1、 1 / 10Antithesis1. 单词平行对照Knowledge make humble, ignorance makes proud.2. 短语平行对照One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity.3. 从句平行对照The world will little note, not long remember what we say here but it can forget what we
2、 did here.4. 句子平行对照A miser grows rich by seeming poor.An extravagant man grows poor by seeming rich.Money is a good servant but a bad master.Work has a bitter foot but a sweet fruit.The life of the wolf is the death of the lamb.Life can only be understood backwards, but it must be lived forwards.Whe
3、re there is a marriage without love, there will be love without marriage. (Parody and Antithesis)Contrast语义上的相对或者相反就被称作对照。1. Caesar: Cowards die many times before their death;the valiant never taste of death but once.2. To be prepared for war is one of the most effectual means of preserving peace.3.
4、 Men always want to be a womans first love; women have a more subtle instinct, what they like is to be a mans last romance.4. A mother takes twenty years to make a man of her boy, and another woman a fool of him in twenty minutes.5. A bank is a place where they lean you an umbrella in fair weather a
5、nd ask for it back again when it begins to rain.HyperboleHyperbole is a way of describing something in order to make it sound bigger, smaller, better, worse, etc. than it really is.分为 Extended Hyperbole 和 Reduced Hyperbolee.g. 1.His eloquence could split rocks.2. It is the last straw that breaks the
6、 camels back.1.数词夸张e.g. 1.One father is more than a thousand teachers.2. This makes him roar like a thousand bulls.2.通过其他词汇夸张a.通过动词夸张e.g. In its wake, budget cuts and food shortages have hit the new nation of Russia and press have shot out of the world.b.通过名词夸张e.g. 1.Its a crime to stay inside on su
7、ch a good day.2. I was beaten myself into all the colors of rainbows.2 / 10c.通过形容词夸张e.g. 1.Divorce has become a lucrative process, simple to arrange and easy to forget, and ambitious females can repeat it as often as they please and parlay their winnings to astronomical figures.2. And I will luve th
8、ee still, my dear,Till the seas gang dry,And the rocks melt withe sun,O I will luve thee still, my dear,while the sands olife shall run.3. She has that everlasting rotation of tongue that an echo must wait till she die before it can catch her last word.3.用虚拟语气夸张e.g. 1.Some movie stars wear their sun
9、glasses, even in church, they are afraid God might recognize them and ask for autograph.2.and the fattest women I have ever seen in my life dozing in a straight-back chair. It was as if a sack of grain were supported by a matchbox.4.用形容词比较级和最高级夸张e.g. The most effective water powerwomens tears.5.用其他辞
10、格表示夸张e.g. 1.A drop of ink may make a million think. (Metonymy, Contrast and Hyperbole)2. A lie can travel half way around the world while the truth is putting on his shoes. (Personification, Comparison and Hyperbole)InversionInversion can be divided into two different types: grammatical inversion an
11、d rhetorical inversion respectively. But the functions vary due to different purposes:1 To give emphasis to a part of the sentence.2 To achieve sentence balance.3 To achieve metrical pattern.4 To achieve coherence.Now lets learn the following examples according to the four functions.1. Most true is
12、it that “beauty is in the eye of the gazer.”2. Rising behind the city was the 4000-foot Mount Vesurius, a grass covered slope where the shepherds of Pompeii took their goats, to graze.3. The Sun is not a bed when IAt night upon my pillow lie;And round the earth his way he takes,And morning after mor
13、ning makes,While here at home, in shining day,We round the sunny garden play,Each little Indian sleepy head,3 / 10Is being kissed and put to bed.4. My opinion of the coal trade on that river is that it may require talent, but it certainly requires capital. Talent, Mr. Micauber has; capital Mr. Micau
14、ber has not.MetaphorMetaphor is an implied comparison or a condensed simile for it omits the word as or like.1.of 短语型a).a/the + n. + of + n.e.g. the bridge of friendshipb).a + n. + of + a + n.e.g. a fox of a man; a girl of a boyA policeman waved me out of the snake of traffic and flagged me to stop.
