简明英语语法.doc

上传人:sk****8 文档编号:3531339 上传时间:2019-06-02 格式:DOC 页数:68 大小:370KB
下载 相关 举报
简明英语语法.doc_第1页
第1页 / 共68页
简明英语语法.doc_第2页
第2页 / 共68页
简明英语语法.doc_第3页
第3页 / 共68页
简明英语语法.doc_第4页
第4页 / 共68页
简明英语语法.doc_第5页
第5页 / 共68页
点击查看更多>>
资源描述

1、简明英语语法 第 1 页 共 68 页简明英语语法一、名词的可数与不可数(一)在学习名词时,有一个问题特别重要-即名词的可数与不可数。其实,可数名词与不可数名词都是属于普通名词。可数名词是指能以数目来计算,可以分成个体的人或东西;因此它有复数形式,当它的复数形式在句子中作主语时,句子的谓语也应用复数形式。例如:Little children are fond of stories .小孩子们喜欢听故事。 Movie stars are usually popular with young people. 影星们常受到年青人的欢迎。它的单数形式前常用不定冠词 a / an , 当它的单数形式在句

2、子中作主语时,句 子的谓语也应用单数形式。例如:There is an orange on the table .桌上有只桔子。 A university is a higher educational institution .大学是高等教育机构。不可数名词是指不能以数目来计算,不可以分成个体的概念、状态、品质、感情或表示物质材料的东西;它一般没有复数形式,只有单数形式,它的前面不能用不定冠词 a / an ,若要表示它的个体意义时,必须与一个名词短语连用,相当于中文里的【一 +(量词)+ 名词】,其中的量词意义依与具体的名词搭配而定。例如:a piece of bread cake(蛋糕)

3、, paper(纸), thread(线), cloth(布),furniture(家具), coal(煤), news(新闻), advice(意见), information(信息), work(工作), meat(肉) 一块面包 一块蛋糕、一张纸、一根线、 an item of information 一则情报 a burst of applause 一阵掌声 a fit of anger 一顿脾气 a slip of paper 一张纸条 a length of cloth 一段布料 a cake of soap 一块肥皂 a tube of tooth-paste 一条牙膏 a bo

4、ttle of ink 一瓶墨水 它在句子中作主语时,句子的谓语也只用单数形式。例如: Water is a liquid .水是液体。Wealth doesnt mean happiness .富有并不意味幸福。 (二)上面提到的可数名词和不可数名词并不是一尘不变的。英文中的很多词都是一词多义,名词也不例外,同是一个词在一种情况下是可数名词,而在另一种场合却是不可数名词:可数名词: a tin 一只锌罐 a relation 亲属 an iron 一把熨斗 a democracy 民主国家 a glass 一只玻璃杯 a beauty 美人,美的东西 a wood 一片树林 a power

5、大国不可数名词: tin 锡 relation 关系 Iron 铁 democracy 民主 glass 玻璃 beauty 美 Wood 木头 power 威力,电力 另外,在很多情况下抽象名词可变成可数名词( A );而可数名词在一定情况下也可以抽象化,变成不可数名词( B ):Would you like some coffee ? (不可数)喝点咖啡好吗?Let me have a coffee . (可数)给我一杯咖啡吧。 Translation is an art . (不可数)翻译是一门艺术。 Ive made an English translation of the book

6、 . (可数) 我已将那本书译成了英文。He got in difficulty again . (不可数)他又有困难了。 They met with many difficulties .(可数) 他们遇到很多困难。我们讨论名词的落脚点在,当名词充当主语时,谓语动词在人称、数等方面必须与其保持一致-即“主谓一致性“的问题。二、主谓一致( Subject-Verb Concord )主谓一致的问题看上去似乎很简单,其实使用起来却不是那么容易,有时候甚至很复杂。这是因为在不同情况下,处理这一问题所依据的原则各不相同。就其在现代语法中的基本原则而言,通常有三个不同角度的着眼点:1、语法一致 2、意

