of great use to the society 后者比前者更委婉Whos right? I think both of them have something rig
42、ht. But I think we should read extensively first. We should read books in many fields, and read selectively in one field.（合）11分When it comes to reading, some people think that reading selectively is a good way, but some other people do not agree with them, they think that reading extensively is bett
43、er.Those people, who think that reading selectively is better, believe that good books are as many as bad books. Those good books can give us pleasure and knowledge, while those bad books can only lead us to the wrong way. So, they suggest that we should only choose the good books to read and never
44、touch the bad books.注：1.“people, who”应去掉逗号，改为非限制定语从句。2.they suggest that = they think that3.touch 碰，闪光点词汇，如教材P7：shoulder the responsibility of doing sth. 肩负起责任But, the other people, who hold that reading extensively is better, think that one kind of books can only give us one aspect of knowledge. Ev
45、en the best book only contains one field of information. So, they can easily come to the conclusion that “to know more, to read more”. So they believe that reading extensively is better.To my point, we should choose good books to read and read good books as many as possible. By this way, we can incr
46、ease the quality and quantity of reading.Directions: Write a composition about 120/150 words based on the following outline:1） 当前社会上存在许多不诚实的现象2） 诚实利人利己，做人应该诚实2002.6Topic: Student Use of Computers (at least150 words) Average number of hours a student spends on the computer per week1、上图所示为1990、1995、20
47、00年某校大学生使用计算机的情况，请描述其变化；2、请说明发生这些变化的原因（可从计算机的用途、价格或社会发展等方面加以说明） ；3、你认为目前大学生在计算机使用中有什么困难或问题。2002.1Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic: A Letter to the University President about the Canteen Service on Campus You should write at least 120 words
48、, and base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below: 假设你是李明，请你就本校食堂的状况给校长写一封信，内容应涉及食堂的饭菜质量、价格、环境、服务等，可以是表扬，可以是批评建议，也可以兼而有之。 January 12th, 2002 Dear Mr. President, Li Ming2001.6Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a letter.Suppose you are Zhang Ying. Write
49、a letter to Xiao Wang, a schoolmate of yours who is going to visit you during the week-long holiday. You should write at least 120 words according to the suggestions given below in Chinese. 1.表示欢迎 2.提出过度假安排的建议 3.提醒应注意的事项 A Letter to a Schoolmate June 23,2001 Dear Xiao Wang 2001.1Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic How to Succeed in a Job Interview? You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the outline given in Ch
