1、1、excessive： If you describe the amount or level of something as excessive, you disapprove of it because it is more or higher than is necessary or reasonable.超过了需要或合理的范围.the alleged use of excessive force by police.The government says that local authority spending is excessive.extra： 1 extra You use
2、 extra to describe an amount, person, or thing that is added to others of the same kind, or that can be added to others of the same kind.被加于相同事物或者可以被加于相同事物Police warned motorists to allow extra time to get to work.Extra staff have been taken on to cover busy periods.Theres an extra blanket in the bo
3、ttom drawer of the cupboard.ADJ: ADJ n = additional 2 extra If something is extra, you have to pay more money for it in addition to what you are already paying for something.加钱For foreign orders postage is extra.The price of your meal is extra.additional： Additional things are extra things apart fro
4、m the ones already present.现在已有事物的添加物The US is sending additional troops to the region.The insurer will also have to pay the additional costs of the trial.added： You use added to say that something has more of a particular thing or quality.某件事物有特殊的东西或质量For added protection choose moisturising lipsti
5、cks with a sun screen.2、private： 1 private Private industries and services are owned or controlled by an individual person or a commercial company, rather than by the state or an official organization.私人或私企的而不是政府或官方的.a joint venture with private industry.Bupa runs private hospitals in Britain.Brazil
6、 says its constitution forbids the private ownership of energy assets.2 private Private individuals are acting only for themselves, and are not representing any group, company, or organization.代表个人的而不是代表其所在集团、公司或机构.the laws insistence that private citizens are not permitted to have weapons.The King
7、was on a private visit to enable him to pray at the tombs of his ancestors.The family tried to bring a private prosecution against him for assault.3 private Your private things belong only to you, or may only be used by you.只属于个人或者只能为你个人所用The landowners have had to sell their private aircraft.They w
8、ant more State control over private property.There are 76 individually furnished bedrooms, all with private bathrooms.I took the precaution of clearing out my desk before I left, and only my private secretary knows it.4 private Private places or gatherings may be attended only by a particular group
9、of people, rather than by the general public.只能有一些特殊集体的人可以参加而不是大众673 private golf clubs took part in a recent study.The door is marked Private.Brian Epstein was buried in a private ceremony at Long Lane Cemetery, Liverpool. individual： 1 individual Individual means relating to one person or thing, r
10、ather than to a large group.与一个人或事物相关而不是大集体.waiting for the group to decide rather than making individual decisions.Aid to individual countries would be linked to progress towards democracy.Divide the vegetables among four individual dishes.ADJ: ADJ n 2 individual individuals An individual is a pers
11、on.一个人.anonymous individuals who are doing good things within our community.the rights and responsibilities of the individual.A childs awareness of being an individual grows in stages during the pre-school years.N-COUNT 3 individual If you describe someone or something as individual, you mean that y
12、ou admire them because they are very unusual and do not try to imitate other people or things.因为东西或者是人不模仿其他而带有欣赏性的形容词It was really all part of her very individual personality.The language is highly individual.ADJ-GRADED approval personal： 1 personal A personal opinion, quality, or thing belongs or r
13、elates to one particular person rather than to other people.个人而非其他人拥有的He learned this lesson the hard waymfrom his own personal experience.Thats my personal opinion.books, furniture, and other personal belongings.Refugees also complain that soldiers steal food and personal property from them and dem
14、and bribes in exchange for food or shelter.The President arrived, followed by his personal bodyguard.an estimated personal fortune of almost seventy million dollars.ADJ: ADJ n 2 personal If you give something your personal care or attention, you deal with it yourself rather than letting someone else
15、 deal with it.亲自或个人去做而不是由其他人代劳.a business that requires a great deal of personal contact.a personal letter from the Presidents secretary.People do not mind paying a bit extra for the personal touch.ADJ: usu ADJ n 3 personal Personal matters relate to your feelings, relationships, and health.与个人情感、关系
16、和健康有关.teaching young people about marriage and personal relationships.You never allow personal problems to affect your performance.We sacrifice our personal lives to our work.Mr Knight said that he had resigned for personal reasons.3、truth 更强调真理性（比如在自然科学当中的）fact 更强调事实性（比如在历史或现实当中的）4、voice: 1 voice v
17、oices When someone speaks or sings, you hear their voice.嗓音Miriams voice was strangely calm.The police are here, she said in a low voice.There was a sound of loud voices from the kitchen.I ended up with bronchitis and no voice.N-COUNT: oft poss N, adj N 2 voice voices Someones voice is their opinion
18、 on a particular topic and what they say about it.观点What does one do when a government simply refuses to listen to the voice of the opposition?.There was no disagreement, there were no dissenting voices.N-COUNT 3 voice If you have a voice in something, you have the right to express an opinion on it.