7、义一致 3、就近原则。主谓一致的原则是指,主语和谓语从语法形式上取得一致:主语是单数形式,谓语也采取单数形式;主语是复数形式,谓语亦采取复数形式。例如:A grammar book helps you learn something about the rules of a language.简明英语语法 第 2 页 共 68 页(主语是单数形式,谓语也采取单数形式)语法书帮助你学习语言的某些规则。Grammar books help you learn something about the rules of a language.(主语是复数形式,谓语也采取复数形式)语法书帮助你学习语言的

8、某些规则。主语和谓语从语法形式上取得一致的问题远不只上述的那么简单,有许多方面的情况需要去具体地对待:#不定式、动名词、以及从句作主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数。例如:Reading often means learning .读书常意味是学习。To read English aloud every morning does you a lot of good.每天早晨朗读英语有许多好处。What he said has been recorded .他说的话已被录音了。# 不定代词 one, every, each, everybody, everyone, one of, no one,

9、 nothing, nobody, someone, somebody, either, neither, many a 等作主语或是修饰主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数。例如:Neither of my sisters likes sports .我的妹妹中没人喜欢运动。Many a student takes a walk on campus after dinner.许多学生晚饭后常在校园里散步。Every boy and girl shows great interest in extra-curriculum activities .每个男孩和女孩对课外活动都表现出很大的兴趣。# 表

10、示国家、机构、事件、作品等名称的专有名词作主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数。例如: One Thousand And One Nights tells people lots of mysterious bits of folklore .一千零一夜给人们讲了许多神秘的民间传说。The United States is leading the world in science and technology .美国常在世界科技方面领先。The United Nations play an important role in the international affairs .联合国在国际事务中

11、起着重要作用。# a portion, a series of, a kind of, the number of 等与名词构成名词短语作主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数。例如: A series of high technology products has been laid out in the exhibition. 一系列高科技产品已在展览上展出。The number of printing mistakes in some recent books often surprises people even to death.近来一些书籍里印刷错误的数量让人吃惊得要命。A substa

12、ntial portion of the reports is missing .这些报告都没有提及实质问题。A kind of rose in the garden smells very pleasant.这座花园里有一种玫瑰香气怡人。# 由 some, several, both, few, many, a number of 等词修饰主语、或是由它们自身作主语时应看作复数,谓语动词用复数。另外,由 and 连接两个主语时,谓语一般用复数。例如:On the seashore, some people are playing volleyball and some are lying i

13、n the sun. 海边,有些人在打排球,有些人躺着晒太阳。Both of us are fond of watching football games .我们俩都喜欢看足球赛。A number of will-be graduates are voluntarily going to work in the West of China. 许多即将毕业的学生打算自愿去中国西部工作。# 有些短语,如:a lot of, most of, any of, half of , three fifths of, eighty percent of, some of, none of, the res

14、t of , all of 等后接不可数名词、或是单数形式的名词作主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数;但如果后接可数名词的复数形式作主语时应看作复数,谓语动词用复数。例如:A lot of money in the shop was stolen yesterday when the electricity was suddenly cut off. 昨天突然断电时,那家商店丢失了许多钱。A lot of books about Investment Fund have been published recently.最近出版了许多关于投资基金的书籍。意义一致( Notional Concord

15、 )这一原则是指,从意义着眼来解决主谓一致问题。有时主语形式上为单数,但意义上却是复数,那么谓语依意义也用复数形式;而有时主语形式上为复数,但意义上却是单数,那么谓语依意义亦用单数形式。 1) 当主语后面接由 as well as, as much as, accompanied by, including, in addition to, more 简明英语语法 第 3 页 共 68 页than,no less than, rather than, together with 等引导的词组时,其谓语动词的形式要依主语的单复数而定。在这样的句子里,这些词所引导的词组不影响主语自身的单、复数形式

16、,它们在句子里其实是状语。也就是说,我们完全可以将这些词组搬到句首或是放到句末去。从表面上我们也可以看出,它们与主语之间有“,“隔开。例如:Petroleum, along with fuel gas, has recently risen in price.最近石油和燃料煤气的价格上涨了。The teacher, with all his students, is going to have a picnic this weekend.老师打算这个周末与学生们一起去野炊。The students, together with their teacher , are going to have

