1、英汉翻译实务第 9 讲Amplification 增词法前言：By amplification, also called addition, means supplying necessary words in our translation work on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original so as to make the version correct and clear, to make it appear more like the language translated into.A translator sho
2、uld try to supply necessary words to make his version both accurate in meaning and in keeping with the idiomatic use of the target language. It is for the purpose of faithful representation of the thought of the author that we often resort to “amplification”.例 1：presidential historian 总统的历史学家研究总统的历史
3、学家例 2：For mistakes had been made, bad ones, he was severely criticized.因为已经犯了错误，很严重，他受到了严厉的批评.“因为已经犯了错误， 而且 是很严重的错误，他受到了严厉的批评 ”一 根据意义或修辞上的需要（一） 增加动词：由于意义上的需要及英汉语言上的差异，英语中重复用词的情况较少，而汉语有时为了达到一定的修辞效果，经常使用重叠或排比句，翻译成汉语时需要在名词前增加动词。1) In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis ex
4、hibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communiqu.晚上在（参加）宴会、 （出席）音乐会、 （观看）乒乒球表演之后，他还得起草最后公报。2) Matter can be changed into energy, and energy into matter.物质可以转换成能量，能量可以转化为物质。3) His parents cannot afford the loss of their son; our young son, his father; and I my husband.他（王伟）的父母不能失去儿子，我们
5、的儿子不能失去父亲，我不能失去丈夫。4) My work, my family and my friends were more than enough to fill my time.我干工作，做家务， 朋友往来，这些占用了我的全部时间。5) Reading makes a full man, conference a ready man and writing an exact man.读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，写作使人准确。（二）增加形容词1) With what enthusiasm the Chinese people are building socialism.中国人民正在以多
6、么高的热情建设社会主义啊！2) It will make a man of him in the Army.军营将会把他造就成堂堂的男子汉。（三）增加副词根据原文的上下文，有些动词在一定的场合可增加适当的副词，以确切表达原意。1) After the thunderstorm, the clouds melted away. 雷雨过后，乌云渐渐散去。3) Now and then, his boots shone. 他的靴子时时闪闪发光。4) A seagull saw the light from my window and darted up to it.一只海鸥看见从我窗户透出的灯光，一
7、下子扑了上去。(四) 增加名词1在不及物动词后增加名词由于英语中有及物动词和不及物动词之分，有时宾语隐藏在动词后面，翻译成汉语时需要把宾语补充出来。To do some shopping 买东西To do some washing 洗衣服He began to see things and to understand. 他开了眼界，懂了一些名堂。He ate and drank, for he was exhausted. 由于疲倦了，他吃了些东西，喝了点酒。The invading troops looted and raped wherever they went. 入侵士兵到处抢劫财物，
8、奸污妇女。2. 在形容词前增加名词1) “It is really nice and cheap. You will regret for not buying it later.”这真是物美价廉，你不买会后悔的。2) She was walking in the street alone, weary and ragged.她独自一人走在大街上,面容憔悴，衣衫褴褛。3) She is extroverted, smiling all the day.她性格开朗，整天面带笑容。4) He is a complicated man-moody, mercurial, with a melanch
9、oly streak.他是个性格复杂的人喜怒无常，反复多变，有些忧郁寡欢。3. 在抽象名词后增加名词：某些由动词或形容词派生出来的抽象名词，翻译时可根据上下文在其后面增添适当的名词，使译文更符合汉语习惯，表达更为准确。to persuade 说服 persuasion 说服工作to prepare 准备 preparation 准备工作to resolve 解决 resolution 解决方案backward 落后 backwardness 落后状态tense 紧张 tension 紧张气氛arrogant 自满 arrogance 自满情绪mad 疯狂 madness 疯狂行为antagon
