1、航空英语证书考试(PEC)-航空术语定义ATerm Definitionaerodyne A heavier-than-air craft, deriving its lift from motion.aeronaut Pilot or crew of lighter-than-gas craft.aeroplaneA power driven heavier than air aircraft that derives support in the atmosphere from the reactions of the air on its surfaces that remain fix
2、ed under given conditions of flight.(Also airplane)aerostat A lighter-than-air craft, such as a balloon or airship. Its lift is caused by buoyancy relative to surrounding air.aileronsOn an aircraft, the ailerons are a control surface usually on the trailing edge of the wings. The ailerons are used t
3、o control roll. The ailerons are on the outside of the wings and operate oppositely (If one goes up, the other goes down).aircraft A vehicle that can travel through the air.airplane A powered aircraft that derives its lift from the movement of air over fixed lifting surfaces. (Also aeroplane)airship
4、 A lighter-than-air craft that can be steered and propelled through the air. (Also dirigible)attitude The orientation of an aircraft with respect to the horizon.autogyro A rotor-craft with unpowered blades - it requires a separate engine to provide forward motion before lift is developed.aviator Pil
5、ot or crew member of an aircraft.available seat milesAvailable seat miles (ASMs) is a measure of an airline flights passenger carrying capacity. It is equal to the number of seats onboard an aircraft multiplied by the distance flown in miles. For example, a 100-seat aircraft flying 100 miles would r
6、esult in 10,000 ASMs. Seats that are not available for sale to revenue-paying passengers (e.g., seats reserved for crew rest, etc.) are excluded from this calculation. The amount of ASMs flown by an airline during a specified period equals the sum of ASMs flown on all flights during the period.aviat
7、rix Female aviator (Obsolete, potentially offensive in modern use.)available ton miles(ATMs)Tons multiplied by miles flown. It is an international measure of the capacity available for a carrier. It is also used to measure capacity available for freight carriers.BTerm Definitionballoon An unpowered
8、lighter-than-air craft.biplane An aeroplane with two similar-sized wings (or pairs of wings), exactly or approximately in vertical alignment.blimp Non-rigid airship. Its shape is maintained by internal pressure.breakeven load factorThe load factor necessary for an airline to break even. It is a func
9、tion of the percent of seats filled at a particular yield versus the airlines operating costs.CTerm Definitioncamber The curved upper surface of the wing.control surfaceAny moveable surface on an aircraft which controls its motion about one of the three principal axes. Ailerons, elevators, and the r
10、udder are examples of control surfaces. In addition, other type of roll control surfaces are roll spoilers that dump lift on one wing or another (as opposed to ailerons), spoilerons (combined spoiler and aileron), and Flaperon (combined flap and aileron). Other combined controls include the rudderva
11、tor (combined elevator and rudder as on the “V“ tailed Beech Model 35), Elevons combining elevator and ailerons and Flailavators which control pitch & roll as well as flaps in wing trailing edge control surfaces. Other subsidiary controls are pitch, roll, and rudder trim tabs and the adjustable pitc
12、h tailplane (the whole tailplane moves to trim the pitch axis).center of gravity(CG)The point at which the mass of the aircraft is balanced. This changes depending on the loading of the aircraft: fuel, passengers, luggage, etc. Different aircraft have CG limits specified by their manufacturer. If th
13、e CG of the aircraft in its current configuration is outside of the specified limits, the aircraft may be unsafe to fly. For example, if the CG is behind the aft (rear) CG limit, the aircraft will tend to stall.courseThe direction in which the aircraft is moving, not to be confused with the heading
14、which is the direction the aircraft is pointing. The course and heading will usually differ because of crosswinds (see crab). The course is also different from the track which is properly the path over the ground that the aircraft has already flown (although course and track are sometimes used synon
15、ymously).cost per available seat mile(CASM) The unit operating cost of a carrier, also known as unit cost. The cost, expressed in cents to operate each seat mile offered. Determined by dividing operating costs by ASM (available seat miles).crabA crab is a maneuver used to eliminate the drift of an a
