1、1新概念英语第二册语法精粹一、冠词 The Article知识要点：冠词是一种虚词，放在名词的前面，帮助说明名词的含义。冠词分不定冠词（The Indefinite Article）和定冠词（ The definite Article）两种。a (an) 是不定冠词，a 用在辅音之前：如 a book, a man; an 用在元音之前，如：an old man, an hour, an interesting book 等。the 是定冠词。一、不定冠词的用法1、指人或事物的某一种类（泛指） 。这是不定冠词 a (an)的基本用法。如：She is a girl. I am a teache
2、r. Please pass me an apple.2、指某人或某物，但不具体说明何人或何物。如：He borrowed a story-book from the library.A Wang is looking for you. 一位姓王的同志正在找你。3、表示数量，有“一”的意思，但数的概念没有 one 强烈。如：I have a mouth, a nose and two eyes.4、用于某些固定词组中。如：a bit, a few, a little, a lot of, a piece of, a cup of, a glass of, a pile of, a pair o
3、f, have a good time, for a while, for a long time 等。5、用在抽象名词前，表具体的介绍a + 抽象名词，起具体化的作用。如：This little girl is a joy to her parents. 这女孩对她父母来说是一个乐趣。It is a pleasure to talk with you. 跟您交谈真是一件愉快的事情。It is an honour to me to attend the meeting. 参加这个会，对我来说是一种荣誉。二、定冠词的用法：1、特指某（些）人或某（些）事物。这是定冠词 the 的基本用法。如：Be
4、ijing is the capital of China.The pen on the desk is mine.2、指谈话双方都知道的人或事物。如：Where is the teacher?Open the window, please.3、指上文提过的人或事物（第二次出现） 。如：There was a chair by the window. On the chair sat a young woman with a baby in her arms.The baby was thin.4、用在世界上独一无二的事物前。如：the earth, the moon, the sun.5、用
5、在序数词和形容词最高级前。 （副词最高级前的定冠词可省略）如：He is always the first to come to school.Bob is the tallest in his class.6、用在某些专有名词前（由普通名词构成的专用名词） 。如：the Great Wall, the Summer Palace, the Science Museum, the Childrens Palace, the Party 等。7、用在一些习惯用语中。如：on the day, in the morning (afternoon, evening), the day after t
6、omorrow, the day before yesterday, the next year, by the way 等。8、用在江河湖海、山脉前。如：the Yellow River, the Pacific Ocean, the Alps, the Himalayas9、用在报刊、杂志前。如：the Peoples Daily, the Evening Paper, the Times 泰晤士报。10、表示某一家人要加定冠词。如：The Browns are at home to receive visitors today. 布朗一家今天要接待客人。11、用在形容词前，表某一类人。如
7、：the poor, the wounded, the living, the dead, the rich, the sick 等。12、定冠词可以表示一事物内部的某处。如：The driver always sits in the front of the bus(car).2三、零冠词（即不用冠词）：1、专用名词和不可数名词前。如：China, America, Grade One, Class Two, milk, oil, water, paper, science等。2、名词前已有作定语用的 this, that, my, your, some, any 等代词。如：Go down
8、 this street.3、复数名词表示一类人或事物时。如：We are students. I like reading stories.4、节日、日期、月份、季节前。如：Teachers Day, Childrens Day, National Day, in summer, in July 等。Today is New Years Day. It is Sunday. March 8 is Womens Day.5、在称呼语或表示头衔的名词前，尤其作表语、宾补时。如：Whats the matter, Granny? We elected him monitor.6、在某些习惯用语中的
9、名词前。如：at noon, at night, at first, at last, at most, at least, by bus(train, air, sea), in bed, in time, in front of, go to school, go to bed, go to college, on foot, at table, in ink, in pencil 等。7、在三餐饭和球类运动前。如：She goes to school after breakfast every morning.We are going to play football.We usuall
10、y have lunch at school.8、科目前不加。如：We learn Chinese, maths, English and some other subjects. 【专项训练】：1、 We cant live without air.Aan B Cthe Dsome2、Have you seen pen? I left it here this morning.Is it black one? I think I saw it somewhere.Aa; the Bthe; the Cthe; a Da; a3、Ive been waiting for him for hou