15、2.名词型e.g. 1.All the world is stage, and all men and women merely player.2. Education is not the filling of a pail, but the lighting of a fire.3.动词型e.g. 1.The boy wolfed down the food the moment he grabbed it.2. The case snowballed into one of the most famous trials in US history.3. He that cannot fo
16、rgive others break the bridge over which he must pass himself for everyone has the need to be forgiven.4.形容词型e.g. 1.She has a photographic memory for details.2. He has the microwave smile that warms others without heat.MetonymyMetonymy is a figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted
17、 for another with which it is closely associated.故意不用需要说明的人或物的本称，而是借用与该人或该物密切相关的事物的名称来代替。e.g. What is learned in the criddle is carried to the grave.1.以事物特征来代替事物本身e.g. 1.He wandered.slaying whatever of fur and feather came in his way.2. A thousand mustaches can live together, but not two breasts.3.
18、Soapy stood still with his hands in his pockets and smiled at the sight of brass buttons.2.以工具来代替动作或行为者e.g. Beneath the rule of men entirely greatthe pen is mightier than the sword.3.以容器代替其中内容e.g. Whatever my husband has a bad day at the office, he hits the bottle.4 / 104.以人体器官代替其功能e.g. I have an op
19、inion of you, sir, to which it is not easy to give the mouth.5.用人或动物代替其特征e.g. 1.There is still much of a schoolboy in him.2. The wolf and the pig mingled in his face.6.用原材料代替制成品7.用作者或生产者代替作品或产品e.g. I have a complete Shakespeare.8.用具体事物代替抽象事物e.g. 1.Although his plan hadnt succeeded, she gave him a pa
20、t on the back for having tried so hard.2. Soap and education are not as sudden as massacre, but they are made deadly in the long run.9.以抽象事物代替具体事物e.g. See, from his hands, his head, his side, sorrow and love flow mingled down.10.以事物活动的处所代替事物或活动者Parallelism1. 单词平行Language requires a central, pivotal,
21、 principal position among Bloomfields works.An Englishman thinks seated, a Frenchman standing, an American pacing and an Irishman, afterward.2. 短语平行We can gain knowledge by reading, by reflection, by observation or by practice.3. 从句平行The notice which you have been pleased to take of my labors, had i
22、t not been early, had been kind, but it has been delayed till I am indifferent and cannot enjoy it; till I am solitary and cannot impart it; till I am known and do not want it.4. 句子平行We are caught in war, wanting peace; we are torn by division, wanting unity.The world listens. The world watches. The
23、 world waits to see what we will do.RepetitionFrom different points of views, we can make repetition into two groups: lexical repetition and structural repetition or immediate repetition and intermittent repetition.Lets first look at an example of immediate repetition:Break, break, breakAt the foot
24、of the crags, O sea!But the tender grace of a day that is deadwill never come back to me.Then an example of intermittent repetition:I am exactly the man to be placed in a superior position in such a case as that; I am above the rest of mankind, 5 / 10in such a case as that; I can act with philosophy
25、, in such a case as that.Purpose 1. To produce an emphatic and emotional style:Thoull come no more.Never, never, never, never, never.Purpose 2. To produce a dull gloomy atmosphere:Work-work-work!Till the brain begins to swim.Work-work-work!Till the eyes are heavy, and dim.Seam, and gusset and seam,B
26、and, and gusset, and seam.Till over the buttons I fall asleepAnd sew them on in a dream!Purpose 3. To produce a rhythmical beauty in language.SimileSimile is the comparison of two distinctively unlike things using such words as seems to be,resemble,as,like or as if.本体和喻体属于不同类别，或属于同类别但有明显区别。1. v. / b
27、e + like 型e.g. 1.Living without an aim is like sailing without compass.2. Marriage is like a belegured fortress: those who are without want to get in and those who within want to get out.2.as 型e.g. Love goes towards love, as schoolboys from their books; but love from love, towards school with heavy