17、 a picnic this weekend.学生们打算这个周末与他们的老师一起去野炊。The warehouse, with all its stockings, was burned last night.昨晚,那个仓库连同其所有的货物一起被烧毁了。我们完全可以将上面句子中的那些词组都分别搬到句首或是放到句末去,因为它们在句子里是状语:Petroleum has recently risen in price, along with fuel gas.Along with fuel gas, petroleum has recently risen in price.The student

18、s are going to have a picnic this weekend together with their teacher.As well as the suitcase, the missing things have been found and returned to the owner.The missing things have been found and returned to the owner, as well as the suitcase.2) 表示时间、金钱、距离、体积、重量、面积、数字等词语作主语时,其意义若是指总量应看作单数,谓语动词用单数;但如果

19、其意义是指“有多少数量“则应该看作是复数,那么谓语动词也应该用复数。例如:Four weeks are often approximately regarded as one month.人们常大约地将四个星期看成一个月。Twenty years stands for a long period in ones life.二十年在人的一生里意味着一个很长的时期。Eighty dollars are enough for a student to spend on food for one week.八十块钱给一个学生吃一个月的伙食是足够的了。3) 形容词前加定冠词即“the + 形容词“作主语

20、时,其意义若是指个人或是抽象概念应看作单数,谓语动词用单数;但如果其意义是指一类人则应该看作是复数,那么谓语动词也应该用复数。例如:The young, on the one hand, often think of the old conservative. On the other hand, the old always consider the young inexperience. 一方面,青年人常认为老年人保守;另一方面,老年人总是认为青年人没有经验。In many stories, the good are well rewarded and the bad are doomed

21、 to unfortunate. 在许多故事里,好人总是有好报;坏人注定要倒霉。 4)当 and 连接两个并列主语在意义上指同一人、同一物、同一事或者同一概念时,应看作单数,谓语动词用单数。另外,当 and 连接两个形容词去修饰一个单数形式的主语时,其实是指两种不同的事物,主语则应该看作是复数,那么谓语动词也应该用复数。例如:War and peace is a constant theme in history. 战争与和平是一个历史上的永恒的主题。Chinese and Japanese silk are of good quality.中国丝绸和日本丝绸质量都很好。Different p

22、eople respectively welcome White and black coffee.加奶的咖啡与清咖啡都分别受到不同人们的喜爱。5) 集体名词作主语时,谓语动词的数取决于主语的意义:主语表示整体时视为单数,谓语动词用单数;主语表示集体中的个体成员时视为复数,谓语动词用复数。这类集体名词常见的有:army, audience, cattle, class, club, committee, crowd, family, government, group, majority, minority, part, people, police, public, staff, team

23、等等,其中 cattle,people,police 一般看成复数形式。例如:The family are all fond of football. 那一家人都喜欢足球。The family is the tiniest cell of the society. 家庭是社会的最小的细胞。The public has every reason to be cautious of professional deception. 人民大众完全有理由谨防职业骗局。The public now come to know the whole story. 人们现在越来越清楚那是怎么回事了。简明英语语法

24、第 4 页 共 68 页就近原则( Principle of Proximity )这一原则是指,谓语动词的人称和数常常与最近作主语的词语保持一致。常出现在这类句子中的连词有:or, either or , neither nor ,not only but also 等。例如:Either I or they are responsible for the result of the matter.不是我,就是他们要对那件事的结局负责任。Neither the unkind words nor the unfriendly attitude has caused me any distres

25、s.既不是那些不友好的话,也不是那不友好的态度让我沮丧。Not only he but also all his family are keen on concerts.不仅仅是他,而且是他全家人都很热衷于音乐会。Neither his family nor he knows anything about it.他全家人和他都不知道那件事。三、冠词冠词在英文中属于虚词,在句子里主要是对名词起限定作用。这类词的数量很小,但是其活动性却很大,很大。在英文中,a / an 并不等于 one 。例:He only has one dictionary.他只有一本词典。(正确 ) He only has