11、r and half.A; Bthe; a Ca; the Dan; a4、What fine weather we have today!Aa B Csome Dan5、Have you ever seen as tall as this one?Aa tree Bsuch tree Can tree Dtree6、Children usually go to school at age of six.A; the Ba; an Cthe; Dthe; the7、 Himalayas is highest mountain in world.A; the; BThe; the; the CA
12、; a; a D; ;8、They each have _book. Li Huas is about writer. Wang Lins is on science.Aa; a; Bthe; ; the C; the; Da; the; a9、 Physics is science of matter and energy.AThe; B ; C; the DA; a10、 sun rises in east and sets in west.AA; an; a BThe; ; CThe; the; the DA; the; a11、Many people agree that_knowle
13、dge of English is a must in international trade today.Aa; Bthe; an Cthe; the D; the12、 _Mr Jones called while you were out (neither of us knows this man). He was in bad temper. A;a BA; CThe; the DA; a313、They were at dinner then. It was delicous one.Aa; the B ; C;a Da; a14、what kind of car do you wa
14、nt to buy?A Bthe Ca Dan15、Alice is fond of playing piano while Henry is interested in listening to music.A; the B ; Cthe; Dthe; the16、Beyond stars, the astronaut saw nothing but space.Athe; B ; the C; Dthe; the17、Alexander Graham Bell invented telephone in 1876.A Ba Cthe Done18、Wheres Jack?I think h
15、es still in bed, but he might just be in bathroom.A; Bthe; the Cthe; D; the19、Many people are still in habit of writing silly things in public places.Athe; the B ; Cthe; D; the20、Id like information about the management of your hotel, please.Well, you could have word with the manager. He might be he
16、lpful.Asome; a Ban; some Csome; some Dan; a【答案】：1、B air 是不可数名词。2、D 此题为 97 年高考题。根据句意，第一空是泛指，第一次出现；第二空仍是泛指，且表数量“” 。3、D 元音前用 an。4、B weather 是不可数名词。5、A 此题为 85 年高考题。泛指。6、A go to school 是固定短语。7、B 山脉、形容词最高级及世界上的唯一的名词前加定冠词。8、A 第一、二空泛指，第三空， science 是不可数名词。9、C 第一空，科目前不加冠词；第二空特指，有定语。10、C11、A 第一空，a + 不可数名词表具体的介
17、绍；第二空，trade 不可数。12、D 第一空是指有一位琼斯先生在您不在的时候来访。 （括号里说明，我们俩都不认识这个人，因此不是特指。 ）第二空是固定短语，情绪不好。13、C 第一空 at dinner 正在吃饭，固定短语。14、A 泛指15、C 此题是 89 年高考题：乐器前加定冠词； music 是不可数名词。16、A 此题是 90 年高考题： stars 前应加定冠词；space 不可数。17、C 此题是 91 年高考题：发明应是特指。18、D 此题是 92 年高考题。 in bed 是固定短语，不加冠词。19、C 此题是 93 年高考题。第一空后有定语，固是特指。第二空， publ
18、ic places,公共场所，泛指。20、A 此题是 95 年高考题。 information 是不可数名词；have a word with sb.是固定短语。二、名词 Nouns知识要点：一、名词的种类：1、专有名词：41）China, Japan, Beijing, London, Tom, Jack（不加冠词）2）the Great Wall, the Yellow River, the Peoples Republic of China, the United States 等。 （由普通名词构成的专有名词，要加定冠词。 ）2、普通名词1）不可数名词 物 质 名 词 ： ， ， ，
19、抽 象 名 词 ： ， ， ， ，watericoilpaerhlubwklsuhonr注意：不可数名词前一般不加冠词，尤不加不定冠词：若加 a(an)则使之具体化了。如：have a wonderful time.不可数名词作主语，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。不可数名词一般无复数形式。部分物质名词在表不同类别时，可用复数形式。如：fishes, newspapers, waters, snows| | | 各种各样的鱼 各种报纸 河湖、海水 积雪有些抽象名词也常用复数，变为可数的具体的事物。如：times 时代，works 著作，difficulties 困难在表数量时，常用“of”词组来表
20、示。如： a glass of milk, a cup of tea, two pieces of paper.2）可数名词：可数名词除用复数形式表一类之外，一般都要加冠词：A birdcaufly.The frog is a kind of hibernating animal. Vegetables sold at this shop are usually fresh.有复数形式：a）规则变化加“s”或“es” （与初中同，略）b）不规则变化child (children), foot (feet), tooth (teeth), man (men), woman (women), mo