28、books.3.as if/though 型(虚拟句型)e.g. 1.The first time I read an excellent book, it is to me as if I had gained a new friend.2. My handwriting looks as if a swarm of ants, escaping from an ink bottle, had walked over a sheet of paper without wiping their legs.4.what 型A is to B what X is to Y. / What A is
29、 to B, X is to Y.e.g. 1.Reading is to the mind what exercise is to the mind.2. What sculpture is to a block of marble, education is to the soul.5.than 型e.g. 1.He had no more idea of money than a cow.2. A home without love is no more than a body without soul.3. A fool can no more see his own folly th
30、an he can see his ears.6.and 型e.g. 1.Love and cough cannot be hidden.2. Words and feathers are tossed by the wind.PunIt is a play on words, or rather a play on the form and meaning of words. For instance, a cannon-ball took off his legs, so he laid down his arms. (Here “arms“ has two meanings: a per
31、sons body; weapons carried by a soldier.)6 / 101. 同音异义You can earn your living and urn your dead.2. 多义词To England will I steal, and there I will steal.3. 同形同音异义An ambassador is an honest man who lies abroad for the good of his country.双关赏析On Sunday they pray for you, and on Monday they prey on you.“
32、We would like very much to have you for dinner.” The cannibal said to the captured missionary.When a woman dresses to kill, the victim is apt to be time.When a college announced that she weighed 140 pounds and stripped for gym, her anxious father wanted to know who “Jim” was.“Tick, Tock, TickTalk”Th
33、e dishonest lawyer lies still.ParodyIt exists when one imitates a proverb, maxim or a famous saying.1. Where there is a will, there is a lawsuit.2. In marrying this girl, he married a bit more than he could chew.3. A friend in need is a friend to be avoided.4. Dont put off until tomorrow what can be
34、 enjoyed today.5. Not all cars are created equal.6. More money, less happiness.7. Great minds think otherwise.8. I drink, therefore I am.Transferred EpithetIt is a figure of speech where an epithet (an adjective or descriptive phrase) is transferred from the noun it should rightly modify to another
35、to which it does not really apply or belong. For instance, I spent sleepless nights on my project.1. I spoke to them in hesitant French.2. People listened with open-mouthed astonishment while the shocking news sank in.3. They prolonged the clasp for the photographers, exchanging smiling words.4. An
36、awed hush fell upon the bystanders.5. The sky turned to a tender palette of pink and blue.6. There was a short, thoughtful silence. Then he said, “Dad, you have just worked a profound change in my personality.”7. He closed his busy life at the age of seventy.UnderstatementIt is the opposite of hyper
37、bole, or overstatement. It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately understating it, impressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement. For instance, It is no laughing matter.1. 词汇手段a. 动词They has been here since 1915, and no h
38、urricane has ever bothered it.7 / 10b. 名词For large numbers of people the absence of work is harmful to their health.2. 语法手段a. 比较结构No one was more willing to do a favor for friend and neighbor than he.b. 虚拟语气Some of the items are good; others might be better.c. 双重否定He is a man not without ambition.低调
39、陈述赏析The face wasnt a bad one; it has what the called charm.If this regime is out of power, no tear is to be shed.A book may be compared to your neighbor. If it be good, it can not last too long; if bad, you cannot get rid of it too early.I know he is honest, and I wish I could add he is capable.He i
40、s no bad painter.Campus love is not an uncommon phenomenon in todays China.Allusion1. From legend, fables or fairy talesa. Book is a vehicle of learning and enlightenment, an open sesame of countless joys and sorrows.b. Research, from being the Cinderella of industry, would become its favored child.