26、 a dictionary.他只有一本词典。(错误 ) One minute is enough for me to do it . 我做这件事一分钟足够了。(正确) A minute is enough for me to do it . 我做这件事一分钟足够了(错误 ) 1) 不定冠词在句子中最大的语法功能是:用在可数名词的单数形式前表示泛指-表明一类人或事物区别于它类。 例:I am a Chinese. 我是(一个)中国人。 This is a book. 这是(一本)书。2)为了读音的方便,在以元音音素开头的可数名词的单数名词前用 an 而不用 a。当我们使用 an 时,条件有三:这

27、个名词的读音必须是以元音音素开头-即它的 音标的第一个音素是元音,而不是说它是以元音字母开头。它必须是个可数名词。它还必须是个单数名词。我们常常见到这类用法:a university 一所大学 an hour 一个小时 an orange 一只桔子 an engineer 一位工程师 an ordinary man 一个普通人an honest person 一位诚实的人3)定冠词在句子中,既可以用于可数名词前,也可以用于不可数名词前;既用在可数名词的单数形式前,也用在可数名词的复数形式前。从表达意义上讲,它既可表达 this, that 之意义,也可表达 these, those 之意义。例

28、:This is the very ink Im going to buy. 这正是我要买的那种墨水。 The words on the blackboard are to be learned next time. 黑板上的这些单字是下次课要学的。4) 定冠词在句子中最大的语法功能是对名词加以限定,使其成为具有某种意 义的特定名词。这种“特定意义“通过比较是不难看出的。例: Here are the records you want. 这些是你要的唱片。 I bought some records yesterday. 昨天我买了几张唱片。 Have you decided on the p

29、rices yet? 价格你们确定了吗? 了解了上述关于冠词的几个基本概念以后,我们就可以来进一步讨论冠词基本用法的具体情况了。不定冠词基本用法1)用于泛指人或者事 She wanted to rent an apartment near the campus. .她想在学校附近租一套房子。Before she left for London, Sally sent me a picture of herself. 萨莉动身去伦敦前送给我一张她的照片。A grammar book is necessary to a language learner. 对语言学习者来说,语法书是很必要的。A t

30、eacher likes putting a watch on his / her desk while lecturing .老师讲课时总爱将手表放在讲台上。简明英语语法 第 5 页 共 68 页2) 用于某些词组中。这种用法是约定束成的,我们只有遵从而无旁的选择。例如:have a rest(休息) have a look(瞧瞧) have a good time(过得开心)take a shower(淋浴) take a break(休息) take a bath(洗澡) get a cold(患感冒) get a fever(发烧) develop into a habit (养成习惯

31、)make a living(谋生) make a guess at(猜测) make a difference between(区分)in a moment(过一会儿) in a sense(在某种意义上) in a way(在某种程度上) once in a while(间或) have an advantage over(优于)have an edge(略胜过)as a result(因此)as a rule(通常)as a whole(总体上说)定冠词基本用法:1)特指某人、某事 Wellington is the capital of New Zealand. 惠灵顿是新西兰的首都。

32、This is the classroom where we often attend lectures. 这是我们常上课的教室。Where are the other students? 其他学生在哪儿?This is the head of our delegation.这是我们代表团团长。2)指世上独一无二的事物 We have friends all over the world .我们的朋友遍天下。The moon goes around the earth .月亮绕着地球转。The sun is rising in the east .太阳在东方冉冉升起。They have lau

33、nched several satellites into the outer space .他们已向外层空间发射了几颗人造卫星。3)重提前文中提到过的人或事物(即文中第二次出现的人或事物)He, suddenly, saw an isolated house at the foot of the mountain. And curiosity made him approaching the house. 他突然看到山脚下有一栋孤独的房子;好奇心驱使他向那栋房子走了过去。Last weekend, I met a girl at the party given by my friend. A

34、nd the girl happens to be one of my former schoolmates. 上周末,我在朋友举行的聚会上遇到了一位女孩;那位女孩碰巧是我的一个老同学。4)说话人和听话人都熟悉的人或事物 Be sure to bring me the book when you come next time. 你下次来一定要将那本带给我。-Where to go Jack ? -To the library. 杰克,你去哪里?-去图书馆。-Do you know where the dictionary is ? 你知道那本词典在哪儿吗?-Its on the desk by