21、use (mice), goose (geese), Englishman (Englishmen),phenomenon(phenomena)注意：c）单、复数同形：sheep, deer, Chinese, Japanese, fish（同一种鱼）。如，a sheep, two sheepd）只用复数形式： thanks, trousers, goods, clothes, socks, shoes,e）形复实单：physics, politics, maths, news, plastics（塑料） ，means.f）形单实复：people (人民，人们 )，the police, ca
22、ttle 等g）集合名词如：family, public, group, class 等。当作为整体时，为单数；当作为整体中的各个成员时，为复数。如： My family is a big one. My family are music lovers.h）复合名词变复数时，(a) 只把复合名词中的主体各词变为复数形式。如：sister(s)-in-law 嫂子，弟妹；step-son (s)继子；editor (s) -in-chief 总编辑。(b)如没有主体名词则在最后一个词的后面加 “s”。如：grown-up(s) 成年人，go-between(s)中间人(c）woman, man
23、作定语时，要与被修饰的名词的数一致。如：a man servantmen servants, a woman doctorwomen doctors二、名词的所有格：1、表有生命的东西（人或动物）的名词所有格，一般在名词后加“s” 。如：Mikes bag, Childrens Day, my brothers room, womens rights注意：1）名词复数的词尾是-s 或-es ，它的所有格只在词后加“s” 。如：Teachers Day, the workers rest-home（工人疗养院） ，the students reading-room2）复合名词的所有格，在后面的词
24、后加“s ”。如：her son-in-laws photo（她女婿的照片） ；anybody elses book（其他任何人的书）3）如果一样东西为两人或两人以上共有，则在最后的一个名词后面加“s” ； 如果不是共有，则每个词后都要加“s” 。如： Jane and Helens room. 珍妮和海伦的房间（共有）. Bills and Toms radios. 比尔的收音机和汤姆的 收音机（不共有）54）表地点（店铺，某人的家等）的名词所有格后面，一般省去它所修饰的名词。如：the tailors ( 裁缝铺) the doctors (诊所) Mr Browns (布朗先生的家)5）
25、有些表时间、距离、国家、城镇的无生命的名词，也可加“s”表所有格。如：half an hours walk (半小时的路程 ) Chinas agriculture (中国的农业)2、表示无生命的东西的名词一般与 of 构成词组，表示所有格。如：the cover of the book3、表示有生命的东西的名词也可以用 of，特别是名词较长，有较多的定语时。如：the story of Dr Norman BethuneDo you know the name of the boy standing at the gate?4、 “of 词组+ 所有格 ”的用法：在表示所属物的名词前有冠词、
26、数词、不定代词或指示代词（如：a, two, some, a few, this, that, these, those 等）时，常用“of 词组+所有格”的形式来表示所有关系。如：a friend of my fathers 我父亲的一位朋友。some inventions of Edisons 爱迪生的一些发明those exercise-books of the students 学生们的那些练习本。【专项训练】：1、There are only twelve in the hospital.Awoman doctors Bwomen doctorsCwomen doctor Dwoma
27、n doctor2、Mr Smith has two , both of whom are teachers in a school.Abrothers-in-law Bbrother-in-lawsCbrothers-in-laws Dbrothers-in law3、How many does a cow have?Four.Astomaches Bstomach Cstomachs Dstomachies4、Some visited our school last Wednesday.AGerman BGermen CGermans DGermens5、The of the buildi
28、ng are covered with lots of .Aroofs; leaves Brooves; leafs Croof; leaf Droofs; leafs6、When the farmer returned home he found three missing.Asheeps Bsheepes Csheep Dsheepies7、That was a fifty engine.Ahorse power Bhorses powerChorse powers Dhorses powers8、My father often gives me .Amany advice Bmuch a
29、dvice Ca lot of advices Da few advice9、Mary broke a while she was washing up.Atea cup Ba cup of tea Cteas cup Dcup tea10、Can you give us some about the writer?Ainformations BinformationCpiece of informations Dpieces information11、I had a cup of and two pieces of this morning.Ateas; bread Bteas; brea
