1、Citing References: A Guide to The Harvard System (Author Date Method)1Citing References this is a quick guide for students with examples of:1. How to cite sources in the body of the essay/paper.2. How to compile a references section at the end of the essay/paperWhen writing in academic style, you wi
2、ll need to refer in your text to all material written or produced by others. This procedure is called citing or quoting references.Consistency and accuracy in citing sources are important to enable readers to identify and locate the material to which you have referred. Note: There are a number of ot
3、her systems used for referencing (in addition to several different interpretations of the Harvard System.) If an alternate method is chosen (or required) the same set of rules should be followed every time you cite a source*The Harvard System (Author Date Method)All statements, opinions, conclusions
4、 etc. taken from another writers work should be cited, whether the work is directly quoted, paraphrased or summarised. In the Harvard System cited publications are referred to in the text by giving the authors surname and the year of publication. These publications are also listed in the references
5、at the end of the text.Originators/authorsThe person or organisation shown most prominently in the source as responsible for the content in its published form should be given. For anonymous works use Anon instead of a name. For certain kinds of work, e.g. dictionaries or encyclopaedias, or if an ite
6、m is the co-operative work of many individuals, none of whom have a dominant role, e.g. videos or films, the title may be used instead of an originator or author.DatesIf an exact year or date is not known, an approximate date preceded by ca. may be supplied and given in square brackets. If no such a
7、pproximation is possible, that should be stated, e.g. ca.1750 or no date.Citation in the textQuotations As a general rule, if the quote is less than 4 lines, it may be included in the body of the text in quotation marks. Longer quotations are indented and single-spaced, and quotation marks are not r
8、equired. For citations from particular parts of the document, the page numbers should be given in parentheses after the year. Summaries or paraphrases Give the citation where it occurs naturally or at the end of the relevant piece of writing.Diagrams, illustrations should be referenced as though the
9、y were quotations if they have been taken from a published work. If details of particular parts of a document are required, e.g. page numbers, they should be given after the year within the brackets.Rules for citation in text for printed documents also apply to electronic documents except where pagi
10、nation is absent. If an electronic document does not include pagination or an equivalent internal referencing system, the extent of the item may be indicated in terms such as the total number of lines, screens, etc., e.g. “35 lines“ or “approx. 12 screens“.Examples of citation in the text1. If the a
11、uthors name occurs naturally in the sentence the year is given in parentheses:e.g. In a popular study Harvey (1992) argued that we have to teach good practicese.g. As Harvey (1992, 21) said, “good practices must be taught” and so we2. If the name does not occur naturally in the sentence, both name a
12、nd year are given in parentheses:e.g. A more recent study (Stevens 1998) has shown the way theory and practical work interact.e.g. Theory rises out of practice, and once validated, returns to direct or explain the practice (Stevens 1998).3. When an author has published more than one cited document i
13、n the same year, these are distinguished by adding lower case letters (a,b,c, etc.) after the year and within the parentheses:e.g. Johnson (1994a) discussed the subject4. If there are two authors the surnames of both should be given:e.g. Matthews and Jones (1997) have proposed that5. If there are mo
14、re than two authors the surname of the first author only should be given, followed by et al.:e.g. Office costs amount to 20% of total costs in most businesses (Wilson et al. 1997).(A full listing of names should appear in the end references.)6. If the work is anonymous then “Anon.” should be used:e.