19、表达观点的权力Egypt is once again accepted as an important voice in Arab politics.But your partners will have no voice in how you operate your company.N-SING: N in n = say 4 voice voices voicing voiced If you voice something such as an opinion or an emotion, you say what you think or feel.表达感受或想法Some scien
20、tists have voiced concern that the disease could be passed on to humans.The predominant opinion voiced by Detroits Arab population seems to be one of frustration.VB = express sound: 1 sound sounds A sound is something that you hear.声音Peter heard the sound of gunfire.Liza was so frightened she couldn
21、t make a sound.There was a splintering sound as the railing gave way.the sounds of children playing.N-COUNT 5 sound sounds sounding sounded If something such as a horn or a bell sounds or if you sound it, it makes a noise.发音The buzzer sounded in Daniels office.A young man sounds the bell to start th
22、e Sunday service.V-ERG 6 sound sounds sounding sounded If you sound a warning, you publicly give it. If you sound a note of caution or optimism, you say publicly that you are cautious or optimistic.传达 The Archbishop of Canterbury has sounded a warning to Europes leaders on third world debt.Others co
23、nsider the move premature and have sounded a note of caution.Sir Patrick attempted to sound a positive note, describing the meeting as serving a useful purpose.VB 5、A) refuse 拒绝（强调拒绝他人）B) prohibit 禁止（法律或当权者对行为的不允许）C) prevent 阻止（确保某件事不能发生）D) avoid 避免（强调自己避免产生的恶性的效果）例：Professors should _85_ repeating
24、in lectures material that is in the text-book.6、argue 争论（强调不同意）discuss 讨论（并不强调一定同意或不同意）7、exist：1exist exists existed If something exists, it is present in the world as a real thing.作为真实的东西而存在He thought that if he couldnt see something, it didnt exist.Research opportunities exist in a wide range of p
25、ure and applied areas of entomology.When Alfred Adler first postulated in 1908 that there existed an inborn instinct of aggression Freud argued against it.2 exist exists existing existed To exist means to live, especially under difficult conditions or with very little food or money.生存，尤其是在困难的情况下（没有食
26、物或者没有钱）生存I exist from one visit to the next.I was barely existing.the problems of having to exist on unemployment benefit.occur：1 occur occurs occurring occurred When something occurs, it happens.发生If headaches only occur at night, lack of fresh air and oxygen is often the cause.The crash occurred w
27、hen the crew shut down the wrong engine.In March 1770, there occurred what became known as the Boston Massacre.VB = take place 2 occur occurs occurring occurred When something occurs in a particular place, it exists or is present there.存在 The cattle disease occurs more or less anywhere in Africa whe
28、re the fly occurs.These snails do not occur on low-lying coral islands or atolls.VB = exist 3 occur occurs occurred If a thought or idea occurs to you, you suddenly think of it or realize it.突然想起或突然意识到It did not occur to me to check my insurance policy.It occurred to me that I could have the book se
29、nt to me.The same idea had occurred to Elizabeth.VB: no passive, no cont survive：1 survive survives surviving survived If a person or living thing survives in a dangerous situation such as an accident or an illness, they do not die.从危险的情境（疾病或者事故）中幸存.the sequence of events that left the eight pupils
30、battling to survive in icy seas for over four hours.Those organisms that are that are most suited to the environment will be those that will survive.Drugs that dissolve blood clots can help people survive heart attacks.2 survive survives surviving survived If you survive in difficult circumstances,
31、you manage to live or continue in spite of them and do not let them affect you very much.能够在艰难的环境下生存或者没有让艰难的环境影响太多On my first day here I thought, Ooh, how will I survive?.people who are struggling to survive without jobs.Where once she had been totally self-sufficient, she now had to survive on inco
32、me support.a man who had survived his share of boardroom coups.3 survive survives surviving survived If something survives, it continues to exist even after being in a dangerous situation or existing for a long time.某物即使在危险的情境也能生存When the market economy is introduced, many factories will not survive
33、.The chances of a planet surviving a supernova always looked terribly slim.surviving examples of 19th-century architecture in the Mid-West.4 survive survives surviving survived If you survive someone, you continue to live after they have died.在某人死后生存Most women will survive their spouses.She is survi