10、istic 敌对 antagonism 敌对态度patriotic 爱国的 patriotism 爱国热情romantic 浪漫 romance 浪漫色彩/风格complacent 自满 complacency 自满情绪necessary 必要 necessity 必要性1) The remedies you proposed are neat and easy but impossible.你提的补救措施倒是干净利落，轻而易举，但是行不通。2) From the evaporation of water people know that liquids can turn into gases
11、 under certain condition.人们从水的蒸发现象了解到，液体在一定条件下能变成气体。（五）增加表示复数的词：由于汉语名词的复数没有词形的变化，很多情况下不必表达出来，但有时需要通过增加“们，各位，诸位”等。如“各位领导，各位嘉宾，老师们，同学们，大家好！” （ladies and gentlemen）1. 增加重叠词表示复数1) Flowers bloom all over the yard. （朵朵）2) Newsmen went flying off to Iraq to get the latest news. （记者纷纷）3) There were rows of
12、houses which he had never seen before. （一排排）2增加数词或其他词1) The lion is the king of animals. （百兽之王）2) The very earth trembled as with the tramps of horses and murmur of angry men.连大地都震动了，仿佛万马奔腾，千夫怒吼。3) She passed the exams with the help of the classmates. 同学们4) The US had a brief period of regional feud
13、alism during the period of slavery in the southern states. 南方各州5) Note that the words “sense” and “sensitivity” are different. 两个词不同（六）增加表达时间的词：由于英汉语言的差异，英语动词随时态的变化而变化，而汉语动词没有词形的变化，但有时为了表达的需要和准确性，需要增加一些表示时间的词如：曾，曾经，已经，过了，了，那时，此时，当时，在，正在, 着，将，将要，就要，就会，便等。1) She came to the school in 1998. She had tau
14、ght English in two schools. 在那以前2) The old man had taught the boy to fish and the boy loved him.曾经3) Whereas Kissinger had once needed Nixon as a channel to power, Nixon now needed Kissinger to help him remain in power.当年，基辛格曾需要尼克松的援引而获得权势，而今（如今） ，尼克松需要基辛格帮他继续掌权。4) They say his father was a fisherma
15、n. Maybe he was as poor as we are. 他们说他父亲曾是个渔夫，或许他过去跟我们现在一样穷。5) My father is cooking, but my mother watching TV.我爸爸在煮饭，而妈妈正看电视。6) I knew it quite well as I know it now.我当时（过去）就跟现在一样清楚。（七）增加语气词。汉语中的语气词很多，如：的，吧，呢，啊，呀，嘛，啦，了，罢了，而已，在翻译时，需要在准确理解原文意义和修辞色彩的基础上增加适当的语气词。1) Dont take it seriously. Im just maki
16、ng fun of you. 不要认真嘛，我只不过开开玩笑罢了（而已） 。2) As for her, she did not love him from the very beginning. （她呢，从一开始就没爱过他）3) That shop has been moved for ages, dont you know? （难道）（八）增加量词：英语中数词与可数名词直接连用，他们之间没有量词，而汉语必须借助量词，因此，翻译时需要增加量词。1. A bike a deskA computer a tractorAn apartment a full moonA gift a paper1)
17、 A stream was winding its way through the valley into the river. 一弯溪水蜿蜒流过山谷，会合到江里去了。2) This too was a complete lie. 那简直是一派胡言。2 英语中有些动词或者动作名词，翻译时需要增加一些表示行为、动作量的动量词。E.g. Have a rest, have a wash (洗一下)1）He gave her a sly look. 他狡猾地看了她一眼。2）Please come in and take a look. 请进来看一看。（九）增加概括词有时候把英语翻译成汉语时，需要把句
18、中的连词省略掉而增加概括词。1) The Americans and Japanese conducted a completely secret exchange of message.美日双方在完全保密的情况下交换了情报。2) The thesis summed up the new achievements made in electronic computers, artificial satellites and rockets. 三方面的成就3) The principal functions that may be performed by vacuum tubes are rectification, amplification, oscillation, modulation and detection. （五大主要功能）(整流，放大，震荡，调制，检波)4) You and I are good friends. We should trust each other. （你我两人）（十）增加承上启下的词：在翻译时，特别是进行语篇翻译时，更需要目的语的连贯性，以准确表达原文意义，这就需要增加适当的词以起承上启下的作用。1) For mistakes had been made, bad ones.