15、g. In a recent article (Anon. 1998) it was stated that7. If it is a reference to a newspaper article with no author, the name of the paper can be used in place of “Anon.”:e.g. More people than ever seem to be using retail home delivery (The Times 1996).(You should use the same style in the end refer
16、ences.)Citing References: A Guide to The Harvard System (Author Date Method)28. If you refer to a source directly quoted in another source you cite both in the text:e.g. A study by Smith (1960 cited in Jones 1994, 63) showed thatYou should list only the work you have read (i.e. Jones) in the list of
17、 references.9. If you refer to a contributor in a source (chapters in books, articles in journals, papers in conference proceedings), you cite just the contributor in the in-text references:e.g. Software development has been given as the cornerstone in this industry (Bantz 1995).10. If you refer to
18、a person who has not produced a work, or contributed to one, but who is quoted in someone elses work, it is suggested that you should mention the persons name and you must cite the source author:e.g. Richard Hammond stressed the part psychology plays in advertising in an interview with Marshall (199
19、9).e.g. “Advertising will always play on peoples desires,” Richard Hammond said in a recent article. (Marshall 1999, 67)(You should list the work that has been published (i.e. Marshall) in the references.)11. Personal communicationsTaken from: APA, 2001. Publication manual of the American Psychologi
20、cal Association. 5th ed. Washington: APA.Personal communications do not provide recoverable data, so they are not included in the reference list. Cite personal communications in the text only. Give initial as well as the surname of the communicator and provide as exact a date as possible.e.g. Many d
21、esigners do not understand the needs of disabled people according to J. Reiss (personal communication 18 April 1997).References at the end of a piece of workAt the end of a piece of work, list references to documents cited in the text. This list is usually called References. Exceptionally you may be
22、 asked to list references not cited in the text but which make an important contribution to your work. These are usually listed under the heading of Bibliography or Further Reading. You are advised to review the guidelines issued to you from your university for the preparation of work to clarify thi
23、s point.In the Harvard System, the references are listed in alphabetical order of authors surnames. If you have cited more than one item by a specific author they should be listed chronologically (earliest first), and by letter (1993a, 1993b) if more than one item has been published in a specific ye
24、ar. Whenever possible, elements of a bibliographical reference should be taken from the title page (or back of title page) of the publication. For place of publication give the city. If more than one town/city is listed give the first one or the location of the publishers head office. If the town/ci
25、ty is not well known, you may in addition add a county, region or state. Note that in the US and Australia states are denoted by a two letter code, for example Hillsdale, NJ. For the publishers name omit superfluous terms such as Publishers, Co, or Inc. Always retain the words Books or Press. Where
26、the publisher is a university and the location is included in the name of the university, do not include the place of publication. Each reference should use the elements and punctuation given in the following examples for the different types of published work you may have cited. Examples of referenc
27、es at the end of a piece of work1. Reference to a bookAuthors surname, initial. (year of publication) Title. Edition (if not the first). Place of publication: Publisher.Mercer, P. and Smith, G. (1993) Private viewdata in the UK. 2nd ed. London: Longman.2. Reference to a contribution in a bookContrib
28、uting authors surname, initial. (year of publication) Title of contribution. In: surname, initial. of author or editor of publication. ed. or eds. if relevant. Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher, Page number(s) of contribution.Bantz, C. (1995) Social dimensions of software development. I
29、n: Anderson, J. ed. Annual review of software management and development. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 502-510.3. Reference to an article in a journalAuthors surname, initial. (year of publication). Title of article. Title of journal volume/issue, page numbers of contribution.Evans, W. (1994) Approaches
30、to intelligent information retrieval. Information processing and management 7/2, 147-168.4. Reference to a newspaper articleAuthors surname, initial. or Newspaper title (year of publication) Title of article. Title of newspaper, Day and month, Page number(s) and column number.Independent (1992) Pick
31、ing up the bills. Independent, 4 June, 28a.Citing References: A Guide to The Harvard System (Author Date Method)35. Reference to a mapOriginators surname, first name or initial. (may be cartographer, surveyor, compiler, editor, copier, maker, engraver, etc.) (year of publication) Title, Scale. (norm
32、ally given as a ratio) Place of publication: Publisher.Mason, J. (1832) Map of the countries lying between Spain and India, 1:8,000,000. London: Ordnance Survey.6. Reference to a conference paperContributing authors surname, initial. (year of publication) Title of contribution. In: Surname, initial
33、of editor of proceedings (if applicable) ed. or eds. Title of conference proceedings including date and place of conference. Place of publication: Publisher, Page numbers of contribution.Silver, K. (1991) Electronic mail: The new way to communicate. In: Raitt, D. ed. 9th international online informa
34、tion meeting, 3-5 December 1990. London. Oxford: Learned Information, 323-330.7. Reference to a publication from a corporate body(e.g. a government department or other organisation).Name of issuing body (year of publication) Title of publication. Place of publication: Publisher, Report Number (where
35、 relevant).UNESCO (1993) General information programme and UNISIST. Paris: Unesco, PGI-93/WS/22.8. Reference to a thesis or dissertationAuthors surname, initial. (year of publication) Title of thesis or dissertation. Designation, (and type). Name of institution to which submitted.Agutter, A. (1995)
36、The linguistic significance of current British slang. Thesis, (PhD). Edinburgh University.9. Reference to a patentOriginator, (name of applicant) (year of publication) Title of patent. Series designation. which may include full date.Philip Morris Inc. (1981) Optical perforating apparatus and system.