34、ved by two daughters from her first marriage.William Shakespeares last surviving descendant.8、bind v.绑 , 镶边, 装订, 凝固, 约束（使原来本是分散的事物或人成为一个整体，事物或人没有大小或地位高低之分）attach vt.缚上, 系上, 贴上v. 配属, 隶属于（隶属关系，与 bind 有根本区别）9、discipline n.纪律, 学科law n.除法律外也有规则的意思rule n.规则，惯例regulation n.规律例：Unlike marriage or the ties t
35、hat _67_ parents and children, it is not defined or regulated by _68_.10、conclusion n. 结束, 结论summary n.摘要 , 概要例：the most important _79_ that emerges from the data,11、attraction n.吸引（力）动词形式：attractattention n.注意（力）动词形式： attendaffection n.感情 动词形式：affect（这里不是影响的意思，是感动的含义）这组词不消多说，只是长得比较像，意思是完全不同的。12、way
36、s 用法：in . waysmeans 用法：by means of.methods 无特殊用法approaches 用法：approaches to这组词我在四级强化班中讲过，每个词都可以表示“方法”的意思，然而用法不同。13、boundless limitless 这两个词都有“无限的”含义，然而因其词根不同强调含义当然也不同。bound 是指“边界” ，也就是具体上的含义。所以 boundless 含义应该是“广袤无垠”的；limit 是指“限制” ，也就是抽象上的含义。所以 limitless 含义应该是“无限的” ，这种无限不一定是具体空间上的无限。14、ordinarycommon
37、normal三者都有“普通、平常”之意，ordinary 更强调常见甚至有些低下的含义； common 强调的是有共同的感觉，common 这个词本身就有“共同的”含义，这个词做名词讲还有“公地”的含义；normal 这个词强调“正常的、标准的” ，这个词本身还有“师范的”含义。15、defeated vt.击败attacked vt&vi. 攻击fought fight with 与.作战（在同一方） ；fight against 与.作战（在敌对方）struck vt. 打, 撞击, 冲击, 罢工vi.打, 打击, 罢工16、interfered：1 interfere interfere
38、s interfering interfered If you say that someone interferes in a situation, you mean they get involved in it although it does not concern them and their involvement is not wanted.卷入本与其无关的事情当中，且这种卷入是不被需要的I wish everyone would stop interfering and just leave me alone.The UN cannot interfere in the int
39、ernal affairs of any country. 2 interfere interferes interfering interfered Something that interferes with a situation, activity, or process has a damaging effect on it.对情势、行为或进程有毁灭性影响的动作Drug problems frequently interfered with his work.Alexander wasnt going to let a lack of space interfere with his
40、 plans.Smoking and drinking interfere with your bodys ability to process oxygen.interrupted：interrupt 1 interrupt interrupts interrupting interrupted If you interrupt someone who is speaking, you say or do something that causes them to stop.打断某人谈话Turkin tapped him on the shoulder. Sorry to interrupt
41、, Colonel.He tried to speak, but she interrupted him.2 interrupt interrupts interrupting interrupted If someone or something interrupts a process or activity, they stop it for a period of time.某人或某物中断一个进程或行为一段时间He has rightly interrupted his holiday in Spain to return to London.The match took nearly
42、 three hours and was interrupted at times by rain.disturbed： 1 disturb disturbs disturbing disturbed If you disturb someone, you interrupt what they are doing and upset them.打断别人而且让别人不高兴Did you sleep well? I didnt want to disturb you. You looked so peaceful.Find a quiet, warm, comfortable room where
43、 you wont be disturbed.VB = interrupt 2 disturb disturbs disturbing disturbed If something disturbs you, it makes you feel upset or worried.使不高兴或担心I dream about him, dreams so vivid that they disturb me for days.He had been disturbed by the news of the attack on Hector Coyne.VB = worry 3 disturb dis
44、turbs disturbing disturbed If something is disturbed, its position or shape is changed.位置或形状被改变（扰乱）Hed placed his notes in the brown envelope. They hadnt been disturbed.The old woman put her arm gently around Monas shoulders, taking care not to disturb the costume.4 disturb disturbs disturbing distu
45、rbed If something disturbs a situation or atmosphere, it spoils it or causes trouble.情势或气氛或毁坏或者产生问题Neither Baker nor Levy seemed eager to disturb the cordial atmosphere by discussing more sensitive issues.What could possibly disturb such tranquility?17、easy 做事情的容易simple 事情本身的简单18、adapt vi.适应 （+to）ad
46、ept a. 熟练的adopt vt.采用，采纳；收养其实这组词恰好讲述了一个人在一个地方的成长经历。首先，他要“适应” ；其次，他要“熟练”掌握业务能力；最后，他的建议才能被其领导所“采用，采纳” 。19、appliance n.用具，器具（通常指电器）equipment n.装备（来源于动词 equip）utility n.效用（来源于动词 utilize）facility n.容易，便利（来源于动词 facilitate）20、accident 1 accident accidents An accident happens when a vehicle hits a person, a
47、n object, or another vehicle, causing injury or damage.车祸She was involved in a serious car accident last week.The train driver failed to brake in time, according to the official report into the accident.N-COUNT 2 accident accidents If someone has an accident, something unpleasant happens to them tha
48、t was not intended, sometimes causing injury or death.发生一些不好的事，比如伤亡5,000 people die every year because of accidents in the home.The police say the killing of the young man was an accident.N-COUNT incidentAn incident is something that happens, often something that is unpleasant. (FORMAL)通常指不高兴的事情发生These incidents were the latest in a series of disputes between the two nations.26 people have been killed in a dramatic shooting incident.The voting went ahead without incident.N-COUNT: also without N