16、ircraft caused by wind. The pilot will offset the heading of the aircraft from the desiredtrack by a calculated amount, and the aircrafts velocity combined with the wind through vector addition will give a net movement in the desired direction.chord The dimension of a wing parallel to the direction
17、of motion.(Compare with span and thickness.)DTerm DefinitiondihedralangleThe angle that an aeroplanes wings make relative to the lateral axis (horizontal plane, when on level ground). A larger dihedral angle gives greater roll(lateral) stability at the cost of efficiency. If the wings angle upwards,
18、 it is called the dihedral angle. Downward angled wings are said to have an anhedral angle (increasingly referred to as negative dihedral).dirigibleA lighter-than-air craft that can be steered and propelled through the air. From the French word dirigeable meaning steerable. (This term is generally c
19、onsidered out-of-date. The modern term is airship.)dry lease A lease in which just the aircraft is provided with no crew and maintenance guarantees.ETerm Definitionelevons On an aeroplane, elevons are a single control surface which combines the function of the elevators and ailerons in one. They are
20、 usually seen ondelta-wing aircraft.elevator On an aeroplane, the elevators are a control surface usually on the trailing edge of the horizontal stabilizer. The elevators are used to controlpitch.FTerm DefinitionfeatherTo rotate the pitch of the propeller blades until they are oriented directly into
21、 the airflow, providing the least air resistance and no thrust. The propeller is usually feathered when an engine fails.flight levelFlight level is the nominal altitude of an aircraft referenced to a standard pressure datum, as opposed to the real altitude above mean sea level.flapsFlaps (often conf
22、used with any of the other moveable surfaces) are used on wings to increase lift and/or increase drag as an aircraft flies progressively slower. Increased lift is usually achieved by increasing the wing area and the camber(shape) of the wing to a lesser extent. Increased drag will arise from increas
23、ing the area and camber but the greatest effect is achieved with large changes in camber.GTerm Definitionglider An unpowered fixed-wing heavier-than-air craft. (Also sailplane)glideslope An instrument on the ground to allow an instrumental landing.HTerm Definitionheading The direction in which an ai
24、rcraft is pointing, measured clockwise in degrees from North. Note that this is not necessarily the same as the aircrafts track because of wind.helicopter A rotor craft with one or more sets of powered blades.HIGEHover In Ground Effect. Hovering within one rotor diameter of the ground in order where
25、 performance is increased by the interaction of the helicopters rotor downwash and the ground.HOGE Hover Out of Ground Effect. Hovering at greater than one rotor diameter from the ground where re is no interaction between rotor downwash and the ground.ITerm Definitioninstrument flight rules(IFR)A re
26、gulatory term describing a flight which may be conducted in atmospheric conditions where the pilot cannot fly the aircraft solely by reference to the natural horizon (e.g. in cloud and fog) and must fly only by reference to the aircraft instruments. Compare to Visual flight rules.LTerm Definitionlan
27、ding gearStructure that supports the aircrafts weight when it is not airborne, often including a shock absorbing mechanism. Wheels can be used for hard surfaces, skis or skids for ice or snow, and floats or pontoons if landing on the water. Some aircraft like flying boats do not require landing gear
28、, since their hull can support themload factor(LF)The percentage of seats filled. Determined by dividing Revenue Passenger Miles by Available Seat Miles. Also a measure of the factor of loading on an aircraft, with comparison to gravity. Increases in steep turns and other abrupt manouvers. Given as
29、a factor of gravity with 1g being the standardised acceleration at sea level on land.MTerm Definitionmayday International distress call, derived from the French “Maidez“ literal translation “help me“momentA measurement of weight at a specific distance (moment arm) from a reference point. This measur
30、ement is used to verify the aircraft is within the Center of Gravity (CG) limits. Reference points vary between aircraft.monocoque An object (as in a wing or fuselage) whose skin supports the load as opposed to an internal frame.monoplane An aeroplane with one wing (or pairs of wings).PTerm Definiti