37、 European patent application. 0021165 A1. 7 January 1981.10. Reference to a translationAuthors surname, initial. (year) Title. Translated from given language by Translator. Place of publication: Publisher (Originally published in given year).Kotler, P. (2003) Les cles du marketing. Translated from E
38、nglish by Marie-France Pavillet. Paris: Village Mondial (Originally published in 2003).11. Reference to a video, film or broadcastTitle (year) (For films the preferred date is the year of release in the country of production.) Material designation. Subsidiary originator. (Optional but director is pr
39、eferred) Production details place: organisation.Macbeth (1948) Film. Directed by Orson Wells. USA: Republic Pictures.Birds in the Garden (1998) Video. London: Harper Videos.12. Programmes and seriesThe number and title of the episode should normally be given, as well as the series title, the transmi
40、tting organisation and channel. the full date and time of transmission.Yes, Prime Minister, Episode 1, The Ministerial Broadcast TV, BBC2. 1986 Jan 16.Individual items within a programme should be cited as contributors.Blair, Tony, Interview In: Six Oclock News TV, BBC1. 1997 Feb 29 1823 hrs.ELECTRO
41、NIC MATERIAL If you are certain that the copy you find on a database is identical to the printed version, you may omit the URL and reference as a printed book or journal. If you are in any doubt, you should use the methods below.When giving a internet address (URL) for a journal article or book loca
42、ted using a database of books and journals, give the internet address of the source / databasee.g. or http:/ not the full internet address of the individual item.13. Reference to a book located in a databaseAuthors /Editors surname, initial. (year) Title. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher (i
43、f ascertainable). Available from: URL Accessed Date.Moloney, K. (2000) Rethinking public relations: The spin and the substance. London: Routledge. Available from: http:/ Accessed 22 May 2006.14. Reference to a journal article located in a databaseAuthors surname, initial. (year) Title. Journal Title
44、, volume/issue, location within host. Available from: URL Accessed Date.McFall, R. (2005) Electronic textbooks that transform how textbooks are used ElectronicLibrary 6/15. Available from: http:/ Accessed 20 May 2006.Citing References: A Guide to The Harvard System (Author Date Method)415. Reference
45、 to web pages/sites and e-booksAuthors /Editors surname, initial. (year) Title. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher (if ascertainable). Available from: URL Accessed Date.Holland, M. (2006) Guide to citing Internet sources. Poole: Bournemouth University. Available from: http:/www.bournemouth.ac.
46、uk/library/using/guide_to_citing_internet_sourc.html Accessed 4 November 2006.Much information is put up on the Internet by organisations without citing a specific author. In these instances authorship can be attributed to an organisation or corporation e.g. BBC. Ascribe authorship to the smallest i
47、dentifiable organisational unit, e.g. BBC, Training and Development.16. Reference to e-journalsAuthors surname, initial. (year). Title. Journal Title volume/issue, location within host. Available from: URL Accessed Date.Korb, K. (1995) Persons and things: Book review of Bringsjord on robot conscious
48、ness. Psychology 6/15. Available from: http:/psycprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/archive/00000462/ Accessed 20 May 2004.17. Reference to a conference paper from the internetContributing authors surname, initial. (year of publication) Title of contribution. In: Surname, initial of editor of proceedings (if ap
49、plicable) ed. Title of conference proceedings including date and place of conference. Place of publication: Publisher, location within host. Available from: URL Accessed Date.Wilde, E. (2006) Merging trees: file system and content integration. Paper presented at the 5th international conference of World Wide Web, WWW 2006 May 23-26 Edinburgh, Scotland, UK. Available from : http:/