30、dsCtea; breads Dtea; bread12、As is known to us all, travels much faster than .Alights; sounds Blight; soundCsound; light Dsounds; lights613、She told him of all her and .Ahope; fear Bhopes; fearChopes; fears Dhope; fears14、The rising did a lot of to the crops.Awater; harm Bwater; harmsCwaters; harm D
31、waters; harms15、How far away is it from here to your school?Its about .Ahalf an hours drive Bhalf hours drivesChalf an hour drives Dhalf an hour drive16、The shirt isnt mine. Its .AMrs Smith BMrs SmithCMrs Smiths DMrs Smiths17、Miss Johnson is a friend of .AMarys mother BMarys mothersCMary mothers DMa
32、rys mothers18、Last week I called at my .Aaunt Baunts Caunts Dauntes19、The beach is a throw.Astone Bstones Cstones Dstones20、I can hardly imagine sailing across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.APeter BPeter CPeters DPeters【答案】：1、B 2、A3、C stomach（胃）虽是“ch”结尾，但其发音为k，所以加“s” ，不用加“es” 。4、C 5、A roof, chief,
33、 gulf, belief 等词的复数形式，直接加“s” 。6、C 7、A 名词作定语一般不用复数。8、B9、A 根据句意，打破的应是杯子，而不是茶；名词作定语表类别不用加“s ”。10、B 11、D 12、B 13、C 14、C 15、A16、D 根据上句，此处应是史密斯太太的衬衫。17、D 18、C 19、D a stones throw 是固定短语，意为“近在咫尺” 。20、B 此句中 Peter 作动名词 sailing 的所有格，本应用 Peters，但因其在动词后作宾语，所以可用宾格，因此 B 为正确答案。三、主谓一致 Agreement知识要点：在英语的句子中，谓语动词的形式应与
34、主语的人称和数保持一致。如何判定，则要看句子的意思。多数情况下，根据句子的主语形式就能判定，但有的则要看整句的意思，及强调的内容。下面我们就常用的、易混的几种情况作一下解释。1、以单数名词或代词、不定式、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。如：1）The book is on the table.2）He is reading English.3）To work hard is necessary.（It is necessary to work hard.）4）How you get there is a problem.2、复数主语跟复数动词。如：Children like t
35、o play toys.73、在倒装句中，动词的数应和它后面的主语的数一致。如以 here,there 开头，be 动词与后面第一个名词一致。如：1）There is a dog near the door.2）There were no schools in this area before liberation.3）Here comes the bus.4）On the wall were two famous paintings.5）Here is Mr Brown and his children.4、and 连接两个或两个以上的并列主语时，谓语动词用复数。如果主语后跟有 with,
36、together with, except, but, perhaps , like, including, as well as, no less than, more than, rather than 等引起的短语，谓语动词仍与短语前的主语的形式保持一致。如：1）Jane, Mary and I are good friends.2）He and my father work in the same factory.3）His sister, no less than you, is wrong.4）The father, rather than the brothers, is res
37、ponsible for the accident.5）He, like you and Xiao Liu is very diligent.6）Every picture except these two has been sold.7）Alice with her parents often goes to the park on Sundays.8）Alice as well as her friends was invited to the concert.9）Nobody but Mary and I was in the classroom at that time.5、并列主语如
38、果指的是同一个人、同一事物或同一概念时，谓语动词用单数，and 后面的名词没有冠词。如：1）The writer and worker is coming to our school tomorrow.这位工人作家明天要来我们学校。2）Bread and butter is their daily food. 面包和黄油是他们每日的食品。3）The writer and the worker are coming to our school tomorrow.那位作家和那位工人明天将来我们学校。6、and 连接的并列单数名词前如有 each, every, no, many a 修饰时，谓语动
39、词要用单数形式。如：1）Every boy and girl has been invited to the party.所有的孩子都被邀请参加这次聚会。2）No teacher and no student is absent today.今天没有老师和学生缺席。3）Many a student is busy with their lessons.许许多多的学生都忙着复习他们的功课。7、each, either, one, another, the other, neither 作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：1）Each takes a cup of tea.2）Either is c