35、 the computer.在电脑旁边的书桌上。5)用于序数词、形容词的最高级形式、和表示方位的名词前Thanksgiving Day is on the 4th Thursday in November. 感恩节在每年十一月的第四个星期四。Changjiang is the longest river in China. 长江是中国最长的河流。Japan lies to the east of China .日本位于中国的东面。 He is one the most famous football stars in the world. 他是世界最著名的足球明星之一。6)间或用于单数的可数名

36、词前表示泛指 The compass was invented in China.指南针是中国发明的。The horse is a useful animal .马是有用的动物。The tiger is in danger of extinct .老虎有绝种的危险。The monkey is a clever animal. 猴是一种聪明的动物。注:这种“泛指“是从整个属类的意义上说,而不是“用一个人或物来说明整个属类的特点“。也就是说,属前者情况时加用定冠词表示泛指,属后者情况时则加不定冠词表示泛指。7)用于某些由普通名构成的专有名词前 the Peoples Republic of Chi

37、na 中华人民共和国 the United States of America 美利坚合众国简明英语语法 第 6 页 共 68 页the Ming Dynasty 明朝 the Great Wall 长城 the Great Cultural Revolution 文化大革命8)用于某些词组中。这种用法是约定束成的,我们只有遵从而无旁的选择。 in the morning ( afternoon , evening )上午(下午,晚上) go to the cinema 看电影 on the whole 总体上 to the best of 就所及 the sane as 和一样 out of

38、 the question 不可能的 on the one hand 一方面 on the other hand 另一方面 on the average 一般说来 on the contrary 相反地 in the least 一点,丝毫 in the long run 从长远来看 in the event of 万一 in the final analysis 归根结底9)定冠词+形容词使形容词名词化We always stand for the oppressed and the exploited. 我们永远支持受压迫、受剥削的人们。The aged are well taken ca

39、re of in the community. 在这个社区,老人得到了很好的照顾。She was fond of writing about the unusual. 她喜欢写一些古怪的题材。The school for the deaf and the blind is just newly built. 那所聋哑人学校是刚刚新建的。零冠词(即:不用任何冠词)的使用情况1)复数可数名词前不用任何冠词,表示泛指。Horses are useful animals .马是有用的动物。Children are often curious about things around them. 孩子常对

40、他们周围的事物很好奇。2)不可数名词前不用任何冠词,表示泛指。Water is colorless .水是无色的。Iron is one of the most useful metals . 铁是最有用的金属之一。The world is made of matter .世界是由物质构成的。People cant live without air .没有空气,人就无法生存。3)呼语或表示头衔的名词前不用任何冠词Professor Li just came back from New Zealand . 李教授刚从新西兰回来。Mr. Rieder likes tennis .里德先生喜欢打网球

41、。Doctor Smith sent me a birthday present yesterday .史密斯博士昨天送给我一份生日礼物。4)含有 day 的节日名词前不用任何冠词New Years Day 元旦 Womens Day 妇女节 Youth Day 青年节 May Day 五一劳动节 Childrens Day 儿童节 Mothers Day 母亲节 Fathers Day 父亲节 Teachers Day 教师节 National Day 国庆节5)球类运动、棋类游戏或表示三餐饭的名词前不用任何冠词He likes playing basketball and football

42、. 他喜欢打篮球、踢足球。We are invited to dinner in her family this evening.我们今晚应邀去她的家吃饭。6)专有名词前不用任何冠词Zhengzheng was promoted to professor in 1997. 郑征于己于 1997 年晋升为教授。Xiong Dunli is the director of the foreign languages department. 熊敦礼是外语系主任。7)表示季节,月份或星期的名词前不用任何冠词Milk is liable to go bad in summer.牛奶在夏季易变质.。She

