1、21CET.COM 四六级考试第一站 网址：http:/1作 文一、从句到段：段落的展开基本句法掌握之后，接下来就要训练段落写作，这是因为段落是文章的基本组成部分，要写出好文章，必须在段落写作上多下功夫。段的基本组成是句子，好的段落应该是该段中所有的句子都围绕着一个主题展开，且句与句之间应该是紧密相连，形成统一的整体即unified and coherent。那么怎样将一个段落展开呢？下面介绍英语中几种常用的方法。（一）时间顺序 按时间顺序写作就是按照事物发展在时间上的正常顺序或先后顺序展开段落。在讲述故事或回忆事件时，先发生的先写，后发生的后写。【Example】My heart gave
2、a leap 21CET.COM 四六级考试第一站 网址：http:/2when I heard the announcement that our train would soon arrive at its destinationBeijing. Like other passengers, I began to collect my things and put my mug, towel, atlas, apples, and other things into my bag. To the tune of a beautiful song the train pulled into
3、the station and gently stopped by a platform. I walked out of the train and was carried forward by the stream of people into an underground passage and then into a big hall. As I stepped out of the station, I was dazzled by the bright autumn skies of Beijing. Though I had been on the train for more
4、than thirty hours and spent a sleepless night, I didnt feel tired at all, and I believed my days in this glorious city would be as sunny as the skies.21CET.COM 四六级考试第一站 网址：http:/3（二）空间顺序 按空间顺序组织材料通常用于描述一个地方、事情或人物外貌等。其文章内容应按照由近及远、由远及近、自下而上、自上而下、按顺时针方向或逆时针方向排列，【Example】In the middle of the rectangular
5、-shaped courtyard stood three magnolia trees(), all in full bloom. A little girl was hopping among them, now gazing at a bud, now collecting fallen petals. Under one of the trees stood her parents, who, while keeping an eye on her, were examining the snow white blossoms with great interest and admir
6、ation. In front of another tree a young couple, fresh and bright as the flowers, were posing for a picture. At the end of the courtyard a group of 21CET.COM 四六级考试第一站 网址：http:/4youngsters had gathered behind an artist painting a flourishing limb, which looked so charming and real that a boy stooped t
7、o sniff at a half-open flower. At the opposite end a few elderly men and women stood admiring the leafless flowering trees and the people looking at them.（三）列举法 通过列举一系列的论据 对主题句中的论点进行广泛、全面的陈述或解释，列举的顺序可按照所列各点的内容的相对重要性、时间、空间来排列，【Example】The Other Side of City LifeIn the eyes of many people, city life i
8、s attractive with all its advantages and convenience, yet they dont see the 21CET.COM 四六级考试第一站 网址：http:/5other side of the picture. First, with the expansion of the city, housing has become a serious problem for city people. Then, there is the problem of pollution: harmful gases from vehicles and po
9、isonous water from factories pollute our surroundings; noise continually disturbs your peace and rest and drives you mad. Thirdly, modern city life puts a high pressure upon people： you have to hurry to and from work; you have to dodge in so as to avoid bumping into the flood of people, bicycles, ca
10、rs, buses All day long you are under great stress. Fourthly, big cities also cause some social problems. Of which high crime rate is the most serious one. People are justifiably in fear of becoming victims of burglary, robbery, murder and other 21CET.COM 四六级考试第一站 网址：http:/6crimes at any time. They s
11、hould find some ways to cope with all these problems.（四）举例法 在主题句中简要、概括地说明一个段落的主题思想之后，可以用具体的、生动的事例来支撑论证主题，向目标读者展示并使他们具体感受主题句中尚未展开的内容和细节。 【Example】This term several useful and interesting courses have been offered. An Introduction to European Culture, for instance, gives us a lot of background knowled
12、ge of the history of European philosophy, literature, and arts. From time to time we see slide shows of famous paintings and hear tapes of famous pieces of music, and they make the lectures all the more interesting. 21CET.COM 四六级考试第一站 网址：http:/7American Society and Culture is another course that att
13、racts a large audience. The teacher, who visited the United States not long ago, discusses new trends and changes in American life as well as American history and traditions. We like these and other courses very much, because they help us not only to improve our English but also to broaden/widen our
14、 vision/horizon.（五）比较和对比 比较（comparison）主要是指出两个或两个以上不同种类的事物的共同点或相似之处，如人物、地点、事物、思想、观点等。对照（contrast）主要是指出它们的不同点。相同的或类似的特征可以组成比较，不同的特征则可以组成对照。不仅如此，比较和对比常常同21CET.COM 四六级考试第一站 网址：http:/8时使用，这是因为比较中往往隐含着对比。比较和对比常有两种形式，即整体比较和对比（block/holistic comparison and contrast）与逐项比较（alternating comparison） 。【Example】A
15、lthough Ulysses S. Grant and Robert E. Lee were fierce adversaries during the Civil War, their lives, both military and nonmilitary, has a great deal in common. Grant descended from a family whose members participated in the American Revolution. He received his commission of second lieutenant from W
16、est Point and served in the Spanish-American War. He was later summoned by President Lincoln to assume command of the Union Forces during the Civil 21CET.COM 四六级考试第一站 网址：http:/9War. After the Civil War, Grant suffered financial problems and was forced to declare bankruptcy. Lee also descended from a
17、 family which engaged in the American Revolution. He, too, received his commission from West Point and later fought in Mexico during the Spanish-American War. His fame as a military strategist during the Civil War, when he was the commander of the Confederate armies, is well known. Although it is no
18、t always pointed out by historians he, like Grant, had financial difficulties after the civil War and was compelled to declare bankruptcy. By securing a post as president of Washington College, he was able to avoid additional poverty.（整体比较）21CET.COM 四六级考试第一站 网址：http:/10The same qualities that make p
19、eople good house guests make them good hospital patients. Good house guests can expect a reasonable amount of service and effort on their behalf, and hospital patients can also. Guests have to adjust to what is for them a change, and certainly hospital patients must do the same. No one appreciates a
20、 complaining, unpleasant, unappreciative house guest, and the hospital staff is no exception. Hose guests who expect vast changes to be made for their benefit are not popular for long. Certainly nurses and other personnel with their routines feel the same way about patients in their care. Just as house guests must make adjustments to enjoy their visits, so patients must make adjustments to