40、orrect.3）Neither of them likes this picture.8、由 every, some, any, no 构成的合成代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：1）Is everyone here?2）Nothing is to be done. 没有什么要干的事儿了。9、关系代词 who, that, which 等在定语从句中作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。如：1）Those who want to go please sign their names here.2）Anyone who is against this opinion may sp
41、eak out.3）He is one of the students who were praised at the meeting.10、表示时间、距离、价格、度量衡等的复数名词或短语作为一个整体看待时，其谓语动词常用单数形式。如：1）Three years is not a long time.2）Ten dollars is what he needs.3）Five hundred miles is a long distance.11、复数形式的专有名词作为整体看待（如人名、地点、国家、组织、书籍、报刊等） ，动词用单数形式。8如：1）The United States is in
42、North America.2）The United Nations has passed a resolution(决议)。3） “The Arabian Nights”（天方夜谭 ）is an interesting book.12、有些集体名词如 family, team, group, class, audience（听众，观众） ，government 等作主语时，如看作是一个整体，谓语动词则用单数形式；如强调各个成员时，谓语动词要用复数形式。如：1）My family is going to have a long journey.我家要进行一次长途旅行。2）My family a
43、re fond of music. 我家人都喜欢音乐。3）The class has won the honour. 这班获得了荣誉。4）The class were jumping for joy. 全班同学都高兴得跳了起来。13、all, more, most, some, any, none, half, the rest 等作主语时，既可表示复数意义，也可表示单数意义，谓语动词要根据实际情况而定。如：1）All of the apple is rotten. 整个苹果都烂了。2）All of the apples are rotten. 所有的苹果都烂了。3）Most of the w
44、ood was used to make furniture (家具)。14、the + 形容词（或分词）作主语时，常指一类人，谓语动词用复数形式。如指的是抽象概念，谓语动词则用单数形式。如：1）The young are usually very active. 年轻人通常是很活跃的。2）The wounded are being taken good care of here now. 现在伤病员们在这里受到了很好照顾。15、or, eitheror, neithernor, whetheror, not onlybut (also)连接的是主语，谓语动词与后一个主语一致。如：1）Eith
45、er you or I am going to the movies.2）Not only you but also he is wrong.16、不可数名词没有复数形式，作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：1）Water is a kind of matter.2）The news at six oclock is true.17、集合名词如：people, police ,cattle 等作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。如：1）The police are searching for him.2）The cattle are grassing (吃草) 。18、population 当人口讲时，
46、谓语动词用单数形式；当人们讲时，谓语动词用复数。如：1）The population of China is larger than that of Japan.2）One third of the population here are workers.19、the number of + 名词复数，是表示“的数字” ，作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；a (large / great) number of + 名词复数，表示许多，作主语时；谓语动词用复数形式。1）The number of the students in our school is increasing year after
47、year.2）A number of students have gone for an outing.20、means, politics, physics, plastics 等作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。【专项训练】1、Nothing but cars in the shop.Ais sold Bare sold Cwere sold Dare going to sell2、No one except Jack and Tom the answer.Aknow Bknows Cis knowing Dare known3、Seventy percent of the students
48、in our school from the countryside.Ais Bare Ccomes Dare coming4、 of the money used up.AThree-five, are BThree-fifths, have been9CThree-fifths, has been DThird-fifths, is5、The number of the people who cars increasing.Aowns, are Bowns, is Cown, is Down, are6、One of Marxs works written in English in the 1860s.A