43、 was born on October 29th .她生于十月二十九日。We have our lectures everyday except Thursday 除了星期四我们每天都有课。简明英语语法 第 7 页 共 68 页8)前面已有人称代词、指示代词或不定代词作定语的名词前不用任何冠词My house is much bigger than his. 我家的房子比他的大多了。This garden is newly built .这座花园是新建的。Each member in our department has a computer. 我们系人手一部计算机。9)某些习语或固定词组中

44、的名词前不用任何冠词这种用法是约定束成的,我们只有遵从而无旁的选择。go to school 上学 at school 在学校 after school 放学后 go to bed 睡觉 in bed 在床上 day by day 日复一日 by way of 途经 by chance 意外地by nature 天生地 by mistake 无意地板 for instance 例如 for example 例如 from time to time 不时地 in case 以防万一 in fact 事实上 in memory of 为纪念 keep pace with 跟上步伐四、代词( the

45、 Pronoun )代词是用来指代人或事物的词。代词可分为下列八类:一、人称代词( Personal Pronouns ) we , I , you , they, us, me, etc.二、物主代词( Possessive Pronouns ) our, my ,your, their, his, her, etc.三、反身代词(Reflective Pronouns) ourselves, myself, yourselves, yourself , herself , etc.四、相互代词( Reciprocal Pronouns ) each other ,one another ,

46、 etc.五、指示代词( Demonstrative Pronouns ) this , that , these , those , such , etc.六、疑问代词( Interrogative Pronouns ) what, when, who, where, whose, etc. 七、关系代词( Relative Pronouns) what, when, who, where, whose , etc. 八、不定代词( Indefinite Pronouns ) any , some ,every , many , much , a little , etc. 我们对代词是很熟

47、悉的,因此我不打算逐个地介绍每一类代词;我只想较具体地说明几个在使用代词时应注意的问题。(一)指代必须准确无误我们知道代词是用来指代人或事物的词,那么如果在使用代词时指代不清楚,就会引起他人的误解、费解、甚至不理解.例如:While carrying the paint can from the garage to the house, Marry was afraid that some of it might spill on her new skirt. 当玛莉从车库把油漆罐搬到屋里时,她担心油漆会溅到她的新裙子上。(二)关于人称代词、反身代词、物主代词在使用这三类代词时,我们要注意它们

48、在句中的人称、单复数、及性和格的一致性。(三)反身代词的作用 反身代词在句子中可作宾语:当它作动词宾语时,动作的执行者与承受者往往是同一个人或同一件事物;当它作介词 by 的宾语时,则表示强调。例:The prisoner killed himself by taking poison. 犯人服毒自杀了。He finished the work by himself. 他独自完成了那件工作。反身代词在句子中也可作同位语,用来加强名词或代词的语气,强调某人亲自、本人;这时它可能在名词、代词之后,也可能在句子末尾。例:The students will clean the classroom th

49、emselves. 学生们将自己打扫教室。I myself heard him say it . 我亲耳听他说的。 (四)物主代词形容词性物主代词只能作定语,例:My brother often does his homework in his room. 我的弟弟常在他房间里做作业。The newly-built house is our laboratory. 那幢新建的房子是我们的实验室。 Anything has its character individually. 任何事物都有其各自的特征。名词性物主代词则可以在句中充当主语、宾语、表语。它的意义= 形容词性物主代词+名词;或者说它相当于名词。例: His dictionary is English-Chinese, but mine is English-English. 他的词典是英汉的,我的是全英的。 We each bought a new book. Yours is about management and mine is about the American history. 我们一人买了一本书。你的是关于管理的,我的是关于美国历史的。简明英语语法 第 8 页 共 68 页(五)不

展开阅读全文
相关资源
相关搜索

当前位置:首页 > 实用文档资料库 > 策划方案

Copyright © 2018-2021 Wenke99.com All rights reserved

工信部备案号浙ICP备20026746号-2  

公安局备案号:浙公网安备33038302330469号

本站为C2C交文档易平台,即用户上传的文档直接卖给下载用户,本站只是网络服务中间平台,所有原创文档下载所得归上传人所有,若您发现上传作品侵犯了您的权利,请立刻联系网站客服并提供证据,平台将在3个工作日内予以改正。