31、onpanne French for non critical breakdown, acronym PANparaglider A paraglider is a gliding parakite or kite, a type of hang glider that uses one or more tethers to suspend payload.pitch A measure of the degree to which an aircrafts nose tilts up or down. Also a measure of the angle of attack of a pr
32、opeller.pitot tubeA Pitot tube is a measuring instrument used to measure fluid flow, and more specifically, used to determine airspeed on aircraft. The Pitot tube is named after its inventor, Henri Pitot, and was modified to its modern form by Henry Darcy.powerplant A powered aircrafts source of pow
33、er, usually either a jet engine or a conventional engine and propeller.pressure altitudeThe indicated altitude when an altimeter is set to 1013 hPa (29.92 inHg US and Canada).RTerm Definitionroll Rotation about an axis aligned with the direction in which the aircraft is flying. This axis is also kno
34、wn as the longitudinal axis.rotorcraft An aircraft that derives its lift from rotating lifting surfaces (usually called blades)rudder On an aeroplane, the rudder is a control surface usually on the trailing edge of the vertical stabilizer or fin. The rudder is used to controlyaw.ruddervators On an a
35、eroplane, ruddervators are a single control surface which combine the function of the rudder and elevators in one. They are usually seen onv-tail aircraft.STerm Definitionsailplane An unpowered fixed-wing heavier-than-air craft. (Also glider)sesquiplane An aeroplane with two wings (or pairs of wings
36、), where one (often the lower) is significantly smaller than the other in span and/or chord.slipA manoevre where an aeroplane pilot rolls the aircraft in one direction with the ailerons and yaws it in the opposite direction with the rudder. This results in the aircraft continuing to move forward but
37、 presenting a larger cross-section to the oncoming air - thereby creating drag and causing the aeroplane to lose altitude rapidly in a controlled manner.span The dimension of a wing perpendicular to the direction of motion. (Compare with chord and thickness.)specific impulseThe specific impulse of a
38、 propulsion system is the impulse (change in momentum) per unit of propellant.stabilatorOn an aeroplane, a stabilator is a surface which combines the function of the horizontal stabilizer and elevators in one by allowing the entire horizontal stabilizer to move and control the pitch of the aircraft.
39、stall a condition of an airplane or an airfoil in which lift decreases and drag increases due to the separation of airflow.SPS Standard Positioning Services.TTerm Definitiontailplane Usually synonymous with Stabilator (q.v.).trackThe path on the ground over which an aircraft has flown. Also used syn
40、onymously with course, the direction in which an aircraft is moving relative to the ground. Note that this is not necessarily the same as the aircrafts heading.thickness The vertical dimension of a wing. (Compare with span and chord.)threshold The beginning of the part of the runway usable for landi
41、ngthrustThrust is the force upon a system (such as a rocket or jet engine) generated when that system expels or accelerates mass. The resultant thrust force is equal to and in the opposite direction of the expelled mass.touchdown zone (TDZ)The first 3000 feet of the runway or the first third of the
42、runway, whichever is less, measured from the thresholdtriplane An aeroplane with three similar-sized wings (or pairs of wings), exactly or approximately in vertical alignment.UTerm DefinitionultralightA small, powered aircraft which is extremely light and seats only one or two occupants. Ultralights
43、 are popular among hobbyists for being cost-effective and having lenient regulation.VTerm Definitionvisual flight rules (VFR)A regulatory term describing flights that are conducted only in conditions where the pilot can see the ground, or in some instances is flying in the free space above a cloud.
44、Compare to Instrument flight rules.V speeds Speeds that define certain performance and limiting characteristics of an aircraft.VSI Vertical Speed Indicator, shows the rate of climb or decent.WTerm Definitionwet leaseA wet lease is any leasing arrangement whereby a company agrees to provide an aircra
45、ft and at least one pilot to another company. It does not include a code sharing arrangement.wind shear a quick change in wind speed or direction.wing A lifting surface of an airplane/aeroplane or sailplane.YTerm Definitionyaw Rotation in a horizontal plane about the normally vertical axis - turning to left or right. Generally the control surface to yaw is the rudder