41、2. From religiona. Their new constitution was a figleaf to conceal their betrayal of the masses.b. a/the Damocles sword3. From literary creationsa. “You want your pound of flesh, dont you?”b. They dont hire until I have had more experience, but now how can I get more experience until I am hired. Its
42、 a Catch-22.4. From historical eventsFigures of speech明喻（simile）smli:明喻（simile）是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体之间的相似关系，两者都在对比中出现。常用比喻词 like, as, as if, as though 等，例如： 1、This elephant is like a snake as anybody can see. 这头象和任何人见到的一样像一条蛇。 2、He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairytales
43、 and had passed me like a spirit. 他看上去好像刚从我的童话故事书中走出来，像幽灵一样从我身旁走过去。 3、It has long leaves that sway in the wind like slim fingers reaching to touch something. 它那长长的叶子在风中摆动，好像伸出纤细的手指去触摸什么东西似的。 隐喻（metaphor）metf这种比喻不通过比喻词进行，而是直接将用事物当作乙事物来描写，甲乙两事物之间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。1、German guns and German planes rained down
44、 bombs, shells and bullets. 8 / 10德国人的枪炮和飞机将炸弹、炮弹和子弹像暴雨一样倾泻下来。 2、The diamond department was the heart and center of the store. 钻石部是商店的心脏和核心。 提喻（synecdoche） sinekdki又称举隅法，主要特点是局部代表全体，或以全体喻指部分，或以抽象代具体，或以具体代抽象。例如： 1、The Great Wall was made not only of stones and earth, but of the flesh and blood of mil
45、lions of men. 长城不仅是用石头和土建造的，而且是用几百万人的血和肉建成的。 句中的“the flesh and blood”喻为“the great sacrifice ”（巨大的牺牲）2、 “.saying that it was the most beautiful tongue in the world,.” 他说这是世界上最美的语言。 这里用具体的“tongue” 代替抽象的 “language”。 3、Many eyes turned to a tall,20year black girl on the U.S. team. 很多人将眼光投向美国队一个高高的 20 岁的
46、黑姑娘。 这里的“many eyes”代替了“many persons”。 拟人（personification ） p,snfken这种修辞方法是把人类的特点、特性加于外界事物之上，使之人格化，以物拟人，以达到彼此交融，合二为一。1、She may have tens of thousand of babies in one summer.(From“ Watching Ants”) 一个夏天她可能生育成千上万个孩子。 这里用“she”和“babies” 把蜜蜂比作人类妇女的生育。 2、My only worry was that January would find me hunting
47、for a job again. 我唯一担心的是，到了一月份我又得去找工作。 英语里常把“年”“月”“日” 人格化，赋以生命，使人们读起来亲切生动。 夸张（hyperbole） hap:bli:这是运用丰富的想象，过激的言词，渲染和装饰客观事物，以达到强调的效果。 1、My blood froze. 我的血液都凝固了。 2、When I told our father about this, his heart burst. 当我将这件事告诉我们的父亲时，他的心几乎要迸出来。借代/转喻（metonymy ） mitnimi是指两种不同事物并不相似，但又密不可分，因而常用其中一种事物名称代替另一
48、种。 1、Several years later, word came that Napoleon himself was coming to inspect them. 几年以后，他们听说拿破仑要亲自来视察他们。 “word”在这里代替了 “news, information”（消息、信息） 2、Al spoke with his eyes,“yes”. 艾尔用眼睛说， “是的” 。 “说”应该是嘴的功能，这里实际上是用眼神表达了“说话的意思” 。双关语（pun） pn是以一个词或词组，用巧妙的办法同时把互不关联的两种含义结合起来，以取得一种诙谐有趣的效果。 Napoleon was ast
49、onished. ”Either you are mad, or I am,” he declared. “Both，sir!” cried the Swede proudly. 9 / 10“Both”一词一语双关，既指拿破仑和这位士兵都是疯子，又指这位战士参加过拿破仑指挥的两次战役。拟声(onomatopoeia) ,nu,mtupi是摹仿自然界中非语言的声音，其发音和所描写的事物的声音很相似，使语言显得生动，富有表现力。 1、On the root of the school house some pigeons were softly cooing. 在学校房屋的屋顶上一些鸽子正轻轻地咕咕叫着。 2、She brought me into touch with everything that could be reached or feltsunlight, the rustling of silk, the noises of insects, the creaking of a door, the voice of a loved one. 她使我接触到所有够得着的或
